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Hello and welcome back Shark. 
Here is to another episode of 

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Deep Dives with Sharks. 
My name is Alex and I'm the host

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of this thing. 
And if you're new to the 

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podcast, welcome in. 
We like to talk about everything

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sharks and oceanic things, as 
well as shark week and movie 

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reviews, which that sentence is 
getting rather long, but it's 

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OK. 
We'll see if we can't even add 

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more to it eventually. 
But we do have a movie review 

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coming sometime soon, so stay 
tuned. 

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But thank you so much for your 
continued support. 

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Follow along on Instagram at 
Deep Dives with Sharks and don't

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forget to turn on the post 
notifications so that you know 

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when the next episode is 
released and they will get more 

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on time. 
I promise. 

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That is my fault. 
So working on it. 

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I did get a little bit busy once
again with work and everything 

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like that, but I feel like I add
that in every episode and I just

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need to to get good. 
It's a skill issue at this 

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point, so you know we're going 
to work on it. 

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But we also have our merch. 
We've got shirts and hats that 

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are perfect for the warm weather
coming up. 

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And if you're going to be going 
to the beach or anything like 

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that, it's a great way to let 
the sharks know that you love 

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them and also keep that sun from
burning up. 

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Because if you're like me, you 
burn every time you go to the 

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beach and it's great. 
But we're doing something a 

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little bit different today. 
So today's episode is all about 

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sharks. 
It's going to be kind of the 

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same as the others, except for 
we're going to be talking about 

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sharks, and that's the only 
thing that's the same about 

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them. 
We're not actually focusing on a

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specific species today or safety
or news. 

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We're actually looking at what 
makes a shark a shark, which is 

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a very broad category. 
And I will be referencing many 

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sharks during this episode as I 
try to give examples of what I 

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am talking about. 
But to start with the basics, 

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we're going to be going into 
shark anatomy. 

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Before we can really appreciate 
sharks, we need to understand 

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what makes them some of the most
efficient predators ever to 

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evolve in the ocean. 
That, of course, means that 

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we're going to start with one of
the things people associate with

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sharks the most, which is 
usually teeth. 

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And I paused to kind of give you
a little bit of a guess there. 

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I would also accept fins. 
We will get to those, but for 

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right now we're starting with 
teeth. 

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Now shark teeth are made of 
enamel just like human teeth, so

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we got the same thing there, but
they're far more durable and 

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designed for constant 
replacement. 

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Sharks are born fully equipped 
and a merely capable of 

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surviving on their own. 
No parenting manuals, no 

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learning phase, just instant 
survival mode. 

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And a lot of times this is out 
of necessity because some shark 

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parents like the great white, 
will have the baby and then just

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leave. 
And it's probably for the best 

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because others like the hammer 
heads tend to try to eat their 

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young sometimes. 
So, you know, give and take. 

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Now they have multiple rows of 
teeth and those teeth are 

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constantly rotating forward as 
they fall out, which is usually 

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every one to two weeks. 
Over a lifetime, some sharks can

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lose and replace 30,000 teeth, 
which is quite a lot of teeth 

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because humans only lose about 
32, if that. 

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I don't even know if we lose all
of our our baby teeth if we have

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32 baby teeth to start. 
Clearly, I'm not a dentist, but 

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when it comes to sharks, they're
going to lose teeth and they're 

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going to replace them. 
So while humans get one set of 

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adult teeth and just kind of 
hope for the best, sharks are 

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out here running a tooth 
replacement business and that 

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really bites the competition and
everyone. 

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I'd like to to give Bree some 
claps here. 

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That is a solid pun and I am 
very proud of it. 

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Very proud of it indeed. 
Now what's really interesting is

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that shark teeth aren't random 
at all. 

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They're highly specialized 
tools. 

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Marine researchers working at 
the Smithsonian Ocean, which is 

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part of the Smithsonian 
Institution's Ocean Research 

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Division, say that five times 
fast explain that shark teeth 

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are closely tied to diet and 
ecological role. 

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In their work. 
They note that shark teeth 

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function as highly specialized 
structures reflecting feeding 

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strategy and habitat. 
So essentially you can look at a

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shark's mouth and figure out its
entire, entire job description. 

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Now this goes into different 
species as well. 

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So flat teeth mean crushing 
shellfish. 

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Pointed teeth mean gripping 
fish. 

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Serrated teeth means slicing 
through larger prey like seals. 

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Every design has a purpose with 
that. 

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Great whites got those large 
triangular teeth. 

