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Hey dog, the what movie have you
seen lately? 

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Welcome everybody to another 
episode of Recreational Science,

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the podcast where we explore 
creativity and science by 

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examining some of the funniest, 
wackiest, and most provocative 

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studies ever done. 
I'm Lou. 

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And I'm tears listeners, this is
the second episode of this new 

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year. 
Please join us to Well Rested 

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Scientists as we discuss Well 
Rested Science. 

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What does that mean? 
It means science. 

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Science. 
Yeah. 

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It's mean. 
It means this has, you know, has

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had time to breathe, percolate, 
you know, not urgent. 

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Yeah. 
Yeah, one could say that. 

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One could say that. 
Yes. 

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Unimportant. 
Which I take offense to. 

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I would only pick very important
studies, not my words, your 

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words. 
No cheers today. 

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Why don't we do a fan favorite 
segment? 

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Dave Talk. 
Oh, nice. 

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Fan favorite. 
Yes. 

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For new listeners, this is where
Tereth and I discuss our thesis 

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advisors from grad school, both 
of whom are named Dave. 

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That's right, it's the tale of 
two Dave's. 

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Yes, the tale of two Dave's. 
Well, Tereth, I actually saw 

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your Dave a couple days ago. 
No, you didn't. 

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Yeah, he visited Stanford. 
He did. 

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He was given a talk to like our 
Alzheimer's Night Research 

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Disease Center, whatever. 
ADRC. 

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Yeah. 
Yeah, Alzheimer's Night. 

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Disease Research Center. 
There's no night. 

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What's the night from? 
I don't know. 

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They're the funders. 
I'll watch you. 

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There is not a Stanford at 
Stanford. 

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It's also the Knight. 
No, it's. 

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I'm not kidding. 
Go look up. 

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So it's like a franchise, like a
McDonald's? 

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Yeah. 
Yeah. 

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It's the Knight. 
Alzheimer's Disease Centre 

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Research. 
What is it? 

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Well, I watch you. 
It's called the Knights. 

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It's called the Knight 
Alzheimer's Disease Research 

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Centre. 
Knight ADRC. 

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Yeah, Yeah, it's called the same
thing here. 

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I just, I just don't know what 
it's called because, you know, 

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neuroscience, it's pretty 
boring, as you know, I mean, 

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listen, I I'm surprised you even
went to this talk. 

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Oh, well, hold on, hold on a 
second. 

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OK, OK. 
I didn't go to the talk because 

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it's neuroscience. 
Yeah, exactly. 

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So where'd you see him? 
And as you know, it's pretty 

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stupid. 
Pretty stupid. 

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Disagree, neuroscience. 
Disagree. 

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You agree? 
No. 

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So after his talk, my department
chair who also does Alzheimer's 

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and neurodegeneration research. 
That's right, we've talked 

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about. 
Invited him to visit our 

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department. 
Oh, that's where I got to see 

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him quickly. 
First of all, I was starstruck. 

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You were. 
Tearth is boss. 

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Wow. 
Yeah, wow, Yeah. 

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You got his autograph? 
Just one person once removed 

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from Tearth himself. 
That's right. 

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Wow. 
That's right. 

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Amazing. 
Anyways, I went up to him and I 

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told him I enjoyed his talk, 
which, you know, I was being 

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polite. 
It's neuroscience. 

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You know you. 
Weren't even there, right? 

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Right. 
And honestly, I didn't know if 

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he was going to recognize me 
from the Instagram clips because

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as you've mentioned, he watches.
Them. 

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He watches them, he likes them. 
But then he was like, hey man, 

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love the podcast, go on. 
I listen to every episode. 

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Wow. 
At least three times, superfan, 

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as I think all of your listeners
should. 

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Wow, he said all of this. 
Multiple listeners please. 

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Yes. 
He also said, you know, I'm very

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sophisticated. 
He does say. 

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I see. 
I see. 

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But also down to earth and 
humble at the same time, which 

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is very difficult to pull off. 
But he says I do it 

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effortlessly. 
It's like you're walking a 

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tightrope. 
Exactly. 

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That's what he said, in fact. 
That's exactly, you know where I

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get it from. 
You know what? 

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I grew. 
Wow, the expression. 

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Yeah, yeah, He also, you know, 
he also had some comments, some 

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some suggestions for you. 
Oh, he did. 

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What did he say? 
He said he really wishes you 

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would, you know, adjust your 
camera angle a little bit 

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better, adjust your lighting, 
you know, clean your camera 

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lens. 
And he hold up. 

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He he said this, this is all 
from the Instagram clips. 

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Yeah, yeah, yeah, from the 
clips. 

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When he's watching the clips, 
he, he really wants to tell you 

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to, you know, fix your camera. 
Also stop begging on your 

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microphone when you're talking. 
It's it's really difficult to 

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remove in the editing, you know?
Oh, he said. 

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Oh, he wow, wow. 
Dave's a man of many talents. 

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I didn't. 
I didn't. 

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Realize he knew. 
I'm very impressed by Dave. 

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I didn't realize he knew so 
much. 

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Yeah, and and he said please, 
that you should write all of 

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this down because he assumed you
probably were not going to write

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any of this down, but he wants 
you to remember for the future 

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so Lou doesn't have to tell you 
every single episode. 

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Can you say all of that again? 
Let me let me grab a pen. 

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Can you say all that again? 
Please write all this down to 

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your. 
It's the camera angle, the 

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camera lighting. 
Clean your camera lens, clean 

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your camera. 
I have to stop hitting the 

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microphone. 
Oh, hitting the microphone. 

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OK, got it. 
We got to talk. 

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Very important. 
And then he said that he really 

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wishes, you know, we talk about 
really interesting scientific 

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studies. 
We try to talk about successful 

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scientific studies. 
We try to. 

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Studies that really make science
sound like wins after wins. 

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But he said science is not 
perfect. 

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Sometimes scientists make 
mistakes. 

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Oh, yeah. 
Which is an important part of 

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science because science is a 
self correcting entity. 

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We check each other's work. 
Science. 

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And this is a direct quote from 
Dave. 

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Go on. 
Science checks itself before it 

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wrecks itself. 
Wow. 

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Yeah, Dave said this. 
And Dave said this, Dave said 

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this. 
Incredible. 

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Do you agree? 
I agree. 

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Anything Dave says goes man. 
So it's important, he said, to 

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talk about scientific mistakes, 
gaffes and goofs because science

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isn't perfect, but it's self 
correcting and that's important,

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Yeah, it's important for the 
listeners to appreciate. 

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That absolutely, absolutely 
subtle but important point. 

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So cheers. 
I've assembled here a list of 

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historic scientific goofs or 
gaffes. 

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Very nice as a quiz for you and 
because you've done so poorly on

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our priority, that's quite well,
including the last one where 

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admirable multiple choice quiz. 
You should do really well. 

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Terribly. 
You really, well, failed 

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miserably. 
Embarrassed everybody. 

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And because that quiz had four 
multiple choices. 

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Here I'm giving you a quiz that 
only has three multiple choices.

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Even easier. 
Even better. 

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OK. 
I did this just to help you out 

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here, OK? 
Not because I couldn't come up 

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with a fourth answer choice so 
generous. 

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Yeah. 
You ready? 

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I'm ready The Historic Science 
gaffe #1 In 1953, Francis Crick 

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and James Watson published their
discovery that the structure of 

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DNA is a double Helix. 
You agree? 

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Tears I. 
Agree. 

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I agree. 
Yeah, this is a monumental 

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discovery for modern biology, 
correct? 

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In the same year, the brilliant 
chemist and Nobel Prize laureate

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Linus Pauling also published his
version for The Structure of 

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DNA. 
He did, yes. 

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Instead of a double Helix to 
earth, what structure did 

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Pauling propose? 
Is it a double rainbow, B, 

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triple Helix, or C? 
He proposed that DNA did not 

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exist, only RNA. 
Well, I'll, I'll say this, Lou. 

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If he had said C, he would have 
been really ahead of his times. 

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OK. 
But the correct answer is B 

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Triple Helix. 
That's correct. 

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Yeah. 
Actually, I just read a book by 

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Francis Crick like a month ago 
where he mentioned Linus 

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Paulings. 
Yeah, yeah, yeah. 

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He talks about all of this. 
He talks about. 

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All of this. 
Wow calling though even 

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brilliance chemists and Nobel 
Prize lawyers make. 

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Mistakes. 
Yeah, they can make mistakes, 

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get something wrong sometimes. 
That's OK, we catch our mistakes

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very quickly in science. 
That's OK, right? 

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Question #2 In 1868, a giant 10 
foot band in the form of a rock 

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was found on the farm in 
Cardiff, New York. 

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Thousands flock to see it, 
believing it to be a fossilized 

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giant, despite the supposed 
fossil having all fleshy parts 

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intact. 
Yeah, all fleshy parts to earth 

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and. 
And proportional. 

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They were proportional. 
Geologist John Boynton quickly 

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determined that it was not a 
fossil, but could be a statue 

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carved by a French Jesuit in the
16th or 17th century in order to

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impress local Native Americans. 
What was it actually? 

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A. 
A statue carved by a French 

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Jesuit in the 16th or 17th 
century to impress local Native 

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Americans. 
OK. 

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B. 
The original Lincoln Memorial 

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statue that the sculptor trashed
and buried because he just 

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couldn't get the facial hair 
right. 

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Wow. 
OK, see a fake fossil someone 

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created to trick Christians who 
believe that giants, as 

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mentioned in the Bible, once 
existed. 

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I have a question I want to 
clarify something. 

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How tall was this statue again? 
10 foot, 10 foot. 

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OK, I'm going to go with option 
A. 

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A A statue carved by a French 
Jesuit in the 16th or 17th 

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century to impress local Native 
Americans? 

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That's right, as geologist John 
Boynton determined, yes, even 

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though this is a quiz about 
science gaffes. 

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Well, I thought the gaffe was 
made by the people who flocked 

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to the thing. 
Yeah, it's both both. 

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They're both gaps. 
They're both gaps. 

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You're wrong. 
Would you care to guess again? 

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So now I have a 5050 chance of 
getting this right. 

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Well no, you already got it 
wrong. 

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I'm just giving you a chance to 
save some face. 

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CC is correct. 
Wow. 

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All right, all right, all right.
This was the work of George 

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Hull, who was a tobacco 
tycoonist and also a fan of 

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Darwin, so that's why he was 
looking to mock people. 

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Yes. 
Yes, he lost an argument. 

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Specifically, he lost an 
argument to a local Reverend 

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Reverend Turk about the 
existence of giants on Earth. 

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Unclear to me how he lost that 
argument, but he did. 

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It was impossible. 
So he wanted to prove how he's 

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oh man, he lost the argument. 
So he wait, wait. 

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So his his solution. 
He told himself, hey, I lost 

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this argument. 
I'm going to make a fake giant, 

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bury it and show all these 
people are idiots. 

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Yes, I see. 
To show that these people will 

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believe anything I see. 
Hey, actually, I think there's 

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three people who made gaffes in 
this in this story. 

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Oh, the people, the people who 
fell for this, obviously, but 

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they're not scientists. 
So. 

