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The following is a tale from 
lower, we Helicon for the yellow

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book of lacan, it was written 
between 1391 and 1401. 

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Although the tails are called 
within are far, far, older from 

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a time before the written word 
could Taxidermy human life. 

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It concerns fintan make bakra 
said to be the oldest man in 

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Ireland. 
A Seer who wanders, the land 

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outside of the shackles and 
comfort of time. 

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The story in question is about a
giant who appeared on the hill 

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of Tara or rather above the hill
of Tara. 

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The beans name was Trevor 
wounded, three acre. 

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The upholder of the triple keys.
Fintan looked up at this Titan 

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kind, but wholly powerful taller
than a forest with a shining 

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Crystal Veil line across his 
back. 

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His sandals made of some 
mysterious material unknown to 

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all the wise folk that stood at 
Tara In his right hand, he 

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carried a branch. 
From this Branch grew three 

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fruits, his nuts apples, and 
acorns he arrived in Ireland on 

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his way back from a journey. 
The mission to meet the Setting 

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Sun along the western Sky, he 
was passing the rugged shores of

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Ireland on his way East words. 
At the point of the sun's 

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Rising. 
The reason for this Mission and 

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the Giants intent was to 
investigate. 

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Why the death of a man in the 
East now, players known as 

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Jerusalem had stopped at the 
Sun's shining for a whole day. 

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Upon hearing this fintan and the
others who gathered at Tara knew

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that he was not of this world 
and must somehow be involved in 

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interstellar Affairs. 
Yes, he also seemed aware of 

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Earthly issues, the people of 
Taro welcome. 

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This other world guests but they
were concerned. 

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How could they fulfill their 
roles as hosts and feed such a 

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Colossus for? 
He could fit the entire Sky 

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beneath them within his legs. 
However, the giant assured them 

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that his fruity and Branch would
provide all the food he needed 

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for, it was Everlasting. 
No food was not his concern. 

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Instead he gazed upon the 
Strange Land that he stood above

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and I asked fintan, it's easier 
about the island of Ireland. 

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How was it? 
/ was a ruled Vinton explain to 

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him. 
That Ireland comprised of 

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several dynasties contained 
within provinces, monster 

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conduct Ulster and Leinster for 
which a fifth Province, resided 

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known as meath. 
The seat of the king where 

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fintan Hood at this very moment,
he included an attribute or a 

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spirit that resided in each 
province, knowledge to the West 

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battle to the north prosperity, 
to the east music, to the South 

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and at the center kingship The 
giant stare down at the land 

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before his feet and assessment 
and then brought his eyes back 

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with barely an effort to fintan 
The Seer. 

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He agreed, he concluded that 
these traits would be bound to 

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these corners of Ireland 
forever, as long as it lasted, 

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he gave fintan some berries, 
nuts and acorns from his 

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Enchanted branch and entrusted 
him to plant them in the parts 

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of Ireland, where they would 
grow best. 

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These seeds became the five 
sacred trees of our country, 

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considered the guardians or 
representations of our five 

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provinces. 
The Forest of us and US Forest 

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people. 
Hello, it's been a long time. 

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That's our standard intro now. 
Sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry, 

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sorry. 
But Aaron, I'll be back in the 

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next episode, just be here 
today. 

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And this is quite a quite a bit 
informative episode. 

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Anyway, so me and and we'll have
a great amount of fun talking. 

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Once again, about forests the 
same as this episode, but more 

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from a fun perspective, going 
into the suit of fairy Stories. 

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The little Twee suit of stories 
will laugh. 

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Well, cry will fall in love. 
It will be amazing. 

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But for this episode, we're 
traveling through time through, 

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I was very interested in the 
idea that Ireland, was once a 

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temperate rainforest, no more 
than our cousins over there in 

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New Zealand and looking about it
at now, I'm like, oh, this isn't

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a rainforest and this got me 
interested. 

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So today you're going if you'd 
like to you haven't balls 

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already to come back in time 
with me to journey to an iron 

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and Untouched by our Proto 
ancestors. 

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And so we'll walk through a 
rainforest then on into the celt

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to venerated trees and then 
onwards from that it's kind of a

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downhill spiral as you could 
suggest, but I think we're on 

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the upturn and hopefully, after 
this episode, you'll gain an 

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appreciation for ourselves and 
our Origins, as far as people, 

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You've heard some sounds of 
trees and birds and swishing 

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already and that's actually from
a virus, just behind my house. 