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They eat big animals. 
Sea lion, seals, big fish, tuna,

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things like that. 
Meanwhile, Mako use more speed 

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base. 
They've got the more pointy and 

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serrated teeth, so they can get 
both smaller fish and they can 

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get larger fish as well, which 
is really cool there. 

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Now, of course, as mentioned 
earlier, some people think of 

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fins when talking about sharks, 
and that's what we're going to 

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talk about now. 
Fins are, of course, just as 

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important. 
Sharks have several fins working

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together like a perfectly 
coordinated system. 

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The dorsal fin, which is the one
you see breaking the surface, 

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helps stabilize the shark. 
Many species also have a second 

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dorsal fin farther back that 
assists with balance. 

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Of course, you'll see this kind 
of very much like a Skag that 

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you would see on a surfboard, 
paddle board, kayak, that little

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thing that goes underneath. 
If you don't have those, you 

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tend to spin around in the water
and it's really hard to control.

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So this year offers that 
stability. 

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Their pectoral fins, located on 
either side of the body behind 

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the gills, act like wings. 
They provide lift and steering 

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control, almost like underwater 
aviation, which is now making a 

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lot of sense why I also find 
planes very cool. 

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They're just giant metal sky 
sharks. 

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It works out. 
And then there is the tail or 

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caudal fin. 
That's the engine, that's what 

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drives a shark forward through 
the water. 

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Different sharks have different 
tail designs depending on 

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lifestyle. 
Fast open open ocean hunters 

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like the short fin Mako have 
Crescent shaped tails built for 

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speed. 
Slower deep water sharks tend to

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have longer more flexible tails.
Steady for cruising. 

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One thing to note as well as 
many bottom dwelling sharks such

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as nurse sharks, I believe 
wobegongs have similarly built 

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tails as well. 
Will tend to have a longer tail 

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on the top than the bottom. 
For a while I was just taking 

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guesses as to why that was until
finally I came across it in 

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research that it's quite 
literally just because if they 

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had a thing on the bottom, 
they'd hit the the bottom of the

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ocean a lot. 
So it just makes it easier that 

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they're not bumping into coral 
and everything with their tail. 

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So they evolved to have a longer
one on top and that's pretty 

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cool honestly. 
Moving to muscle, sharks have 

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two types of muscle, red muscle 
and white muscle. 

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Red muscle is designed for 
endurance swimming and is rich 

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in oxygen, allowing sharks to 
travel long distances without 

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fatigue. 
White muscle is used for short 

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bursts of speed, like chasing 
prey or escaping danger. 

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A marine biologist at the Carl 
Meyer, who studies shark 

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locomotion and energetics, has 
explained that his research that

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sharks are uniquely adapted for 
both sustained cruising and 

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rapid acceleration, making them 
exceptionally efficient long 

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distance predators. 
And I think once again, great 

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whites and Makos are great 
examples of this because they 

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can travel hundreds of thousands
of miles throughout the years 

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and they can go ahead. 
And when they migrate thousands 

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of miles up coasts and 
everything like that, they still

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get their food. 
They're not starving. 

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They're able to get there and 
get back and barely even break a

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sweat, which that could be me. 
Shark movement itself is kind of

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full body wave long muscle 
fibers running from head to tail

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contract in sequence, producing 
that smooth side to side motion 

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we associate with sharks. 
Here is the efficiency hack. 

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They don't always swim at full 
effort. 

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They accelerate then glide, 
conserving energy over long 

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distance. 
Basically sharks are the ocean 

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oceans definition of work 
smarter, not harder. 

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A great example of that one as 
well is the Greenland shark, 

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massive shark that hunts deep in
the ocean. 

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Great way that they hunt their 
prey, goblin sharks as well is 

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that they'll get a push going 
and they'll just glide. 

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And then of course things can't 
seem coming in the dark. 

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And what's crazy is how big 
Greenland sharks are, but 

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they'll just go up behind them 
and just get them. 

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It's nice and easy. 
It's how they've gotten, I 

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believe it was the Pacific 
Sleeper shark eats moose that 

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way too. 
But they just kind of come up 

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with the animals not knowing 
that they're there. 

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And that's really cool to see. 
I do think it's the goblin 

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shark. 
I'm going to think about it and 

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like, we're going to get a few 
things down. 

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Also, I'm going to be like, 
that's not the goblin, you goof.

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It's a different one. 
But the goblin also has that jaw

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that lunges out. 
I love them, They're really 

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cool. 
Now let's talk about something 

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people don't think about enough 
the skin. 