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OK. 
Yeah, the geologists made a 

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gaffe. 
And then the rich guy, the guy 

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who lost the argument and then 
went around this, this 

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convoluted way, also made a gap 
to get even. 

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This is good. 
It's the rare triple error, 

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triple gaff. 
Yeah, triple gaff. 

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Nice question #3 In 1923, 
cytogeneticist Theophilus 

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Painter, great name, became the 
first person to identify the 

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number of chromosomes in human 
cells. 

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He published his finding 
confidently, of course. 

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00:10:20,760 --> 00:10:24,320
What went wrong? 
A Instead of human cells, he 

235
00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:26,640
counted chromosomes from munjak 
deer cells. 

236
00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:31,320
B He forgot humans are diploid 
and reported 23 chromosomes 

237
00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:36,120
instead of 46. 
C He miscounted and reported 48 

238
00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:41,880
chromosomes. 
Oh interesting, What kind of 

239
00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:43,680
cells are in A? 
What is that? 

240
00:10:43,840 --> 00:10:46,240
Munjak deer cells? 
Munjak deer. 

241
00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:50,520
Fun fact, Munjak deer only have 
6 or 7 chromosomes. 

242
00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:52,640
Is that right? 
They have giant chromosomes, 

243
00:10:52,680 --> 00:10:54,520
yeah. 
The males have 7, females have 

244
00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:56,360
6. 
OK, I see. 

245
00:10:56,440 --> 00:10:58,560
I see. 
Let's go with that. 

246
00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,880
Ah. 
So you you think he reported 6 

247
00:11:01,880 --> 00:11:04,120
or 7 chromosomes for human cell?
I think so. 

248
00:11:04,400 --> 00:11:05,800
I think so. 
Confidently. 

249
00:11:05,960 --> 00:11:09,000
Yeah, confidently. 
I wish you were right to Earth. 

250
00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:10,240
Oh, I'm not. 
No. 

251
00:11:10,240 --> 00:11:13,360
Oh, a lot of cyber geneticists 
do study Monjac dear cells. 

252
00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:15,200
But no, he didn't make that 
mistake. 

253
00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:17,960
Not Theophilus Painter. 
Not Theophilus Painter. 

254
00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:19,680
Listen to that name. 
Listen to that name. 

255
00:11:19,760 --> 00:11:21,960
I guess that's true. 
A man who would not mistake. 

256
00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:24,200
Would not make the monjac OK, At
least he would know his cells 

257
00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:25,960
all right. 
In that case, I would say he 

258
00:11:25,960 --> 00:11:28,280
forgot that humans are diploid. 
Wrong. 

259
00:11:28,800 --> 00:11:31,760
It's actually C He miscounted 
and reported 48 chromosomes. 

260
00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:36,080
But in his defense, some of the 
samples he worked with were from

261
00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:37,640
Down syndrome patients. 
There you go. 

262
00:11:37,640 --> 00:11:38,160
So he. 
Can't. 

263
00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:41,000
He didn't even goof. 
Even then, that's only one extra

264
00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:42,480
chromosome. 
It's only 47. 

265
00:11:42,640 --> 00:11:44,400
Oh yeah, it's only a trisomy. 
That's right. 

266
00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:46,160
It should be 47, not 48. 
Yeah. 

267
00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:48,480
She still counted 48. 
Yeah. 

268
00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:52,840
All right, All right. 
Question #4 In 2011, scientists 

269
00:11:52,840 --> 00:11:56,240
at CERN reported that neutrinos 
travel faster than the speed of 

270
00:11:56,240 --> 00:12:00,000
light, which since Einstein's 
special theory of relativity, we

271
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:02,520
know to be impossible. 
According to Einstein, nothing 

272
00:12:02,520 --> 00:12:04,560
can travel faster than the speed
of light, right? 

273
00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:07,200
The scientists at CERN later 
realized that they've made a 

274
00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:09,120
mistake. 
What happened? 

275
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,440
A. 
A cable was not fully screwed in

276
00:12:12,680 --> 00:12:15,640
to their measurement device. 
Classic. 

277
00:12:15,920 --> 00:12:17,960
B. 
They forgot to carry the one 

278
00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:21,240
when adding up the math. 
Also classic. 

279
00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:25,040
This in fifth grade. 
C They accidentally misentered 

280
00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:27,360
the value of the speed of light 
into their computer. 

281
00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:31,720
I really hope it's not C. 
Well, there's a lot of numbers 

282
00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:35,600
after after the period. 
So I'll say this, OK, I have a 

283
00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:38,000
decent amount of interest in 
particle physics as like an 

284
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:41,600
amateur, like hobbyist, you 
know, and I've done some reading

285
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:45,240
on, on, on CERN. 
I know that CERN is, it's a very

286
00:12:45,240 --> 00:12:48,560
long tunnel, circular tunnel. 
They have a lot of computers, a 

287
00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:51,800
lot of very sophisticated 
electronic equipment there. 

288
00:12:52,280 --> 00:12:56,440
And it seems, it's plausible to 
me that they would maybe forget 

289
00:12:56,520 --> 00:13:00,120
to plug in the right cable or 
cross their wires. 

290
00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:02,480
You know, you would hope not. 
So I think the answer is. 

291
00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:05,520
I think the answer is a. 
That a cable is not fully 

292
00:13:05,520 --> 00:13:07,000
screwed in to the measurement 
device. 

293
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:08,280
That's right. 
Yeah, you're correct. 

294
00:13:08,360 --> 00:13:10,640
Yeah, you're correct. 
Because of the fiber cable was 

295
00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:13,840
not screwed in, it took the 
signal longer to reach the 

296
00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:15,560
measuring device. 
So they thought it was faster 

297
00:13:15,560 --> 00:13:17,320
than. 
And so they thought the Trino 

298
00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:19,360
traveled faster. 
Yeah, crazy, huh? 

299
00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:21,600
That's pretty crazy. 
How long did it take for them to

300
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:24,800
realize this was the case? 
So they reported this in 2011 

301
00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:27,240
and they corrected themselves in
2012. 

302
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:29,480
OK, so a year took almost a 
year. 

303
00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:31,160
Well, there's a lot of wires, 
maybe, you know. 

304
00:13:31,880 --> 00:13:37,880
Question #5 In 1845, dentist 
Horace Wells, the discoverer of 

305
00:13:37,880 --> 00:13:42,280
nitrous gas, AKA laughing gas as
an anaesthetic, demonstrated its

306
00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:44,920
use for the first time in an 
amphitheater at the 

307
00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:49,160
Massachusetts General Hospital 
by performing a live tooth 

308
00:13:49,160 --> 00:13:51,760
extraction on the patient. 
What went wrong? 

309
00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:53,640
Oh no. 
A Oh no. 

310
00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:57,440
He accidentally administered 
hydrogen gas instead of nitrous 

311
00:13:57,440 --> 00:14:01,720
gas and started a huge fireball 
B He didn't know how long it 

312
00:14:01,720 --> 00:14:04,720
took for the gas to work and put
out the tooth too early, causing

313
00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:06,880
the patient to scream in pain. 
Oh my God. 

314
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,080
Or C The patient, not believing 
the gas would work, got so 

315
00:14:11,080 --> 00:14:14,200
scared he bit whilst his finger,
causing Wells, who was not 

316
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:22,880
anesthetized, to scream in pain.
Hey, have you seen that early 

317
00:14:23,080 --> 00:14:26,120
YouTube meme video? 
Charlie bit my finger, Of 

318
00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:27,360
course. 
Classic, right. 

319
00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:30,040
And he's coming back from I 
think he's coming back from a 

320
00:14:30,040 --> 00:14:31,880
dentist visit. 
Oh, is that right? 

321
00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:34,280
I think so. 
And he bet the guy who was not 

322
00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:36,400
an exercise. 
Yeah, yeah, classic. 

323
00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:39,720
OK, so this is an interesting 
question. 

324
00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:42,120
I could see any of the three 
things happening. 

325
00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:49,480
C seems a little unlikely but AI
think I we would have heard. 

326
00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:54,160
I think it's. 
BB Yeah, He didn't know how long

327
00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,200
it took for the gas to work. 
Yeah, and put out the two. 

328
00:14:56,200 --> 00:14:58,080
This is the common. 
Thing working with gases, right?

329
00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:00,000
They're volatile. 
And you're correct. 

330
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,680
You're nice, Wells. 
As a result of this, Wells was 

331
00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:05,280
labeled A charlatan and a fake. 
Oh my God. 

332
00:15:05,280 --> 00:15:07,560
And this is actually a very sad 
story. 

333
00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:11,520
His mental health declined. 
He got addicted to chloroform. 

334
00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:14,840
He loved his gases, he really 
did. 

335
00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:19,120
And while high on chloroform, 
one day he threw sulfuric acid 

336
00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:21,960
onto 2 prostitutes. 
Oh no. 

337
00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:24,440
And he got sent to jail, where 
he died. 

338
00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:26,400
Oh my God. 
On chloroform. 

339
00:15:26,520 --> 00:15:28,160
He died while he was high on 
chloroform. 

340
00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:31,680
Oh my God, what a way to go. 
But in his defense, laughing 

341
00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:35,240
gas, not just gas, does work as 
anaesthetic, very effective, but

342
00:15:35,240 --> 00:15:38,760
it does not work well on obese 
patients and Alcoholics. 

343
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:41,960
The patient he demonstrated the 
song was both obese and an 

344
00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:43,680
alcoholic. 
OK, so maybe he had the right 

345
00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:45,920
time, but it was just not the 
right. 

346
00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:47,840
Wow. 
And the patient actually later 

347
00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:51,160
admitted that he does not 
remember the pain or even when 

348
00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:53,840
the tooth extraction occurred. 
But the patient was lying. 

349
00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:56,840
No, he probably felt it at the 
time, but, you know, the 

350
00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:58,840
anaesthetic, the memory was 
gone. 

351
00:15:59,080 --> 00:16:01,040
Wow. 
OK, So he did part of its 

352
00:16:01,040 --> 00:16:02,960
partially worked. 
He did that part of his job. 

353
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:03,880
Yeah. 
Yeah. 

354
00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:05,640
He could have just used. 
Chloroform, you know. 

355
00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:08,840
Oh, a little bit for you. 
A little bit exactly. 

356
00:16:08,920 --> 00:16:14,280
One for me too for you. 
All right, question number six. 

357
00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:20,080
In 1877, Italian astronomer 
Giovanni Schiaparelli reported 

358
00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:23,560
the presence of a network of 
channels, or canals, on Mars, 

359
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:27,360
leading some to speculate that 
intelligent life once existed on

360
00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:30,040
the planet. 
What were these canals actually?

361
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:33,080
A. 
Optical illusions caused by low 

362
00:16:33,080 --> 00:16:38,160
telescope power. 
B craters on Mars's surface or C

363
00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:40,960
Spudge marks left on 
Schiaparelli's telescope after 

364
00:16:40,960 --> 00:16:42,720
he tried to clean the lens with 
his fingers. 

365
00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,400
I have heard of this story 
before. 

366
00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:51,120
I forgot the exact reason but I 
think it's it's CC smudge marks.

367
00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:54,200
Smudge is left on his telescope 
after he tried to clean it with 

368
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:56,560
his fingers. 
His greasy, greasy fingers. 