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So enjoy knowing that all the 
audio from this episode has been

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sourced locally. 
Hell yeah, far as people is what

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we are, and of course, 
internationally and even 

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nationally we describe ourselves
as Irish today, but of course, 

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Irish is a N-word and it's an 
English word and Gail's is the 

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more appropriate definition of 
who we are and Gail's directly 

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translates to Wild men or 
indeed, Forest people. 

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So we came from the forests we 
came from as mankind, began 

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says, in the Irish Times 
article, Ireland's rainforest 

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hiding in plain sight and we 
came from dank thickets of 

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woodlands and those Woodlands 
used to cover at three quarters.

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Of this island. 
And so Ireland naturally is a 

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rainforest climate and naturally
we as indigenous people are 

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fairest. 
People were wild men and and of 

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course the language is changed 
to reflect reality and of course

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the language is changed to 
reflect the reality of the 

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situation and when you look at 
your bedroom window now, whether

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you're in a city or even in the 
country, if you're in the 

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country, you'll see. 
The patchwork quilts of feel 

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sort of higgledy-piggledy, 
strong together, and maybe sewn 

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together by lines of ditches 
and, and trees. 

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And, and even if you're lucky 
enough to look out of the forest

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and what are you really looking 
at? 

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What's your definition of a 
forest, we're gonna get very 

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philosophical and in this 
episode, I am. 

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Are you looking at a forestry 
will those trees be cut down in 

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the next 14 years? 
15 years. 

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If you look at a far as the 
isn't intended to be cut down 

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and And is it, is it made up of 
native trees? 

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Is it? 
A monoculture of the one type of

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tree? 
This is essentially what today's

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episode is about. 
It's about our relationship to 

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forests over time and Ireland's 
history as a rainforest country,

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and, and our use of language in 
relationship to the Natural 

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World, which might sound like a 
bit of a leap. 

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And but bear with us. 
So yes, just like fintan McRae 

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in. 
Our first story, we are going to

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be The Observers and of this 
nation and no matter where you 

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are, whether you're in an 
apartment, whether you're in 

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your home, whether you're 
sitting in the middle of some 

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forestry, maybe you're sitting 
in a public park or something. 

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We want to close our eyes, we're
gonna dial the clock back before

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a single filthy Proto Irish tow 
it set foot on our land. 

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And we're going to imagine. 
And as far as people, I land the

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land from which we came a 
thriving rainforest, Something 

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to keep in mind though, before 
we travel back in time is the 

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relationship between words and 
trees and how human language and

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communication. 
It was once inspired by Nature's

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design. 
We can look into a home and 

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script and when we think of this
he will talk about it further as

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the episode goes along. 
But you know, ohm and are those 

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sort of standing columns stones 
that have one line slit up 

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vertically And then little 
horizontal lines on either side 

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it to do note letters. 
And ohm as a language, is based 

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on nature, it's based on trees. 
And so there's a lot of 

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speculation and evidence to 
suggest and that our ancestors 

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who will put under the broad 
stroke of Celts and there's some

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debate as to who the Celts War, 
but we'll get to that as well 

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plenty of time. 
And, but yes, it's easy to 

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imagine our early ancestors. 
Stirs looking out at trees 

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seeing the branches, the suit of
tall, vertical beans, with 

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branches hanging out either side
and you climb own just like you 

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would a tree and you start at 
the bottom and you work your way

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up so we can see how something 
that a human creation. 

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Like language has been inspired 
by the natural realm around us 

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but it's funny as we go on, it 
will see how language rather 

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than being based on nature. 
Actually becomes the surge of 

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synthetic thing that's used to 
pull the wool, over the eyes of 

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the public, or to sweeten public
perception within forestry 

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industry, and the Republic of 
Ireland lies at the bottom of 

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the European Forest, cover 
index, it would less than 11% of

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its total land area. 
Under forests cover, Northern 

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Ireland, doing a bit better with
about 7 percent coverage and 

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it's often included with the 
rest of the United Kingdom way 

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with 13% as far as cover over 
there. 

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But it's interesting how we 
relate to trees. 

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There's sort of relatable 
things. 

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It's interesting how Parts was 
like our lungs veins arteries 

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and lymphatic system and even 
our brains can all mirror up and

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with the makeup of a tree's 
roots and branches or how even 

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our learning can be inspired by 
trees in a very intuitive way. 