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Shark skin is covered in 
microscopic structures called 

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dermal denticles, which 
literally translates to skin 

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teeth, which is one of my 
favorite facts. 

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These act like tiny armor plates
that reduce drag and increase 

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swimming efficiency. 
Scientists at the National 

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Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration, commonly known 

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as NOAA, described dermal 
denticles as structures that 

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reduce drag and turbulence, 
allowing sharks to move more 

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efficiently through the water 
than most marine animals. 

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The efficiency is so extreme, it
has inspired engineered 

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engineering designs, including 
high performance swimsuits used 

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in competitive swimming, which I
do remember they had those in 

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the Olympics. 
I think the ones in like 2008 

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end up getting banned or 
something like that because they

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were too efficient, which is 
crazy, but humans are literally 

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trying to copy shark skin to win
races and it worked. 

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Now let's briefly touch on 
temperature regulation as well, 

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because this is where sharks 
break another stereotype. 

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Most fish are cold blooded being
their body temperature matches 

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the surrounding water. 
But certain sharks, especially 

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members of the mackerel shark 
group like great whites Makos, 

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can particularly regulate their 
internal temperature. 

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Doctor Barbara Block, a marine 
biologist at Stanford University

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Hopkins Marine Station who has 
spent decades studying shark 

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Physiology, describes this 
system as a biological heat 

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exchange network that allows 
certain sharks to maintain 

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elevated muscle temperatures for
improved hunting performance and

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cold waters. 
So in other words, some sharks 

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are really built like internally
heated athletes. 

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Very well put. 
Very well put indeed. 

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I will say the poor Beagle is 
another great example of this 

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one, especially up around New 
England. 

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They are usually one of the last
ones to leave the waters around 

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Maine and Massachusetts, along 
with the great whites as their 

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food source will hang out for a 
little bit longer until it gets 

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too cold for it and it will head
out. 

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But they'll be able to spend 
time in that water and then hunt

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those seals and similar things. 
So rather neat to see. 

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One thing I do want to talk 
about with the dermal denticles 

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as well is that with different 
sharks, you will see how they 

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can kind of appear differently. 
What I mean by that is if you 

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look at a great white, they get 
their color and everything 

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because of that's just the way 
their skin is. 

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That's what their dermal 
denticles do. 

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But when it comes to a nurse 
shark, you'll notice that they 

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usually look Gray or brown and 
then unless you get right up 

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next to them, you tend to not 
see too much of A purple hue. 

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But you can unless you when you 
get right next to them, this is 

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really good to see you at many 
aquariums. 

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And that is because the way that
the light hits their denticles, 

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the way that they're facing, the
way that they're, they're on 

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that skin, it creates that that 
lighting effect, which is really

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neat to see. 
So it can affect the way a shark

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looks away, a shark moves and of
course, the way a shark feels, 

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because not every shark has the 
same kind of dermal denticles. 

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Now a question that we get asked
all the time, why there's a wide

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00:11:10,400 --> 00:11:13,000
variety of sharks. 
Now that we understand how 

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00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:15,760
sharks are built, let's talk 
about why there are so many 

231
00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:18,760
different kinds of them. 
There are over 500 known species

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00:11:18,760 --> 00:11:22,000
of sharks, ranging from tiny 
deep sea species just a couple 

233
00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:24,800
feet long to massive filter 
feeders like the whale shark, 

234
00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:26,960
which can reach lengths of over 
40 feet. 

235
00:11:27,960 --> 00:11:30,200
And how do we end up with all 
this variety? 

236
00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:34,800
A lot of time, a lot of it. 
Sharks have been around for 

237
00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:37,720
roughly 450 million years. 
That means they've existed 

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00:11:37,720 --> 00:11:41,960
before trees, before dinosaurs, 
and long before humans were even

239
00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:44,000
a concept of their evolutionary 
timeline. 

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00:11:44,640 --> 00:11:48,320
Modern shark lineages, the ones 
that we recognize today, emerged

241
00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:52,120
around 200 million years ago and
survived mass extinction and 

242
00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:54,880
wiped out the dinosaurs. 
So sharks are not the extinction

243
00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:56,680
did. 
Just to be clear, I kind of said

244
00:11:56,680 --> 00:11:59,600
that. 
Weird paleontologist Doctor John

245
00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:03,200
Long, a researcher known for his
work on ancient vertebrae and 

246
00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:06,240
shark evolution, has described 
sharks as one of the most 

247
00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:09,360
resilient vertebrae lineages in 
Earth's history due to their 

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00:12:09,360 --> 00:12:12,560
ability to repeatedly survive 
mass extinction events and adapt

249
00:12:12,560 --> 00:12:16,320
to new ecosystems. 
That resilience is key to their 

250
00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:19,040
diversity. 
Over time, sharks went through 

251
00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:22,080
multiple extinction events, 
including one in the Devonian 

252
00:12:22,080 --> 00:12:25,440
period where roughly 75% of 
species disappeared. 