369
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,200
Yes, common mistake. 
Common beginner's mistake. 

370
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:01,400
Actually no, he just had a 
shitty microscope. 

371
00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:03,240
Oh so very low. 
Microsoft the. 

372
00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:04,240
Resolution was low. 
OK. 

373
00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:05,200
Yeah. 
All right. 

374
00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:07,359
All right. 
One for Ciparelli over me. 

375
00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:12,880
Final Question question #7 In 
1986, Newsweek magazine in a 

376
00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:16,640
cover article titled The 
Marriage Crunch, which was based

377
00:17:16,640 --> 00:17:20,079
on the study on college educated
women and marriage, wrongly 

378
00:17:20,079 --> 00:17:23,359
reported which of the following 
OK in 1986? 

379
00:17:24,079 --> 00:17:26,880
A. 
That single woman at age 30 have

380
00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:32,920
a 20% chance of ever marrying. 
B single women over 35 only have

381
00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:38,640
a 5% chance of ever marrying or 
C single woman over 40 have a 

382
00:17:38,640 --> 00:17:41,960
higher chance of being killed by
a terrorist than ever marrying. 

383
00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:50,280
That's brutal. 
Man oh man, 1986 Good times, 

384
00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:51,840
good times. 
Good times. 

385
00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:54,880
Yeah, report whatever you want. 
You don't want women to go to 

386
00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:56,080
college. 
Right. 

387
00:17:56,080 --> 00:17:58,160
I think that's what the angle 
they were trying to take. 

388
00:17:58,160 --> 00:17:59,840
They're going to get killed by 
terrorists. 

389
00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:03,200
Given exactly given that this 
was a cover story and they were 

390
00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:06,680
probably. 
I think it's C that single woman

391
00:18:06,680 --> 00:18:08,880
over the age of 40 have a higher
chance of being killed by a 

392
00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:10,560
terrorist. 
Yeah, you're correct. 

393
00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:12,160
You're. 
Yeah, it's actually all of them.

394
00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:14,440
All of the above. 
All of them are wrong. 

395
00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:16,800
All of them were reported. 
Oh, they were by Newsweek 

396
00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:18,240
magazine. 
And they were all wrong. 

397
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:18,920
OK. 
Wow. 

398
00:18:19,160 --> 00:18:20,960
So, Gaff. 
Another triple gaffe. 

399
00:18:21,120 --> 00:18:22,760
Triple gaffe. 
Yeah, that's right. 

400
00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:25,440
This article led to widespread 
panic at the time. 

401
00:18:25,520 --> 00:18:27,800
I believe it. 
Newsweek was very prestigious. 

402
00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:31,640
He was in the same level of 
prestigious like Time magazine, 

403
00:18:31,640 --> 00:18:33,600
you know, until relatively 
recently. 

404
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,280
But yeah, so I, I, you can see 
people believing this and going 

405
00:18:36,480 --> 00:18:39,920
really crazy over. 
It later it was shown that 68% 

406
00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:44,480
of women who were 40 in 1986 
eventually married 68%. 

407
00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:46,000
Of totally. 
It's so different from what they

408
00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:49,600
quoted, whatever they quoted. 
Music apologized eventually in 

409
00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:56,160
2620 years after. 
I guess better late than never, 

410
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:58,360
I guess. 
What's the statute of 

411
00:18:58,360 --> 00:18:59,800
limitations on this? 
You think? 

412
00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:02,120
Less than 20 years? 
Less than 20 years. 

413
00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:03,840
Fair enough. 
Maybe 2 years. 

414
00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:04,720
Two years. 
OK. 

415
00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:06,480
All right. 
Hey, you know what? 

416
00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:09,000
I don't think you did too badly.
I think you got probably half 

417
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:10,840
them correct. 
More than half, please. 

418
00:19:10,880 --> 00:19:12,600
Well, don't make a gap yourself,
50. 

419
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,080
Percent is already better than 
1/3, am I right? 

420
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:17,360
So good on you. 
That's true, it is. 

421
00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:18,760
Not bad. 
Thank you. 

422
00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:21,640
All right, chef, should we move 
on to some scientific studies? 

423
00:19:21,680 --> 00:19:24,920
Let's do it all right? 
A question for you, chef. 

424
00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:28,160
How do you recognize your 
friends, your colleagues, your 

425
00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:29,280
loved ones? 
What? 

426
00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:30,960
What features do you use? 
What, what? 

427
00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:31,520
How do? 
You. 

428
00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:32,960
How do you go about recognizing 
someone? 

429
00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:33,720
I see. 
I see. 

430
00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,600
We touched upon this subject in 
one of our previous episodes. 

431
00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:39,680
The first thing I noticed 
probably if if they're walking 

432
00:19:39,680 --> 00:19:42,120
into the room, then face. 
Because I can see their face. 

433
00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:44,040
Yeah, more than anything, their 
face. 

434
00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:44,720
Yeah. 
Yeah. 

435
00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:47,000
Humans are very good at 
recognizing people's faces. 

436
00:19:47,160 --> 00:19:49,160
Amazing. 
It's been estimated that we can.

437
00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:53,440
Recognize 1000 to 10,000 faces 
unique faces, unique faces. 

438
00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:56,680
Wow, that is pretty impressive. 
We can also read read people's 

439
00:19:56,680 --> 00:19:58,560
faces and determine their 
emotions. 

440
00:19:58,560 --> 00:20:01,560
Yes, their intentions. 
Mirror will react accordingly 

441
00:20:02,120 --> 00:20:05,240
and we rely on that to 
communicate very much so I'd 

442
00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:06,120
love at first sight. 
Right. 

443
00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:10,000
That's the whole idea. 
Oh, you look at somebody and 

444
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:11,720
immediately you're like we're 
in. 

445
00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:14,680
Is that what happened with you 
and your intended? 

446
00:20:14,760 --> 00:20:16,920
Yeah, yeah, definitely yeah. 
Oh, love at first sight. 

447
00:20:16,920 --> 00:20:18,840
Love at first sight. 
Will she corroborate? 

448
00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:21,200
Yeah, 100%. 
We should have her on. 

449
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:22,360
We should have her on one of 
these days. 

450
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:24,080
We should. 
She's also a scientist. 

451
00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:25,480
In fact, she's probably on right
now. 

452
00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:27,360
You just can't tell because, you
know, she doesn't talk. 

453
00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:31,040
There's a third person on this 
Zoom call. 

454
00:20:31,040 --> 00:20:32,360
She doesn't like to be on 
camera. 

455
00:20:32,360 --> 00:20:33,840
Is that correct? 
She is shy. 

456
00:20:34,160 --> 00:20:35,920
It's almost like she's not 
there. 

457
00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:38,960
It's almost like you don't even 
have a fiance. 

458
00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:41,000
Well, one might say that. 
Almost. 

459
00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:42,200
I see. 
I see. 

460
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:43,680
Makes sense. 
Makes a lot of sense. 

461
00:20:43,680 --> 00:20:46,360
Yeah. 
It also makes sense to Earth 

462
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,200
that we're not so good at 
recognizing the faces of 

463
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:49,880
animals. 
Right. 

464
00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:52,680
Definitely not like dogs, cats, 
because they're not part of our 

465
00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:53,640
social circle. 
No. 

466
00:20:53,640 --> 00:20:55,600
But also a lot of dogs look the 
same. 

467
00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:57,000
Yeah. 
Like, that's what I like. 

468
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,640
Golden retrievers, Labradors, 
You know, So I've always 

469
00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:03,960
wondered to Earth, can animals 
recognize our faces? 

470
00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:06,360
OK, right. 
Like, can a dog recognize my 

471
00:21:06,360 --> 00:21:08,160
face versus your face, for 
instance? 

472
00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:09,720
Yeah. 
Or can a chimp? 

473
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:11,960
They're pretty smart. 
They're visual creatures as 

474
00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:12,440
well. 
Are they smart? 

475
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:14,280
Yeah. 
Can they recognize our faces? 

476
00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:17,800
And also, do animals recognize 
each other's faces? 

477
00:21:18,080 --> 00:21:20,720
What do you think? 
Monkeys I I think they recognize

478
00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:24,200
each other's faces. 
Well, turns out chimps do 

479
00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:27,120
recognize each other's faces. 
But they don't recognize each 

480
00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:29,240
other based on face alone, 
right? 

481
00:21:29,480 --> 00:21:31,760
They also recognize each other's
butts. 

482
00:21:32,160 --> 00:21:34,440
I was going to say, I almost 
said it, that they that they 

483
00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:36,640
also like to sniff butts. 
So that's probably a key part of

484
00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:38,680
this, the appearance of butts. 
Not the smell. 

485
00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:40,720
Oh, just the appearance. 
The appearance. 

486
00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:42,680
Yeah. 
Because the earth. 

487
00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:47,880
Because the earth. 
Female chimps have very special 

488
00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:49,040
butts. 
They do. 

489
00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:52,240
They do. 
Oh, they have very specific 

490
00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:55,640
features and they're changing 
color, size and features 

491
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:58,000
smoothness throughout the 
ovulatory cycle. 

492
00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:01,240
Really. 
So it's like they're it's 

493
00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:04,280
literally they have like a neon 
sign saying, hey, I'm at this 

494
00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:05,280
stage. 
Exactly. 

495
00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:07,040
That's incredible. 
That's incredible. 

496
00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:10,680
Female humans cheer also have 
special butts. 

497
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:13,920
Do you agree? 
I'm speaking scientifically, of 

498
00:22:13,920 --> 00:22:16,400
course, scientifically very 
special butts. 

499
00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:18,640
I don't know what that means. 
Do you agree? 

500
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:21,760
Especially in what sense? 
Special in what sense? 

501
00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:24,000
Special. 
They're like they're unlike any 

502
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:27,120
other part of the human body. 
I mean, that's my definite the 

503
00:22:27,120 --> 00:22:29,280
female butt. 
By definition, that's true. 

504
00:22:29,280 --> 00:22:30,680
Yes. 
I'll say yes, I agree. 

505
00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:32,920
I agree. 
More special than the than the 

506
00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:36,880
male butt, possibly because, 
again, this is all scientific 

507
00:22:36,880 --> 00:22:39,200
police truth. 
Because the female butt 

508
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:41,160
accumulates fat. 
You agree? 

509
00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:42,200
Yeah. 
So. 

510
00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:45,320
So does the male butt. 
But yes, more so female butt. 

511
00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:47,600
That's true. 
Which might be a sign of fitness

512
00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:49,120
in harsh Savannah conditions. 
Right. 

513
00:22:49,120 --> 00:22:51,480
They can like store more 
evolutionary. 

514
00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:52,600
Yeah. 
So you agree? 

515
00:22:53,040 --> 00:22:55,120
Yeah, You've noticed. 
Well, I don't know. 

516
00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:57,320
I wouldn't say I've noticed. 
You've noticed. 

517
00:22:57,320 --> 00:22:58,280
I No. 
Please Tear. 

518
00:22:58,320 --> 00:22:59,760
I think I learned about this in 
school. 

519
00:22:59,880 --> 00:23:01,360
I wasn't aware. 
You're aware of this. 

520
00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:03,000
You're aware of this until Med 
school. 

521
00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:04,720
That's where I learned. 
But but tears. 