253
00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,920
But instead of dying out, sharks
adapted and diversified. 

254
00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:33,160
Every time the ecosystem reset, 
new ecological roles open up, 

255
00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:35,560
and sharks filled them. 
That's where you get hundreds of

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00:12:35,560 --> 00:12:39,360
species Today. 
Sharks now live in nearly every 

257
00:12:39,360 --> 00:12:42,600
aquatic environment on Earth, 
deep ocean trenches, coral 

258
00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:46,120
reefs, open ocean systems, polar
waters, and even freshwater 

259
00:12:46,120 --> 00:12:48,600
rivers. 
Each of those environments comes

260
00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:51,160
with completely different 
challenges, pressure, 

261
00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:54,080
temperature, prey availability, 
and visibility. 

262
00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,600
So sharks evolve different body 
shapes, feeding strategies and 

263
00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:59,560
behaviors to match those 
environments. 

264
00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:03,280
Marine conservation scientist 
Doctor David Shiffman, who 

265
00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:06,560
studies shark ecology and human 
impacts on shark populations, 

266
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,080
has explained that shark 
diversity reflects an 

267
00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:12,800
extraordinary ability to occupy 
nearly every marine niche on the

268
00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,560
planet. 
Diet is a major driver of that 

269
00:13:15,560 --> 00:13:18,080
diversity. 
Some sharks filter plankton like

270
00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:20,560
basking sharks. 
Others actively hunt fish. 

271
00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:23,160
The others specialize in ambush 
predation. 

272
00:13:23,160 --> 00:13:26,640
Predate predation. 
I don't know why I can't say 

273
00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:29,080
that word. 
Or deep sea scavenging 

274
00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:30,360
predation. 
There we go. 

275
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,160
That's why you see such unique 
adaptations like hammer heads 

276
00:13:34,320 --> 00:13:37,400
with wide set heads that improve
sensory detection or cookie 

277
00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:40,720
cutter sharks that specialize in
taking small bites from such 

278
00:13:40,760 --> 00:13:44,400
larger animals. 
Around 50 million years ago, 

279
00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:49,040
coral reef expansion created 
create even more ecological 

280
00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:51,200
opportunities which further 
accelerated shark 

281
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:54,560
diversification. 
Reproduction also plays a role. 

282
00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:58,480
Sharks are used multiple 
reproductive strategies from egg

283
00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:02,440
laying, live birth, even 
immediate forms, intermediate 

284
00:14:02,440 --> 00:14:04,160
forms depending on species and 
environment. 

285
00:14:04,520 --> 00:14:07,720
That flexibility increases 
survival in changing conditions.

286
00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:10,560
So when you combine 
evolutionarily, time, 

287
00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:15,000
evolutionary time, environmental
change, dietary specialization, 

288
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:18,240
and reproductive flexibility, 
you get one of the most diverse 

289
00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:21,720
predator groups on the planet, 
which is why they cast such a 

290
00:14:21,760 --> 00:14:24,840
huge net. 
And of course, Speaking of Nets 

291
00:14:24,840 --> 00:14:27,600
and fish and everything like 
that, why are sharks different 

292
00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:30,000
from fish? 
Another great question there. 

293
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:32,440
Now let's clear up something 
that surprised a lot of people. 

294
00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:36,520
Sharks are fish, but they're 
fundamentally different from 

295
00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:39,320
most fish. 
The biggest difference is 

296
00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:42,240
skeletal structure. 
Unlike Bony fish, sharks have 

297
00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:44,360
skeletons made entirely of 
cartilage. 

298
00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:47,960
This is the same flexible 
connective tissue found in human

299
00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:51,880
noses, ears, and joints. 
Cartilage is lighter than bone, 

300
00:14:51,880 --> 00:14:54,680
which gives sharks a huge 
advantage in movement 

301
00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:57,840
efficiency. 
Researchers at Florida Museum of

302
00:14:57,840 --> 00:15:00,400
Natural History explain that 
their marine biology 

303
00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:02,880
publications that cartilage 
provide sharks with a 

304
00:15:02,960 --> 00:15:06,520
lightweight but durable skeletal
structure that enhances agility 

305
00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:09,640
and swimming efficiency. 
Which real quick, just this 

306
00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:12,680
popped in my head here. 
We already talked about how 

307
00:15:12,680 --> 00:15:16,920
heavy some sharks are and all of
them are made out of cartilage. 

308
00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:21,640
Could you imagine how much 
heavier a shark would be if they

309
00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:25,040
had bones? 
Like a great white is already a 

310
00:15:25,040 --> 00:15:29,920
couple £1000. 
It would be so much heavier if 

311
00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:32,480
it had bones. 
That's just a crazy thought to 

312
00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:35,600
have. 
But anyway, sharks are part of a

313
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:39,080
broader group called 
cartilaginous fish, which I 

314
00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:40,560
like. 
How I can say that, but I 

315
00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:42,720
couldn't say evolutionary 
earlier. 

316
00:15:42,840 --> 00:15:46,120
My God. 
Which also includes Ray's skates

317
00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:50,520
and shamaras. 
Even though they share cartilage

318
00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:53,520
based skeletons, their body 
shapes differ dramatically. 

319
00:15:53,960 --> 00:15:56,760
Rays have flattened bodies 
adapted for bottom dwelling, 

320
00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:59,840
while sharks have streamlined 
forms built for active swimming.

321
00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:04,640
Most Bony fish have one gill 
opening on each side, protected 

322
00:16:04,640 --> 00:16:07,720
by a flap. 
Sharks however, have 5 to 7 

323
00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:11,200
exposed gill slits. 
And contrary to a very common 

324
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:14,080
myth, not all sharks must keep 
swimming to breathe. 

325
00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:18,120
Some sharks use their ram 
ventilation, swimming forward to

326
00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:21,600
push water through their gills. 
Whale sharks and basking sharks 

327
00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:23,560
love that. 
Others, especially bottom 

328
00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:27,040
dwelling species, use 
sphericals, small openings 

329
00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:30,400
behind the eyes to draw water in
wall resting or in Sharks do 

330
00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:34,040
that for one shark. 
Biologist Dr. R Aiden Martin, 

331
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,080
who has studied shark behavior 
extensively in field 

332
00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:40,360
environments, has explained that
many species are fully capable 

333
00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:43,080
of resting on the sea floor 
while maintaining normal 

334
00:16:43,080 --> 00:16:45,600
respiration though these 
specialized structures. 

335
00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:49,400
So no, sharks are not constantly
in motion. 

336
00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:51,840
Another major difference is 
buoyancy. 

337
00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:54,960
Most fish use swim bladders 
filled with gas to stay afloat. 

338
00:16:55,200 --> 00:17:00,280
Sharks don't have this adaption.
Instead they rely on a large oil

339
00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:03,960
filled liver which can make up 
as much as 25% of their body 

340
00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:06,440
weight. 
The oil provides buoyancy and 

341
00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:10,359
interestingly, sharks are that 
are well fed float more easily 

342
00:17:10,359 --> 00:17:13,720
than lean sharks because fat 
accumulation increases lift. 

343
00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:17,720
Now let's return briefly to the 
skin, because it plays a huge 

344
00:17:17,720 --> 00:17:21,359
role in how sharks move. 
Dermal denticles reduce drag and

345
00:17:21,359 --> 00:17:23,400
make sharks extremely efficient 
swimmers. 

346
00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:26,400
They also help to reduce noise 
and turbulence, allowing sharks 

347
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:28,560
to move almost silently through 
the water. 

348
00:17:29,160 --> 00:17:32,600
The efficiency is one of the 
reasons species like the short 

349
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,840
fin Mako can reach speeds 
exceeding 30 miles an hour. 

350
00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:40,720
And finally, that's their 
evolutionary timeline. 

351
00:17:41,120 --> 00:17:44,360
Sharks have existed for about 
450 million years and have 

352
00:17:44,360 --> 00:17:46,520
survived multiple mass 
extinction events. 

353
00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:49,640
That alone sets them apart from 
most fish lineages, which are 

354
00:17:49,640 --> 00:17:51,840
far more recent in evolutionary 
history. 

355
00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:55,320
So while most fish are 
relatively adaptive in the short

356
00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:58,040
term, sharks are evolutionary 
veterans. 

357
00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:03,000
I will say I did learn really 
recently as well that there is 

358
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,880
some things in Yosemite National
Park that are older than sharks,

359
00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,880
which I was kind of disappointed
because I used to jokingly go 

360
00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:12,680
with my friends to different 
national parks and go sharks 

361
00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:14,840
older than that, sharks older 
than that. 