522
00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:08,560
Really though, human butts are 
very dissimilar to chimpanzee 

523
00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:10,760
butts. 
OK, well, yeah, they don't have.

524
00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:12,280
They don't light up like neon 
signs. 

525
00:23:12,360 --> 00:23:14,640
Exactly. 
That's probably because we tend 

526
00:23:14,640 --> 00:23:17,520
to cover up our butts and also 
we walk upright. 

527
00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:20,520
You do. 
So it's we don't get as good of 

528
00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:22,920
a look at butts out in public. 
Is that right? 

529
00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:25,520
Because the line of sight is. 
Chimps walk on all fours, so, 

530
00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:27,440
you know, yeah. 
They're they're hunched over. 

531
00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:29,120
They're hunched. 
Over eye contact to their butt. 

532
00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,160
Human faces, however, share a 
lot of similarities with chimp 

533
00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:37,400
butts. 
I guess in a way, yeah. 

534
00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:41,160
We, and especially women, have 
red lips, which signals health. 

535
00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:44,160
It's a sign of beauty. 
Like chimp butts, which are red.

536
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:47,800
They're both exposed. 
They're hairless. 

537
00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:51,640
They're symmetrical. 
They tend to have fairly similar

538
00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:53,480
and immediately recognizable 
features. 

539
00:23:54,120 --> 00:23:55,240
You know you know what I'm 
talking about. 

540
00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:59,760
And they have one hole. 
Well, we don't need to get into 

541
00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:02,320
another discussion on how many 
holes there are on the human 

542
00:24:02,320 --> 00:24:03,680
face. 
Oh, no, there's there's three. 

543
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:10,440
Yeah, actually, never mind. 
Good to see you've learned from 

544
00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:12,200
our prior discussions. 
Cut that out. 

545
00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:19,520
And also they're both used 
socially to make judgements 

546
00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:23,800
about individuals. 
Human faces also kind of changed

547
00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:25,760
slightly throughout the oblatory
cycle. 

548
00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:27,920
Is that right? 
Wow, that's correct. 

549
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:31,280
So you see each Earth, and this 
is a direct quote from the 

550
00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:32,840
article that I'm about to 
present. 

551
00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:36,280
The human face, with its 
distinct features such as eye 

552
00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:40,800
whites, eyebrows, red lips and 
cheeks, signals emotions, 

553
00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:45,360
intentions, health, sexual 
attraction, and as we will show 

554
00:24:45,360 --> 00:24:48,120
here, shares important features 
with a primate. 

555
00:24:48,120 --> 00:24:52,240
Behind Jeff, the human face is 
essentially the same as a 

556
00:24:52,280 --> 00:24:53,640
primate. 
The chimpanzee. 

557
00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:54,320
Butt. 
Butt. 

558
00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:55,960
A few questions then must be 
asked. 

559
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:57,760
Is that right? 
Tyrith must be asked? 

560
00:24:57,800 --> 00:24:58,920
Yes. 
Would you like to ask them? 

561
00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,160
Yes, one is do they have the 
same smell? 

562
00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:04,480
That's the first question that 
comes to mind. 

563
00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:07,760
Interesting, interesting. 
Do you think your face smells 

564
00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:09,680
like a chimp butt? 
I I don't know. 

565
00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:10,920
I've never smelled the chimp 
butt. 

566
00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:14,040
Oh, maybe it smells very 
fragrant and it was lotion. 

567
00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:17,440
I don't know. 
Oh, that's one question I would 

568
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:18,600
ask. 
No chef. 

569
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:20,960
No chef. 
No, this is no, this is 

570
00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:21,800
ridiculous. 
OK. 

571
00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:26,240
The question we should be asking
is do chimps recognize butts the

572
00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:29,920
same way humans recognize? 
Oh, of course, yes, yes do. 

573
00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:33,240
Chimps recognize human butts, 
and also do humans recognize 

574
00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:34,680
chimp butts? 
Chimp butts, yes. 

575
00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:37,600
And also, do humans recognize 
human butts? 

576
00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:40,680
These are the questions that 
must be asked. 

577
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:42,480
Yes, you agree. 
Yes, you agree. 

578
00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:45,040
For complete rigor, Yes, you got
to go in every direction. 

579
00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:47,760
The title of the study I'm 
presenting today is Getting to 

580
00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:50,720
the bottom of Face Processing. 
I like that. 

581
00:25:50,720 --> 00:25:54,360
Species specific inversion 
effects for faces and behinds in

582
00:25:54,360 --> 00:25:56,640
humans and chimpanzees. 
Nice. 

583
00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:59,920
This is from the Netherlands. 
It was published in 2016 in the 

584
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:03,120
journal PLOS ONE. 
At all the countries to publish 

585
00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:05,680
this, Netherlands is is the most
appropriate nether. 

586
00:26:05,680 --> 00:26:08,640
Oh, interesting. 
Oh, yeah, Yeah, I see. 

587
00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:09,480
Very good. 
Yeah. 

588
00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:11,880
So the face inversion effect. 
So they mentioned this. 

589
00:26:11,880 --> 00:26:14,560
This is the fact where we're 
pretty good at recognizing 

590
00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:15,880
upright faces. 
Yeah. 

591
00:26:16,120 --> 00:26:18,840
We're actually much worse at 
recognizing upside down faces. 

592
00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:20,400
That's right. 
Compared to other objects, 

593
00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:21,760
correct. 
If you show someone a picture of

594
00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:24,720
a house right, they can 
recognize the upside down or 

595
00:26:24,720 --> 00:26:25,680
upright. 
Distorted. 

596
00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:26,360
Whatever. 
Yeah. 

597
00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:28,480
Yeah. 
But the face, it's harder, much 

598
00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:29,280
harder. 
Yeah. 

599
00:26:29,360 --> 00:26:31,880
The idea behind why that is, is 
that we don't recognize 

600
00:26:31,960 --> 00:26:35,120
recognize individual features on
faces like the nose or the eye, 

601
00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:37,680
but we we recognize them 
together as an ensemble. 

602
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:40,400
Like a, like a gestalt of it. 
Yeah, We recognize the 

603
00:26:40,400 --> 00:26:42,880
configuration, the overall 
configuration of the different 

604
00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:45,040
features. 
And when that's distorted with 

605
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:47,040
an upside down face, we have a 
much harder time. 

606
00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:51,800
So the setup here is they showed
both humans and chimps different

607
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:56,320
photos of different body parts, 
faces and butts and also feet as

608
00:26:56,320 --> 00:27:01,040
control from women and from 
female chimps. 

609
00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:02,920
OK, so they showed them one 
picture. 

610
00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:04,920
It could be anybody part from 
from a. 

611
00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:08,560
From either from either male or 
I mean from either a human or a 

612
00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:10,360
chimp. 
From either human female or 

613
00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:11,600
chimp female. 
Got it. 

614
00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:14,160
A photo of their face. 
Let's say they show that for 

615
00:27:14,160 --> 00:27:16,800
like 2 seconds and then they 
quickly show them two other 

616
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:19,800
pictures, OK? 
One is of the same body part 

617
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:22,640
from the same individual, just a
different picture, maybe with 

618
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:23,960
different lighting, different 
angle. 

619
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,040
The other one is a face from a 
different individual. 

620
00:27:27,280 --> 00:27:28,640
OK. 
And they're asked to quickly 

621
00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:32,480
identified the matching picture.
Right after that, yeah, got it. 

622
00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:35,720
And then the people who were 
being shown these pictures, are 

623
00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:37,880
they males, females or both? 
Good question. 

624
00:27:37,880 --> 00:27:40,240
So for the human participants, 
they. 

625
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:44,520
Recruited 49 female students 
aged 18 to 28 and 58 male 

626
00:27:44,520 --> 00:27:47,200
students aged 19 to 41. 
OK. 

627
00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:50,080
The students were from the 
University of Amsterdam, and 

628
00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,680
they recruited them from, like, 
an online portal for recruiting 

629
00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:53,680
students. 
Got it. 

630
00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:56,280
Except they also mentioned that 
when they wanted more male 

631
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:58,480
students because they didn't 
recruit enough, they simply 

632
00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:00,120
approached some in the hallway. 
No. 

633
00:28:03,360 --> 00:28:06,080
How do you think that went? 
I assumed they were like, hey, 

634
00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:07,160
hey, you. 
Hey, man. 

635
00:28:07,360 --> 00:28:08,720
Hey. 
You want to look at some butts? 

636
00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:09,640
Yeah. 
Come in here. 

637
00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:12,360
We got butts. 
Yeah, we got butts. 

638
00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:14,120
We got human butts. 
We got gym. 

639
00:28:14,120 --> 00:28:16,360
Butts got them all. 
And feet. 

640
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:19,200
Bonus, we got feet. 
I got feet as well, if you're 

641
00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:20,520
into that. 
Yeah, yeah. 

642
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,240
They also noted that the 
participants must be 18 years 

643
00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:26,160
old to participate, right? 
For obvious reasons. 

644
00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:28,600
Yeah. 
And they were awarded €5 for 

645
00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:31,960
participating. €5 That's it. 
Well, you probably would have 

646
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:33,400
done it for free. 
I'm I'm with. 

647
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:36,960
Some people may pay for this. 
Forget getting paid, people may 

648
00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:41,240
pay to do this. 
All right, so the photographs 

649
00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:44,920
they used there were, like I 
said, of faces, butts and feet 

650
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:48,720
of three female humans, 
Caucasian females aged 28 to 29,

651
00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:50,600
and also three chimpanzee 
females. 

652
00:28:50,960 --> 00:28:54,880
The chimps were Japanese. 
They lived in the. 

653
00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:56,760
Are they? 
Are they different from? 

654
00:28:56,960 --> 00:28:59,800
Other chimps, I don't know if 
they're Japanese, I guess they 

655
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:02,200
lived in the Kumamoto Primary 
sanctuary in Japan. 

656
00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:05,920
They noted that the picture of 
the human butts were taken at 

657
00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:07,880
the same angle as those of the 
chimp butts. 

658
00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:13,000
So use your imagination as to. 
Hey, by the way, does this paper

659
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:15,520
have these pictures in there or 
anywhere like just for 

660
00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:16,720
educational, you know, 
scientific? 

661
00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:18,520
Purposes I did not look pleased 
to Why? 

662
00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:20,840
I you know me, I'm a classy guy.
I I'll have to wait. 

663
00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:22,600
For the link. 
I wouldn't look for this. 

664
00:29:22,760 --> 00:29:24,280
Oh, just to verify. 
You know what they say. 

665
00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:26,560
Trust but verify. 
I'm kidding, of course. 

666
00:29:26,560 --> 00:29:28,800
Of course I looked because I'm a
good scientist. 

667
00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:30,040
Yeah. 
You know me. 

668
00:29:30,040 --> 00:29:32,760
I like to look at all the data, 
double check every paper. 

669
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:34,120
I. 
Yeah, look at all the data. 

670
00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:36,800
Everything. 
Yeah, no, they did not provide 

671
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:38,720
the pictures of the female human
butts. 

672
00:29:38,960 --> 00:29:41,240
They did provide pictures of the
chimp female butts. 

673
00:29:41,240 --> 00:29:44,600
If you did want to see those, 
sure, I gladly send them to you.

674
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:47,320
I want to see any material I can
to verify this. 

675
00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:49,600
Study, you know, good, good, 
good scientist, excellent 

676
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:50,840
scientist. 
Great scientist, yeah. 

677
00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:55,880
Oh, also important, the photos 
were presented in full color at 

678
00:29:55,880 --> 00:30:02,000
a size of 2264 * 1584 pixels. 
It's very high rest. 

679
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:04,280
That's great resolution, great 
resolution. 

680
00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:07,480
So for the matching task, the 
participants sat in a dimly lit 

681
00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:13,960
room in front of a computer OK 
and they were told to match the 

682
00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:16,880
pictures as quickly as possible.
So sorry, just to recap, they 

683
00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:19,760
would flash one body part in 
front of you right? 

684
00:30:19,760 --> 00:30:22,880
From a chimp or from a human? 
Or human feet, butt face, 

685
00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:26,160
anything and then immediate like
very quickly after that the 

686
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:29,640
immediately after another body 
part from that same animal or 

687
00:30:29,640 --> 00:30:30,720
human. 
No, no. 

688
00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:32,760
Same body part. 
Oh, same body part. 

689
00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:35,640
Exact same body part from the 
same person from a different 

690
00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:38,640
angle from. 
It's essentially the same angle,

691
00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:40,800
but the angle could be slightly 
different because they took it 

692
00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:41,640
again. 
OK. 

693
00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:43,760
And then something else. 
And then they had to quickly 

694
00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:45,360
match if they just saw that or 
not. 

695
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,960
Yeah, so let's say they showed a
picture of of a woman's face in 

696
00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:51,000
the first picture. 
Yeah, that one away. 

697
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:54,320
They show 2 pictures, one of 
which is the same woman's face, 

698
00:30:54,480 --> 00:30:56,960
OK, just a different picture. 
The other one is a different 

699
00:30:56,960 --> 00:30:59,000
woman's face, different woman's 
face, but it's still going to be

700
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:00,400
the face. 
Got it, got it. 

701
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:02,160
And are they like like side by 
side or one after? 

702
00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:03,400
The side by side. 
Got it. 

703
00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:04,160
Got it, Got it. 
OK. 

704
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:07,000
So these are human participants,
more than 100 of them. 

705
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:09,760
How many percent of them do you 
think got the human face 

706
00:31:09,760 --> 00:31:12,720
matching correctly? 
I would say basically close to 

707
00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:15,000
100%. 
So I would say like 92%. 

708
00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:16,600
Yeah, 95%. 
Yeah. 

709
00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:19,760
What about human butts? 
How good were they matching 

710
00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:22,360
human butts? 
Pictures of human butts to the 

711
00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:24,600
same individual. 
This gets interesting. 

712
00:31:25,840 --> 00:31:27,760
I would say they're still pretty
good. 

713
00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:36,560
Not as good at faces, so 70%. 
93%. 93 percent, 93%, Holy 

714
00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:38,120
smokes. 
Very good. 

715
00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:41,240
Very good at recognizing butts. 
Butts and faces. 

716
00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:44,200
Wow. 
The human foot was lower at 86%.

717
00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:47,800
OK, what about the chimp face? 
How do the humans do a matching 

718
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,440
chimp faces? 
Chimp faces look very similar. 

719
00:31:50,440 --> 00:31:51,800
Man. 
I've looked at chimps and they 

720
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:53,480
look all, they all look the same
to me. 

721
00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:56,280
So I'm going to say again, 
racist. 

722
00:31:56,280 --> 00:31:57,000
Please. 
Please. 

723
00:31:57,240 --> 00:31:59,160
How can I be racist? 
It's not even a race, it's a 

724
00:31:59,160 --> 00:32:02,080
species. 
Whoa, now, that's racist. 

725
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:05,480
That is racist. 
That's the most racist thing 

726
00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:07,280
I've ever heard. 
No, chimps are a different 

727
00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:08,920
species. 
Most racist thing I've ever 

728
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:10,960
heard are literally a different 
species. 

729
00:32:10,960 --> 00:32:12,880
How can I be a racist? 
How do you know that? 

730
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:17,400
That's what biology says. 
Well, the definition is if they 

731
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:19,600
cannot produce viable offspring,
have we won? 

732
00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:22,000
Have we done the experiment? 
Have you done the experiment? 

733
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:23,160
I haven't. 
I haven't. 

734
00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:25,800
It's also, it's 1. 
Sounds like you've done the 

735
00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:27,600
experiment. 
One such definition. 

736
00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:30,280
Anyways, Yeah, I would still 
face. 

737
00:32:30,520 --> 00:32:35,040
I would still say it's like 65%.
Yeah, 74% actually. 

738
00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:41,160
OK, higher than I thought. 
Chimp butt 80%. 

739
00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:43,560
I'm. 
I'm sensing a theme. 80%. 

740
00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:48,160
Yeah, yeah, yeah. close 73%. 
So the same chimp face as the 

741
00:32:48,160 --> 00:32:49,160
chimp face. 
Wow. 

742
00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:55,200
And then chimp foot, 88%. 
Human foot was only 8686%. 

743
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:56,880
So a little better. 
A matching chimp butter. 

744
00:32:57,120 --> 00:32:58,160
Wow. 
Wow. 

745
00:32:58,280 --> 00:33:00,720
All right, so now they got some 
chimps to do the same thing. 

746
00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:02,240
Yeah. 
There were five chimps. 

747
00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:05,320
They were from Kyoto University.
There were four females, 1 male 

748
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:07,960
criticism. 
The chimps were not at least 18 

749
00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:10,120
years of age. 
A few of them were 12 years old.

750
00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:14,480
No criticism #2 yeah. 
So what do you think? 

751
00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:17,360
How accurate were chimps at 
recognizing human faces? 

752
00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:19,880
I think they would be pretty 
accurate at this. 

753
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:24,240
Let me write you for humans. 
It was 95% correct. 95%, I would

754
00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:26,920
say chimps are, let's say in the
high 80s. 

755
00:33:26,920 --> 00:33:30,960
Eighty, 7% close 81%. 
OK, what about the human butt? 

756
00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:32,560
Human butt? 
I think it would be higher 

757
00:33:32,560 --> 00:33:34,920
because chimps are so used to 
looking at butts all the time. 

758
00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,560
I think that's 90%. 
They don't see a lot of human 

759
00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:39,160
butts. 
I don't think I I think it 

760
00:33:39,160 --> 00:33:42,560
translates over pretty well. 
So I was at 90 percent, 90%, 

761
00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:45,560
pretty well. 
You're right, you're right, 89% 

762
00:33:46,320 --> 00:33:48,520
There you go. 
Which is comparable to humans. 

763
00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:50,520
Humans who are only 93 percent, 
93%. 

764
00:33:50,520 --> 00:33:53,080
Yeah, for human. 
Human butts, yes, pretty good. 

765
00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:56,480
Yeah, human feet, they were at 
73% correct, lower than humans. 

766
00:33:57,080 --> 00:34:00,040
What about chimp face? 
How are chimps at identifying 

767
00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:02,880
chimp faces? 
Humans were 74% correct, right. 

768
00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:06,960
And then and then chimps with 
human faces were 81% with was 

769
00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:10,440
81%. 
OK, so chimps with chimp faces 

770
00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,120
probably in that range, 84%, 
actually 71%. 

771
00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:16,239
Wow. 
Hey, who's racist now? 

772
00:34:16,239 --> 00:34:19,639
Who's racist now? 
It was both lower than their 

773
00:34:19,639 --> 00:34:22,800
ability to recognize human faces
and humans, and also lower than 

774
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:24,840
humans ability to recognize 
chimp faces. 

775
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:27,360
Yeah, who's racist now, please? 
Cheers. 

776
00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:30,760
Cheers. 
What about chimp butts? 

777
00:34:31,040 --> 00:34:34,440
Oh, that's, that's got to be in 
the human to human face range. 

778
00:34:34,440 --> 00:34:37,199
So 93%. 
No, chimp chimps were only able 

779
00:34:37,199 --> 00:34:39,719
to recognize chimp butts with 
72% accuracy. 

780
00:34:39,880 --> 00:34:42,320
Oh, that's worse than chimps 
with human feet, worse than 

781
00:34:42,320 --> 00:34:44,520
chimps with human feet and 
chimps with human butt thing 

782
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:48,639
human butt recognize human butt 
89% even though, even though we 

783
00:34:48,639 --> 00:34:50,880
assume that they probably have 
not looked at them in human 

784
00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:53,440
butts before. 
Naked human butts, we're just 

785
00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:54,920
looking at chimp butts every 
day. 

786
00:34:55,040 --> 00:34:59,600
Yes. 
Yes, and then chimp feet was 

787
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,600
only 72% correct. 
What is happening in that chimp 

788
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,600
enclosure, man? 
Yeah, but but the main point of 

789
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:08,600
this paper was to look at the 
inversion effect, right? 

790
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:11,880
If you invert the faces, invert 
the butt, does the recognition 

791
00:35:11,880 --> 00:35:14,920
accuracy go down a lot? 
So what they found is that for 

792
00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:18,240
humans, you get this inversion 
effect with human faces, but you

793
00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:20,080
don't get up with anything else.
To no butt. 

794
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:22,120
Still pretty good with butts. 
Human. 

795
00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:25,080
What's upside down? 
You know, makes sense, makes 

796
00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:26,360
sense. 
Which weight is? 

797
00:35:26,720 --> 00:35:28,120
Upright. 
I mean, it's mostly symmetric. 

798
00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:30,080
It's mostly symmetric, so you 
can rotate. 

799
00:35:30,120 --> 00:35:31,520
It Oh yeah, yeah. 
Oh. 

800
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:35,360
For chimps, they show the 
inversion effect with chimp 

801
00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:39,440
butts only, nothing else. 
So chimps recognize chimp butts 

802
00:35:39,640 --> 00:35:42,320
the same way as humans recognize
human faces. 

803
00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:45,600
Configuratively, they recognize 
the configuration of the 

804
00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:48,880
features. 
But criticisms, though, they 

805
00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:52,040
only have photos from three 
women and three chimps. 

806
00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:53,840
OK. 
So that's that's a relatively 

807
00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:57,120
low number of pictures. 
And also, you know, they 

808
00:35:57,120 --> 00:35:59,160
acknowledge this as well, but 
they probably should have had 

809
00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:01,000
more chimp participants. 
That would have been helpful. 

810
00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:02,320
It's hard. 
I have a question. 

811
00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:03,160
Cheers. 
Yeah. 

812
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:05,560
So humans, as we mentioned, 
we're really good at seeing 

813
00:36:05,560 --> 00:36:07,440
faces. 
We're so good, in fact, that we 

814
00:36:07,440 --> 00:36:10,000
see faces and things that don't 
have faces in them. 

815
00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:12,000
That's right, Jesus. 
And toast, Jesus. 

816
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:14,040
And toast. 
We see faces and clouds and 

817
00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:14,640
clouds. 
Yeah. 

818
00:36:14,640 --> 00:36:16,040
In our lattes. 
That's right. 

819
00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:17,600
On the sides of mountains. 
Yeah. 

820
00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:19,080
On electrical outlets 
everywhere. 