362
00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:20,240
And I think it was Half Dome 
that we learned that it is not 

363
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:24,640
in fact younger than sharks. 
I think that I think Half Dome 

364
00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:30,480
does in fact out last sharks. 
But getting into why sharks are 

365
00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:33,840
important, this of course, is 
going to be the most important 

366
00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:37,480
part of the entire episode. 
Now, why sharks matters? 

367
00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:40,240
Because sharks are not just 
predators, they are keystone 

368
00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:43,160
species, meaning their presence 
supports the structure of the 

369
00:18:43,160 --> 00:18:46,240
entire ecosystem. 
Remove them and the system 

370
00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:49,600
destabilizes. 
Marine ecologist Dr. Boris Worm,

371
00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:53,600
I love that name, who has 
published extensively on ocean 

372
00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:56,240
ecosystem collapse and predator 
loss, has stated that the 

373
00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,080
removal of large predatory 
sharks can trigger trigger 

374
00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:02,280
cascading effects throughout 
marine food webs, altering 

375
00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:04,960
ecosystem stability at multiple 
levels. 

376
00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:08,800
In similar terms, sharks keep 
everything in balance. 

377
00:19:09,040 --> 00:19:11,920
It's kind of like a lot of 
you've learned in school about 

378
00:19:11,920 --> 00:19:15,120
the deer populations. 
You often will have some sort of

379
00:19:15,120 --> 00:19:16,920
debate on oh, should we hunt 
deer? 

380
00:19:16,920 --> 00:19:20,080
Should we not? 
And usually 9 times out of 10, 

381
00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:23,160
people come to the conclusion 
that we should because humans 

382
00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:26,760
are one of the apex predators 
that help to control population 

383
00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:30,200
density, especially when it 
comes to animals that don't have

384
00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:33,480
quite as many predators, which 
is also why we're messing up 

385
00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:35,880
sharks a lot. 
But we'll touch on that a little

386
00:19:35,880 --> 00:19:38,360
bit too now. 
They function as natural 

387
00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:41,160
regulators, targeting sick, 
injured or weaker animals. 

388
00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:44,640
This reduces disease spread and 
maintains healthier populations 

389
00:19:44,640 --> 00:19:47,200
overall. 
This also creates evolutionary 

390
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:50,760
pressure, ensuring only the 
strongest individuals will 

391
00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:54,360
reproduce. 
Sharks also regulate mezzo 

392
00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:58,000
predator populations, mid level 
predators that sit between apex 

393
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,600
predators and smaller species. 
Without sharks, those 

394
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:03,320
populations can explode, leading
to collapse further down the 

395
00:20:03,320 --> 00:20:06,320
food chain. 
For example, if herbivorous fish

396
00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:09,520
decline, algae can overgrow 
coral reefs, eventually 

397
00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:12,040
suffocating them. 
And coral reefs are not just 

398
00:20:12,040 --> 00:20:15,400
beautiful ecosystems, they are 
essential infrastructure for the

399
00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:17,280
ocean. 
They support biodiversity, 

400
00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,960
protect coastlines from storms, 
and provide food and income for 

401
00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:24,680
millions of people. 
That is very true as well. 

402
00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:28,400
Sharks also play a surprising 
role in climate regulation. 

403
00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:34,200
A marine scientist named Doctor 
Federico Mariani pronounce his 

404
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,000
name fine, too. 
I don't know what in the world 

405
00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:38,440
is wrong with me pronouncing 
some words, but others I cannot.

406
00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:42,800
co-authored a major 2020 study 
on shark ecology. 

407
00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:47,760
Function found that shark 
declines over the past 50 years 

408
00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:51,200
have prevented the storage of 
over 2 million tons of carbon in

409
00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:54,000
ocean systems. 
Instead, that carbon is released

410
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:58,760
into the atmosphere as CO2. 
Sharks also influence seagrass 

411
00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:02,160
ecosystems by controlling 
grazing behavior in species like

412
00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:06,160
sea turtles and duagongs. 
Without sharks, these grazers 

413
00:21:06,160 --> 00:21:11,000
can over consume seagrass beds. 
And that's not great. 

414
00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:14,640
Seagrass is one of the Ocean's 
most important carbon sinks and 

415
00:21:14,640 --> 00:21:18,320
contributes significantly to 
oxygen production. 

416
00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:22,040
And Speaking of oxygen, 
phytoplankton in the ocean 

417
00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:24,960
produced roughly 70% of the 
Earth's oxygen supply. 