821
00:36:19,120 --> 00:36:22,040
The two eyes in the mouth. 
This is called face pareidolia. 

822
00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:24,360
Yeah. 
So my question is to earth. 

823
00:36:24,840 --> 00:36:27,880
Is there butt? 
Do chimps have butt pareidolia? 

824
00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:28,760
Butt pareidol. 
Yeah. 

825
00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:32,640
Do they see butts everywhere? 
Where would they see, Like in 

826
00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:35,280
balloons or on a piece of toast?
Piece of toast? 

827
00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:37,000
Maybe they're looking at pieces 
of toast and be like, oh, 

828
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:39,400
someone should try this. 
Hey, that's Jamie's butt. 

829
00:36:39,840 --> 00:36:43,600
I see Jamie's butt. 
Someone should try this. 

830
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:48,280
Yeah, that's a great question. 
Poof of thought. 

831
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:50,840
All right, all right. 
What you got? 

832
00:36:51,240 --> 00:36:53,880
All right, Lou, I actually have 
two studies today. 

833
00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:56,520
Oh, very good. 
But they're very, very related. 

834
00:36:56,800 --> 00:36:59,040
Before I get into this, I want 
your opinion. 

835
00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:07,400
What is your opinion on clowns? 
OK, OK, clowns. 

836
00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:09,560
Yeah, clowns. 
It's a good question. 

837
00:37:09,560 --> 00:37:11,440
Well, I know a lot of people are
afraid of clowns. 

838
00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:14,120
They have like a fear of clowns.
In fact, do you know what it's 

839
00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:16,680
called? 
Clownophobia. 

840
00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:19,280
No, it's close. 
It's coolorophobia. 

841
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:25,640
Coro coro COU for clowns. 
I don't know, I didn't look into

842
00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:26,720
it too much. 
I know we've talked about 

843
00:37:26,720 --> 00:37:30,080
phobias on this podcast before. 
This is cooler phobia, but yes. 

844
00:37:30,080 --> 00:37:31,920
Okay, that's a pretty common 
phobia, I think. 

845
00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:32,800
Yeah, you're right. 
Yeah, I. 

846
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:34,680
Don't think I have that. 
You don't have that. 

847
00:37:34,680 --> 00:37:36,800
I don't think I have that. 
Are you indifferent to them? 

848
00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:40,160
I also don't, Yeah, I don't have
a particular positive feeling 

849
00:37:40,160 --> 00:37:42,720
towards clowns. 
Yeah, I I'd say I'm indifferent.

850
00:37:42,720 --> 00:37:45,960
I think it's because I've never,
like, interacted with a clown in

851
00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:47,120
real life. 
Yeah. 

852
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:49,280
Outside of you, of course. 
I was going to say. 

853
00:37:49,280 --> 00:37:51,200
I was going to say thank you. 
Thank you for. 

854
00:37:51,280 --> 00:37:52,360
Yeah. 
Nice, nice correction. 

855
00:37:52,360 --> 00:37:54,360
In fact. 
In fact, in Med school, weren't 

856
00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:56,960
you the captain of the the 
juggling team? 

857
00:37:57,120 --> 00:37:59,040
Yeah, that was me. 
Remember the juggling? 

858
00:37:59,040 --> 00:38:00,520
We we had a juggling club, 
right? 

859
00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:02,400
We did. 
I was not the captain, but yes, 

860
00:38:02,560 --> 00:38:05,360
Dave Rubens, this is, this is. 
Dave Rubens, this is true. 

861
00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:07,640
People look. 
People think I make shut up. 

862
00:38:07,840 --> 00:38:10,040
No, no, this is I do not. 
This is actually true. 

863
00:38:10,480 --> 00:38:12,040
Dave Rudd. 
This is on the team. 

864
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:15,040
And then I think Alan Jang was 
in this too. 

865
00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:16,480
Of course. 
Why? 

866
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:17,160
Why? 
Wouldn't he? 

867
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,680
Why wouldn't he? 
And also remind me this is also 

868
00:38:20,680 --> 00:38:21,440
true. 
Yeah. 

869
00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:26,040
You got a unicycle, didn't you? 
I I almost did. 

870
00:38:26,160 --> 00:38:27,520
He almost did. 
I wanted to. 

871
00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:29,320
I really. 
I actually did totally research.

872
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:31,480
Yeah, many, many times I did. 
Yes. 

873
00:38:31,480 --> 00:38:34,560
That you were really highly 
considering getting a unicycle. 

874
00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:36,560
That this is all true even into 
my PhD. 

875
00:38:36,640 --> 00:38:40,440
In my PhD years in lab, I 
really, really only because when

876
00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:43,240
I was in college at UCLA, there 
was a guy who used to unicycle 

877
00:38:43,240 --> 00:38:46,360
around campus and it looked, it 
looked quite cool. 

878
00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:48,800
He would wear a suit, you know. 
Yeah, I'm sure. 

879
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:50,360
I'm sure To you he looked very 
cool. 

880
00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:53,000
No, to everybody. 
Everybody was like, wow, look at

881
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:55,280
that guy, you know. 
And I thought the ladies, of 

882
00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:56,960
course the ladies love a 
unicyclist. 

883
00:38:57,040 --> 00:38:59,040
Oh, I'm sure they do. 
So cheer. 

884
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:02,440
Yeah. 
Safe to say. 

885
00:39:02,720 --> 00:39:04,880
You don't have a fear of clowns,
is that correct? 

886
00:39:04,880 --> 00:39:05,400
No. 
Yeah. 

887
00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:06,680
I don't have a fear of clowns. 
No. 

888
00:39:06,680 --> 00:39:07,520
Very good. 
Very good. 

889
00:39:07,560 --> 00:39:09,040
I'm glad we established that. 
Yes. 

890
00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:12,440
But like you, and I suspect like
a lot of other people, I'm 

891
00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:15,720
pretty indifferent to them. 
Despite being one yourself as 

892
00:39:15,720 --> 00:39:17,600
we've just. 
Yeah, but, you know, there's 

893
00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:19,360
different levels of being a 
clown, right? 

894
00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:23,960
Like the, like the most obvious,
the most outdoor version is the 

895
00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:26,840
clown that puts on the makeup 
with the big honky nose, you 

896
00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:29,440
know, the big floppy hat, the 
shoes. 

897
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:31,520
Yeah, that's that's a bit much. 
I see. 

898
00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:33,240
But, you know, kids, though. 
What do you think? 

899
00:39:33,240 --> 00:39:36,080
You think kids like clowns? 
I think some of them maybe, 

900
00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:37,480
yeah. 
But I think a lot of them are 

901
00:39:37,480 --> 00:39:39,560
also afraid of clowns. 
Yeah, spot on. 

902
00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:41,440
I agree with that. 
I think kids may like clowns 

903
00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:42,640
because they're a little out 
there. 

904
00:39:42,640 --> 00:39:44,360
There's a lot of colors. 
They do tricks. 

905
00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:46,200
Everybody likes to look at 
tricks, right? 

906
00:39:46,320 --> 00:39:48,240
Yeah, they're they're 
entertaining for a kid. 

907
00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:49,160
They can. 
Be entertaining. 

908
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:53,880
OK, so that's clowns in general.
Now, if I were to ask you, other

909
00:39:53,880 --> 00:39:57,680
than entertainment, can you 
think of any constructive roles 

910
00:39:57,680 --> 00:40:00,120
for clowns? 
Other than that, entertainment. 

911
00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:01,960
Yeah. 
And then let me narrow it down 

912
00:40:01,960 --> 00:40:04,120
for you. 
You and I are both physicians 

913
00:40:04,120 --> 00:40:05,920
nominally. 
OK. 

914
00:40:05,920 --> 00:40:09,760
So within let's say within our, 
our day jobs our like the field 

915
00:40:09,760 --> 00:40:10,720
of healthcare. 
Can you? 

916
00:40:10,720 --> 00:40:12,160
Can you think of any roles for 
them? 

917
00:40:12,720 --> 00:40:15,880
Oh, in healthcare, yeah. 
Well, they can cheer kids up. 

918
00:40:15,960 --> 00:40:17,680
Oh, yeah, exactly. 
And I think there probably are 

919
00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:19,400
hospitals that employ clowns. 
They. 

920
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:22,880
Yes, that's exactly right. 
And also you, you clearly have a

921
00:40:22,880 --> 00:40:25,480
role in healthcare systems. 
Kids love me, Kids love me. 

922
00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:26,840
By being a clown. 
Listen. 

923
00:40:27,160 --> 00:40:29,560
So living proof. 
Kids love me. 

924
00:40:30,440 --> 00:40:31,800
Kids love me. 
OK, Sure. 

925
00:40:32,760 --> 00:40:34,280
Sure. 
Anyway, that's, you know, as 

926
00:40:34,280 --> 00:40:36,640
you, as you may guess, that's 
the subject of the work I'm 

927
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:39,200
about to present today. 
OK, I see. 

928
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:43,320
Specifically this is about the 
role of clowns in the surgical 

929
00:40:43,320 --> 00:40:45,320
setting. 
OK, interesting. 

930
00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:48,800
So as you may realize, you know,
many adults get really anxious 

931
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:51,040
right before it's time to go 
into the operating room when 

932
00:40:51,040 --> 00:40:54,160
they when they're about to put 
you down or, you know, put you 

933
00:40:54,160 --> 00:40:57,120
under with anaesthesia. 
So kids are obviously everybody 

934
00:40:57,120 --> 00:40:58,360
stressed out. 
Yeah, everybody. 

935
00:40:58,360 --> 00:40:59,320
Exactly. 
Exactly. 

936
00:40:59,320 --> 00:41:02,960
So kids especially. 
And so the key question being 

937
00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:06,880
addressed by the two studies 
today is can clowns help reduce 

938
00:41:06,880 --> 00:41:09,440
the anxiety that children feel? 
Right. 

939
00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:11,880
Before they come under. 
OK, good, good, good. 

940
00:41:12,160 --> 00:41:15,040
All right, so the first paper is
called Clown Doctors as a 

941
00:41:15,040 --> 00:41:18,400
Treatment for Preoperative 
Anxiety in Children, a 

942
00:41:18,440 --> 00:41:21,640
randomized prospective study. 
This was published in the year 

943
00:41:21,640 --> 00:41:26,480
2005 in the journal Pediatrics. 
Oh, good journal. 

944
00:41:26,640 --> 00:41:29,120
Great journal. 
These authors are all based out 

945
00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:31,840
of Florence, Italy. 
And like I said, the question 

946
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:34,600
they're asking is kids who are 
about to undergo surgery, 

947
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:36,600
they're really anxious. 
Their parents might be anxious, 

948
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:38,880
too. 
Can you use hospital clowns? 

949
00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:42,320
So these are physicians or other
staff who are also can work as 

950
00:41:42,320 --> 00:41:45,080
clowns. 
Can you use them to reduce the 

951
00:41:45,080 --> 00:41:46,080
anxiety? 
OK. 

952
00:41:46,160 --> 00:41:49,000
So they didn't go out and get 
and hire actual clowns. 

953
00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:53,000
Not in this setting. 
Yes. 

954
00:41:53,160 --> 00:41:55,000
And see if that help. 
Exactly. 