418
00:21:25,480 --> 00:21:28,000
Sharks indirectly support this 
ecosystem through their 

419
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:31,040
influence on nutrient cycling 
and food web balance. 

420
00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:34,040
Sharks are literally connected 
to the air you breathe. 

421
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,920
They also support global 
economies through ecotourism and

422
00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:41,120
providing income for coastal 
communities worldwide. 

423
00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:44,520
And despite all this ecological 
importance, humans kill millions

424
00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:47,960
of shark every year. 
Meanwhile, global statistics 

425
00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:50,760
consistently show that fewer 
than 10 human fatalities 

426
00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:52,840
annually from shark related 
incidents. 

427
00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:58,200
So you know, like we say, humans
be messing stuff up. 

428
00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:01,800
We do sometimes, but that's why 
we always talk about how you can

429
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:03,800
help sharks. 
Even if you're someone who lives

430
00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:07,200
in Kansas, which is not very 
close to the ocean. 

431
00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:09,760
There are many things that 
people can do in their daily 

432
00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:15,880
life looking at different ways 
to essentially not use products 

433
00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:19,080
that have been overfished, not 
support businesses that are 

434
00:22:19,080 --> 00:22:21,600
selling sharks. 
I myself have boycotted quite a 

435
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:23,800
few. 
I'm not going to suddenly set 

436
00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:28,240
out a slam list here, but I will
say I do know of a specific 

437
00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:31,480
restaurant near where I grew up 
that was selling Mako shark 

438
00:22:31,480 --> 00:22:35,800
during shark week. 
I have not gone to them since. 

439
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:38,760
So there are things that you can
do in your own life to make a 

440
00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:41,560
little bit of a difference. 
And of course, you can do things

441
00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:44,560
to learn more, to let your 
friends know. 

442
00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,280
And just getting that word out 
does tend to help. 

443
00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:49,960
So of course, there is always 
hope. 

444
00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:51,640
We're not just doom and gloom up
in here. 

445
00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:53,640
This is exactly why we're doing 
this. 

446
00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:54,920
We're not trying to make you 
bummed out. 

447
00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:57,160
We're trying to let you know 
what we're all doing to help 

448
00:22:57,160 --> 00:23:00,960
make things a little bit better,
but we do have a few questions 

449
00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:04,600
going on in the question slash 
comment corner to make things a 

450
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:06,560
little bit easier for folks. 
We're going to start going over 

451
00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:09,840
these a little bit more as well.
And Leah asked if we could talk 

452
00:23:09,840 --> 00:23:12,000
about Go Sharks because they are
so cool. 

453
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:16,640
And I agree with you because I 
did that in episode 14, which 

454
00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:18,400
helps a lot. 
Now Go Sharks are really cool. 

455
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:22,080
They are also known as Shamaras 
and they were one of my favorite

456
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:23,880
sharks for a while. 
They did get bumped out of my 

457
00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:26,720
top five, unfortunately, but I 
do love them quite a bit. 

458
00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:28,920
They move so majestically. 
They're one of the few that 

459
00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:31,720
actually don't use their tail to
help propel themselves a lot. 

460
00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:34,640
They actually use their fins 
more, which is rather neat. 

461
00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:35,880
So definitely check that one 
out. 

462
00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:38,840
If you want me to revisit that 
one please let me know because I

463
00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:41,480
do know some of the earlier 
browser earlier episodes might 

464
00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:43,480
need some work and possibly the 
late ones too. 

465
00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:44,960
So we'll see what we can do 
there. 

466
00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,840
Harry Zeo said. 
Hey Alex, just wondering if you 

467
00:23:48,840 --> 00:23:51,600
could help me with something. 
Recently I went to a restaurant 

468
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:53,960
that served skate. 
I was having some angry feeling 

469
00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:56,840
about them having it on their 
menu so I told my family my 

470
00:23:56,840 --> 00:23:58,600
annoyance and they said they had
it before. 

471
00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:02,480
I didn't know how to react to 
this as I'm a very big shark 

472
00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:05,320
enthusiast. 
Could you put some tips on how 

473
00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:10,480
people can react or do to help? 
So this one we did have to look 

474
00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:12,480
into a little bit. 
And eating skate is actually 

475
00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:14,760
very common in Europe, mostly 
France. 

476
00:24:15,040 --> 00:24:16,880
It's quite niche in the United 
States. 

477
00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:19,920
Not sure on where it would be 
there. 

478
00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:23,440
It depends on the area, but it 
is one of those things that some

479
00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:25,000
people like it and some people 
don't. 