955
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,920
Yes, very creative. 
So they they chose 40 children 

956
00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:02,320
between the ages of five and 12.
They divided into two groups. 

957
00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:03,720
One group. 
These were kids who were 

958
00:42:03,720 --> 00:42:05,440
actually going to get surgery. 
Yeah, Yeah. 

959
00:42:05,440 --> 00:42:08,920
So they also specified that 
these children are getting minor

960
00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:11,640
procedures, like their tonsils 
taken out, stuff like that, you 

961
00:42:11,640 --> 00:42:14,360
know, OK. 
They also, they also chose kids 

962
00:42:14,360 --> 00:42:17,040
who'd never had surgery or 
anesthesia before, so they're 

963
00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:20,240
not exposed to it, you know, and
they made sure to screen out 

964
00:42:20,240 --> 00:42:23,640
kids who had a phobia of clowns.
Oh, very good. 

965
00:42:24,160 --> 00:42:26,200
Yeah, yeah, very good. 
How do they do that? 

966
00:42:26,840 --> 00:42:29,720
They ask the parents is your 
child, is your child have a 

967
00:42:29,720 --> 00:42:31,800
phobia of. 
Clown not bring it in the clown 

968
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:34,520
and see if the kids scream. 
That would be a much more 

969
00:42:34,520 --> 00:42:36,640
rigorous way of doing it, but 
no, they didn't do that. 

970
00:42:36,640 --> 00:42:37,960
Much more rigorous. 
They didn't do that. 

971
00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:39,880
OK, so they split them into two 
groups. 

972
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:43,080
Like I said, the one group was a
control group, so this group 

973
00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:46,040
only had their parent with them.
One parent was allowed to be 

974
00:42:46,040 --> 00:42:49,240
with the child before surgery, 
right before surgery. 

975
00:42:49,240 --> 00:42:51,240
So then the waiting room for 
surgery and the wheel the kid 

976
00:42:51,240 --> 00:42:54,680
into the OR and then they, you 
know, induced anesthesia where 

977
00:42:54,680 --> 00:42:56,120
they put the mask on. 
OK, OK. 

978
00:42:56,160 --> 00:42:57,560
And they had a they had a parent
with them. 

979
00:42:57,840 --> 00:43:00,200
They had a parent with them. 
Who did they say were these 

980
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:02,440
parents clowns, though? 
Because that's important. 

981
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:04,440
No, that could be a concocting 
factor. 

982
00:43:05,560 --> 00:43:06,280
That's true. 
That's true. 

983
00:43:06,640 --> 00:43:08,960
They didn't address this. 
They did not address this. 

984
00:43:08,960 --> 00:43:10,080
That's a good one. 
Wow. 

985
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:14,600
What a great scientist. 
Yeah, the experimental group who

986
00:43:14,680 --> 00:43:17,040
had had a parent with them and 
they had a clown with them. 

987
00:43:17,240 --> 00:43:19,440
And a clown. 
Yeah, and a clown who's also the

988
00:43:19,440 --> 00:43:22,000
surgeon or No, No, no. 
Or it's a different guy. 

989
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:24,920
That would be even better. 
It's another doctor. 

990
00:43:25,520 --> 00:43:27,400
It's another. 
It doesn't say it. 

991
00:43:27,560 --> 00:43:29,120
I think it's a hospital worker, 
though. 

992
00:43:29,120 --> 00:43:31,040
It's not a separate town group. 
I see. 

993
00:43:31,240 --> 00:43:33,160
OK, again, maybe you. 
You could have. 

994
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:33,720
You could have. 
Yeah. 

995
00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:38,560
I'd be honored to, you know, if 
I can bring joy to a child, what

996
00:43:38,560 --> 00:43:39,680
better honor? 
Can there be? 

997
00:43:39,720 --> 00:43:43,600
Oh wow. 
Okay, so that's the setting. 

998
00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:47,440
In order to measure anxiety, 
they had the children fill out a

999
00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:51,040
questionnaire in the waiting 
room and once they were wheeled 

1000
00:43:51,040 --> 00:43:53,560
into the operating room, so they
had two separate scores. 

1001
00:43:54,040 --> 00:43:56,720
OK, so they're being wheeled 
into the operating room. 

1002
00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:58,760
Yeah. 
They see a clown waiting for 

1003
00:43:58,760 --> 00:43:59,480
them. 
Yeah. 

1004
00:44:00,080 --> 00:44:02,840
No, no, by the operating goes 
with them, the town goes with 

1005
00:44:02,840 --> 00:44:04,680
the clown is with them in the 
waiting room. 

1006
00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:07,520
That's more soothing. 
Yes, entering an operating room.

1007
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:11,640
Not just waiting there, no I. 
Seen a clown holding a scalpel 

1008
00:44:13,520 --> 00:44:16,680
by the operating table. 
Yeah, yeah, yeah. 

1009
00:44:16,760 --> 00:44:19,320
That that would not use 
anybody's anxiety. 

1010
00:44:19,320 --> 00:44:21,600
OK, no, OK, the clown goes with 
them. 

1011
00:44:21,760 --> 00:44:23,040
Yeah. 
And then they also had the 

1012
00:44:23,040 --> 00:44:25,160
parents fill out a questionnaire
because they also wanted to 

1013
00:44:25,160 --> 00:44:27,600
measure the parents anxiety. 
Oh, OK. 

1014
00:44:27,840 --> 00:44:30,600
And they had the surgeon and the
surgical staff fill out a 

1015
00:44:30,600 --> 00:44:32,480
questionnaire saying, is this 
helpful? 

1016
00:44:32,720 --> 00:44:36,560
Would you continue this? 
This is helpful to the surgeon 

1017
00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:42,560
to have a clown which. 
OK, and they had the clowns 

1018
00:44:42,560 --> 00:44:45,400
without a questionnaire, too. 
And they asked the scrub nurse, 

1019
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:46,720
though. 
That's the most important 

1020
00:44:46,720 --> 00:44:47,280
person. 
No, I know. 

1021
00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:49,120
We've tried with them, 
established this. 

1022
00:44:49,120 --> 00:44:51,680
The scrub nurse, the top dog 
would not have been OK with the 

1023
00:44:51,680 --> 00:44:53,560
clown being in there. 
Top dog, top dog. 

1024
00:44:53,560 --> 00:44:57,120
The clowns just making balloons,
blowing up balloons, breaking 

1025
00:44:57,120 --> 00:44:59,920
the sterile field, taking out 
handkerchiefs, hundreds of 

1026
00:44:59,920 --> 00:45:02,000
handkerchiefs, dropping them on 
the ground. 

1027
00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:03,920
They lose kind of their surgical
stuff. 

1028
00:45:04,840 --> 00:45:06,960
Oh, man. 
All right. 

1029
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:12,160
And then they had the clowns for
questioners saying, yeah, did 

1030
00:45:12,160 --> 00:45:14,520
the kids like you? 
Did they look interested? 

1031
00:45:14,560 --> 00:45:17,040
Were they smiling? 
How much were they doing this? 

1032
00:45:17,040 --> 00:45:20,160
Well, I think they should have 
used an outside observer to 

1033
00:45:20,160 --> 00:45:21,800
answer these questions. 
Yeah, I think they should have 

1034
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:23,720
recorded videos. 
To answer proper little bias. 

1035
00:45:23,720 --> 00:45:26,000
I agree. 
OK, OK, I'm I'm intrigued 

1036
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:27,080
though. 
What do you think? 

1037
00:45:27,240 --> 00:45:28,400
What do I think? 
Yeah. 

1038
00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:29,960
Do the anxiety and the kids go 
down? 

1039
00:45:29,960 --> 00:45:32,240
And then the parents? 
Yeah, I'm going to say. 

1040
00:45:32,240 --> 00:45:37,160
And the kids, I'd say a lot of 
them probably felt less anxious 

1041
00:45:37,160 --> 00:45:39,400
when the clown is there. 
Yeah, exactly. 

1042
00:45:40,480 --> 00:45:43,120
But I would say their parents 
did not feel less anxious. 

1043
00:45:43,240 --> 00:45:44,880
Yeah. 
When the clown is there, that's 

1044
00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:46,680
probably felt more anxious. 
Yeah. 

1045
00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:48,320
Where the parents told what was 
going to happen. 

1046
00:45:48,320 --> 00:45:48,760
Yeah. 
Yeah. 

1047
00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:50,960
Before them, OK. 
They had they had their consent.

1048
00:45:50,960 --> 00:45:53,680
Everything, everything. 
He wasn't a surprise clown. 

1049
00:45:53,720 --> 00:45:54,400
No, he. 
Just. 

1050
00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:59,520
Showed up, which if I was a 
parent would not have made me 

1051
00:45:59,520 --> 00:46:02,080
feel that ease. 
No, I'd be very concerned. 

1052
00:46:02,120 --> 00:46:06,520
I'd be very concerned. 
So this is great and all. 

1053
00:46:06,640 --> 00:46:10,440
Then you may wonder, how come 
hospitals don't have clowns all 

1054
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:12,640
the time? 
You and I both rotated on 

1055
00:46:12,640 --> 00:46:14,960
Pediatrics. 
We've been inside some of ours. 

1056
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:17,800
I don't remember ever seeing a 
clown in a hospital. 

1057
00:46:18,320 --> 00:46:20,920
Well, everybody else sees a 
clown. 

1058
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:23,360
Let's just say that everybody 
else can see the clown. 

1059
00:46:23,520 --> 00:46:25,320
True. 
OK, Versace, when you don't see 

1060
00:46:25,320 --> 00:46:27,200
the clown. 
When you don't see the clown. 

1061
00:46:27,720 --> 00:46:30,920
I'm turned behind that turd. 
Oh yeah, you're the clown. 

1062
00:46:32,400 --> 00:46:33,760
Fair enough. 
Remember that? 

1063
00:46:34,040 --> 00:46:36,560
Yeah. 
Remember how they had the the 

1064
00:46:36,560 --> 00:46:38,480
surgical staff fill out 
questionnaire too? 

1065
00:46:38,480 --> 00:46:39,680
Oh, yeah. 
What's this time? 

1066
00:46:39,680 --> 00:46:40,640
Helpful. 
Yeah. 

1067
00:46:40,640 --> 00:46:42,480
Helpful. 
Or if it was a disturbance. 

1068
00:46:43,280 --> 00:46:45,600
Most of them thought that the 
clown was a disturbance. 

1069
00:46:46,360 --> 00:46:48,960
Yeah. 
Yeah, Yeah, they did. 

1070
00:46:49,960 --> 00:46:51,160
Why? 
Why would they not? 

1071
00:46:52,360 --> 00:46:56,400
Only 8% said it was very 
favorable to have the clown 

1072
00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:58,600
there. 
But there's one thing I didn't 

1073
00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:01,200
ask, which is yeah, what's the 
clown doing stuff? 

1074
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:03,360
Oh yeah, yeah. 
You like making an balloon? 

1075
00:47:03,360 --> 00:47:04,840
Animals. 
Just standing there? 

1076
00:47:04,960 --> 00:47:06,480
No, no, no. 
Hands folded. 

1077
00:47:06,480 --> 00:47:10,760
No, it's not standing. 
It's distracting the kid. 

1078
00:47:11,320 --> 00:47:14,080
It has a bunch of things they 
were doing, so OK, They would do

1079
00:47:14,080 --> 00:47:17,400
magic tricks. 
They would make noises, they 

1080
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:19,960
would pull out like 
handkerchiefs, again, completely

1081
00:47:19,960 --> 00:47:22,000
breaking sterile field every 
time. 

1082
00:47:22,240 --> 00:47:24,400
And that's those handkerchiefs 
were not sterilized. 

1083
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:26,360
So that's the concern. 
I think we can assume that. 

1084
00:47:26,440 --> 00:47:29,480
Yeah, we can assume that. 
So, you know, when they asked 

1085
00:47:29,480 --> 00:47:33,000
them, I'm favorable with the 
activity continuing, the OR 72% 

1086
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:39,360
of the staff said no, no, yeah, 
yeah. 

1087
00:47:39,720 --> 00:47:43,480
So clowns may be good, but maybe
not a good consistent presence 

1088
00:47:43,480 --> 00:47:45,000
in the. 
OR maybe they're only good to be

1089
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:49,000
in the waiting room. 
But their presence affect the 

1090
00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:51,880
outcome of the surgery. 
It doesn't say what's. 

1091
00:47:51,880 --> 00:47:56,320
What are the rates of tape backs
with the cloud or complication 

1092
00:47:56,320 --> 00:47:58,320
rate? 
What are the chances the rate of

1093
00:47:58,320 --> 00:47:59,160
infections? 
Yeah. 

1094
00:47:59,160 --> 00:48:00,560
Yeah, complication rate. 
Exactly. 

1095
00:48:00,640 --> 00:48:03,280
Exactly. 
OK, So then, you know, you may 

1096
00:48:03,280 --> 00:48:05,880
wonder, well, tear, don't we 
have anxiolytics, you know, 

1097
00:48:05,880 --> 00:48:08,360
medications that can reduce 
anxiety, you know, beta 

1098
00:48:08,360 --> 00:48:09,920
blockers, stuff like that. 
Yeah. 

1099
00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:14,000
Or, or even more powerful than 
benzodiazepines, you know. 

1100
00:48:14,360 --> 00:48:16,680
Oh. 
Like midazolam or versat is a 

1101
00:48:16,680 --> 00:48:19,520
very common anxiolytic. 
Percocet maybe? 

1102
00:48:19,960 --> 00:48:21,800
Very powerful, very, very good 
anxiolytic. 

1103
00:48:21,880 --> 00:48:23,360
No, that's for pain. 
That's for pain. 

1104
00:48:23,920 --> 00:48:26,360
But you know, very good 
anxiolytic. 

1105
00:48:27,760 --> 00:48:30,120
Oh, man. 
OK, so then the next question 

1106
00:48:30,120 --> 00:48:32,680
another research group asked is 
that, oh, we know that the 

1107
00:48:32,680 --> 00:48:35,720
presence of clown is better than
no clowns being present, but is 

1108
00:48:35,720 --> 00:48:39,880
it better than a drug, Midazolam
specific. 

1109
00:48:40,440 --> 00:48:43,760
So that's the second study. 
The title is Clowns for the 

1110
00:48:43,760 --> 00:48:46,520
Prevention of Preoperative 
anxiety in children, a 

1111
00:48:46,520 --> 00:48:49,440
randomized control trial, 
basically identical title to the

1112
00:48:49,440 --> 00:48:50,480
first one. 
OK. 

1113
00:48:50,720 --> 00:48:54,520
This paper was published in the 
year 2008, the three years after

1114
00:48:54,520 --> 00:48:57,720
the first one in the journal 
Pediatric Anesthesia. 

1115
00:48:58,320 --> 00:49:00,160
Also a good journal. 
Yeah, great journal. 

1116
00:49:00,160 --> 00:49:03,480
Great journal. 
So now they had they actually 

1117
00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:05,600
divided the kids up into three 
groups. 

1118
00:49:05,920 --> 00:49:08,120
One group got nothing. 
They just had a parent with 

1119
00:49:08,120 --> 00:49:10,360
them. 
So no clown, no midazolam, 

1120
00:49:10,360 --> 00:49:10,840
nothing. 
Wow. 

1121
00:49:11,080 --> 00:49:13,720
OK. 
A second group got midazolam and

1122
00:49:13,720 --> 00:49:17,280
a parent, and then the third 
group was a clown and a parent. 

1123
00:49:17,440 --> 00:49:20,800
OK, they had them do the same 
questionnaire, same everything. 

1124
00:49:20,840 --> 00:49:25,000
Same age like 5 to 12. 
These are a little younger, 3 to

1125
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:27,120
8. 
OK, yeah, so a little on the 

1126
00:49:27,120 --> 00:49:29,240
younger side. 
All right, So what do you think 

1127
00:49:29,240 --> 00:49:32,760
in this setup, let's just 
compare clown versus midazolam. 

1128
00:49:32,840 --> 00:49:36,120
Do you think it was better, same
or worse at reducing anxiety? 

1129
00:49:36,240 --> 00:49:39,560
I would say given the prior 
findings I would say the clown 

1130
00:49:39,560 --> 00:49:42,320
probably did as well as the 
midazolam. 

1131
00:49:42,480 --> 00:49:46,040
Not just that, but they actually
had a better effect. 

1132
00:49:46,160 --> 00:49:47,080
Wow. 
Prior. 

1133
00:49:47,080 --> 00:49:50,560
Just prior, Yeah, in the in the 
waiting room before going into 

1134
00:49:50,560 --> 00:49:52,080
the O. 
R OK, Wow. 

1135
00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:55,200
But then as soon as they came 
into the OR, the midazolam and 

1136
00:49:55,200 --> 00:49:57,600
the clowns were both groups were
about the same. 

1137
00:49:57,760 --> 00:50:02,000
Oh, OK, OK, so clowns. 
Clowns pretty good as thanks to 

1138
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:03,360
Linux. 
Yeah, yeah. 

1139
00:50:03,400 --> 00:50:05,720
Like, you know, Ronald McDonald,
probably the most famous clown 

1140
00:50:05,720 --> 00:50:07,040
in the world. 
Very funny guy. 

1141
00:50:07,320 --> 00:50:08,920
Yeah, I met him once. 
Oh, he did. 

1142
00:50:09,080 --> 00:50:11,320
Yeah, very funny. 
Great guy. 

1143
00:50:11,720 --> 00:50:13,320
What did you do that was funny? 
What? 

1144
00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:16,480
Did you do you know he did a 
little bit of this, little bit 

1145
00:50:16,480 --> 00:50:18,840
of that, you know? 
Very funny. 

1146
00:50:18,840 --> 00:50:20,440
Very funny guy. 
All right, good, good. 

1147
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:23,600
You know, yet another success 
story. 

1148
00:50:23,680 --> 00:50:24,960
Ronald McDonald. 
Good guy. 

1149
00:50:25,120 --> 00:50:26,880
Please give his money. 
Very good. 

1150
00:50:27,160 --> 00:50:28,760
Anything else? 
No, that's it. 

1151
00:50:29,360 --> 00:50:32,800
All right, Well, good stuff. 
That brings us to the end of 

1152
00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:34,760
another episode of recreational 
science. 

1153
00:50:34,760 --> 00:50:35,560
Indeed. 
Tears. 

1154
00:50:35,880 --> 00:50:41,280
What did you learn today, Lou? 
I learned today two things, 

1155
00:50:41,280 --> 00:50:44,280
actually, that someone should go
look for a butt neuron in In the

1156
00:50:44,280 --> 00:50:45,440
brain. 
You know how we have Jennifer 

1157
00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:47,600
Aniston neuron. 
Oh, the single neuron that 

1158
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:50,000
recognizes the neuron butts. 
I think that's one thing. 

1159
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:51,520
You think chimps have those? 
Probably. 

1160
00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:53,320
Yeah. 
I think specific butts for 

1161
00:50:53,320 --> 00:50:55,200
Jennifer Aniston's butt. 
They definitely have. 

1162
00:50:55,200 --> 00:50:56,080
Yes. 
Yes. 

1163
00:50:56,600 --> 00:50:59,080
And then the other thing is when
people say someone has a, 

1164
00:50:59,440 --> 00:51:00,800
there's an insult called butt 
face. 

1165
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:02,560
You know kids will call each 
other butt faces. 

1166
00:51:02,560 --> 00:51:04,840
All the time. 
I don't think that's an insult 

1167
00:51:04,840 --> 00:51:06,560
at all. 
I think I'm rethinking it. 

1168
00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:08,840
I think it's a compliment. 
Especially if it's a chimp butt.

1169
00:51:09,040 --> 00:51:10,360
Chimp butt face. 
Means you have a very 

1170
00:51:10,360 --> 00:51:13,520
distinctive, distinctive butt. 
What did you learn today? 

1171
00:51:13,920 --> 00:51:18,760
I learned today that my 
anesthesiologist friend who went

1172
00:51:18,760 --> 00:51:21,960
to four years of undergrad, 4 
years of Med school, four years 

1173
00:51:21,960 --> 00:51:26,040
residency, and another year of 
fellowship so doing that they 

1174
00:51:26,040 --> 00:51:27,400
should've just went to clown 
college. 

1175
00:51:28,440 --> 00:51:35,880
Yeah, exactly. 2 month course, 
clown college, very cost 

1176
00:51:35,880 --> 00:51:38,560
effective, very time efficient. 
They could have started making 

1177
00:51:38,560 --> 00:51:40,560
money a lot sooner. 
Exactly. 

1178
00:51:40,560 --> 00:51:42,160
And still gone the same amount 
of goodwill. 

1179
00:51:42,520 --> 00:51:45,320
Absolutely, and pissed off the 
scrub nurse just like we did. 

1180
00:51:45,440 --> 00:51:48,040
Just like the anesthesiologists 
do also very good, very good. 

1181
00:51:48,280 --> 00:51:50,240
All right, thank you guys for 
listening to our show. 

1182
00:51:50,240 --> 00:51:52,720
We really hope you enjoyed it. 
And if you like listening to us,

1183
00:51:52,720 --> 00:51:55,880
please give us five stars. 
Leave us a good review, tell a 

1184
00:51:55,880 --> 00:51:59,320
friend and subscribe to us and 
whatever platform you use to 

1185
00:51:59,320 --> 00:52:01,400
listen to us. 
All right guys, see you in the 

1186
00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:03,000
next episode. 
All right, take care. 

1187
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:08,800
Recreational Science is produced
by Science Taffik. 

1188
00:52:09,360 --> 00:52:11,720
Have questions, comments or 
suggestions? 

1189
00:52:12,240 --> 00:52:15,440
You can e-mail us at 
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1190
00:52:15,640 --> 00:52:20,280
That's RECSCIPOD. 
Or you can find us on Instagram,

1191
00:52:20,480 --> 00:52:23,320
Blue Sky and YouTube at recs 
iPod. 

1192
00:52:24,160 --> 00:52:26,400
Our theme music is by the 
musician Da Sign. 

1193
00:52:26,920 --> 00:52:29,760
He can find links to his work 
and all the papers we discussed 

1194
00:52:29,840 --> 00:52:31,200
in the episode description.