480
00:24:25,640 --> 00:24:28,680
Some skate species are 
overfished or vulnerable and 

481
00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:31,240
they grow slower and don't 
reproduce as often. 

482
00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:34,000
But also not all skates are 
endangered. 

483
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:36,160
And in some regions they're 
managed sustainably. 

484
00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:38,840
So it just kind of depends on 
how this restaurant was getting 

485
00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:41,120
their their food. 
And I'm not quite sure how they 

486
00:24:41,120 --> 00:24:43,640
were, so I can't speak to that. 
But there are sustainable 

487
00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:46,920
practices, which is why we also 
don't advocate for completely 

488
00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:49,400
getting rid of the fishing 
industry altogether, because I 

489
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:53,320
myself love seafood and I'd be 
very sad if I couldn't get it. 

490
00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:56,520
But at the same time, I also try
to make sure I'm not going to 

491
00:24:56,520 --> 00:24:58,680
get something that's going to 
just absolutely wipe it out 

492
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,720
Futurama style, You know, eating
the last can of sardines that's 

493
00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:05,960
been extinct for years because 
Zoidberg's people came and ate 

494
00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:08,160
them all. 
Sorry if that spoiled a small 

495
00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:10,840
joke in that show for you guys, 
But you know, we're going to try

496
00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:14,040
to not be be that way. 
We're we're going to try to find

497
00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:16,080
the sustainable thing. 
So I do think it's acceptable 

498
00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:20,800
just depending on how they get 
their their things at Izzy said 

499
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,520
I love this podcast so much. 
I listen to it every night. 

500
00:25:23,520 --> 00:25:25,920
I was wondering if there were 
sharks around the England UK 

501
00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:28,320
area. 
Well, I love you for listening 

502
00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:30,560
to this podcast every night. 
Thank you so much. 

503
00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:33,680
Yes, this surprises people, but 
there are actually a lot of 

504
00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:36,240
sharks around the UK. 
There are about 40 species that 

505
00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:39,880
live or visit UK waters and 
about 20 plus species live there

506
00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,120
year round. 
We did an episode on the poor 

507
00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:44,000
Beagle shark, which you might 
find around England. 

508
00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:48,240
They're mostly found in the 
southwest England shores during 

509
00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:50,760
the summer. 
But yeah, the has a ton of 

510
00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:52,680
species. 
They're more low key and non 

511
00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,600
dangerous compared to the shark 
species you find in places like 

512
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:58,640
Florida, which is the shark bite
capital of the world, or 

513
00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:01,000
Australia. 
I will say one of the sharks 

514
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,680
that was suggested by a shark, 
Hira, was the angular rough 

515
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:07,680
shark. 
They're also around the UK 

516
00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:10,720
there, so check them out, but 
that's what I have for this 

517
00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:12,200
episode. 
I wanted to thank you for 

518
00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:15,600
listening all once again. 
Please comment or DM your shark 

519
00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:18,680
encounter experiences and I may 
share some at the start or end 

520
00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:21,120
of the next episode wherever 
they feel they fit the best. 

521
00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:24,600
Follow along on Instagram at 
deep dives with sharks or on 

522
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:27,000
Twitch where I run polls and 
stuff throughout the week to see

523
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:30,080
what you would like to hear. 
Of course, send any questions, 

524
00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:33,280
comments, anything of the sort. 
Turn on the notifications so you

525
00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:35,840
know when the next episode is 
out and give us a rating on 

526
00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:39,360
Apple, Spotify, anywhere you're 
allowed to and tell your 

527
00:26:39,360 --> 00:26:40,800
friends. 
Spread us all around. 

528
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:44,120
We're going to keep doing this 
thing for a while and I promise 

529
00:26:44,120 --> 00:26:46,680
I will let you all know if I'm 
actually going to end this 

530
00:26:46,680 --> 00:26:49,080
thing, but we are not planning 
on doing that anytime soon. 

531
00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:52,320
So take care of yourselves, take
care of each other, and I will 

532
00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:55,040
see you in the next one. 
Oh, also forgot to shout out my 

533
00:26:55,040 --> 00:26:57,480
other podcast. 
I do a podcast called Hot Takes 

534
00:26:57,480 --> 00:26:59,840
from the Bleachers with a few of
my friends. 

535
00:27:00,120 --> 00:27:04,440
I had Bailey on to help with the
The Meg episode. 

536
00:27:04,720 --> 00:27:07,800
So yeah, check that out. 
I appreciate you guys. 

537
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:10,160
I'll link it in the description.
You all have a great one.