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You might think of mind maps and
how they almost have this tree 

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like shit, but I relationship to
trees is much larger than some 

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sort of poetic metaphor quotes 
from writers such as nylon 

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MacArthur who wrote Ireland's 
trees, considers the perhaps we 

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00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:15,100
personalize and relate. 
Trees as large life-forms, it 

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would struggle, cooperate and 
thriving communities, and 

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compete for space, just like us 
and trees are interpreters 

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00:11:21,900 --> 00:11:24,900
charismatic megafauna Aura, 
which play an important role 

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invoking, feelings of GOP as he,
the term was coined by JK rice 

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in 1947 and GOP D denotes the 
sense of piety felt by humans in

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relation to both the natural 
world and the geographical space

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surrounding them. 
And Ireland, feelings of GOP is 

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easy as well. 
As Regional and national 

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identity of often evolved around
trees such as the oak, Hazel 

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Holly and Ash and white torn, of
course a which carry strong 

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cultural implications jumping on
from that in Celtic culture, 

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00:11:55,800 --> 00:11:58,400
every tree mountain and rock and
spring. 

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00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:02,300
Possesses its own spirit and 
known as a Newman which has the 

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00:12:02,300 --> 00:12:05,700
power to boat faster and Destroy
living things. 

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00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:10,000
But we'll go a further into the 
Celtic Tree veneration later in 

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00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:13,200
the episode. 
Every that's of Ireland. 

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Such as the Emerald Isle are 
well-known. 

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And I still make sense today, 
when we look at all at the 

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Patrick through fields that 
daughter landscape but iron and 

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00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:24,400
also was once known as the I 
love would allegedly. 

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And as of course, as I 
mentioned, Gail means M finest 

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people. 
So the memory of Ireland's 

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Woodlands remain crystallized in
our words and and of course our 

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place names, which is definitely
something you've come across if 

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00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:41,900
you read anything by a the 
wonderful man calm again. 

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So you probably have heard that 
most notably Dairy is taken from

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the word, diarrhea, which 
signifies an Oak Grove at the 

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prefix kill, commonly an Irish 
players names that can be Ki LL.

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00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:58,500
K IL C, IL, they all drive from 
the Irish word call and meaning 

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00:12:59,100 --> 00:13:01,500
a wood. 
So common killed are killed. 

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00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:06,100
Kenny, if your name is Mike will
or I'm a Carson, you are the son

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00:13:06,100 --> 00:13:09,500
of Hazel or the son of Rowan, if
you're a Mac a bear and your son

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00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:13,500
of you and McQuillan, you're the
son of ha Ali and these are all 

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00:13:13,500 --> 00:13:17,800
examples of how trees, not only 
are related to the places we 

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00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:22,800
come from but the people we are 
in total 13,000 of the 60,000 

202
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,500
townlands in our country are 
named after trees. 

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00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:31,300
So obviously trees, they're 
pretty important. 

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00:13:31,300 --> 00:13:36,900
Guys are, it's the pretty pretty
heard of them so taking into 

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00:13:36,900 --> 00:13:39,600
consideration is early culture 
of tree veneration. 

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00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:43,500
It's worth asking how exactly 
the Environment became almost 

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00:13:43,500 --> 00:13:46,500
entirely denuded of tree cover 
by the end of the 19th century. 

208
00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:49,300
That's not that long ago in the 
grand scheme of things. 

209
00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:52,900
And, as I said, now, we lie at 
the bottom of the European 

210
00:13:52,900 --> 00:13:56,000
Forest cover index. 
I think it's very easy. 

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00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,300
Just based off culture. 
And this idea of Ireland is the 

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00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:04,700
Emerald Isle and it makes us 
feel because we have a history 

213
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:08,800
of being very easy to Natural 
Earthly people that somewhere 

214
00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:13,400
where these bastions of the 
environment, And but you have to

215
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,900
put that and history into 
practice, you know, and just 

216
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:21,300
because we're a nation known for
our hospitality and it doesn't 

217
00:14:21,300 --> 00:14:23,500
mean we can go check it out. 
Anyway. 

218
00:14:23,500 --> 00:14:25,700
I couldn't be arsed to be your 
host. 

219
00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:36,300
This is when some of the 
negative aspects of similar 

220
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:39,700
krayem, come in and similar 
krayem, a denotes an image or 

221
00:14:39,708 --> 00:14:42,500
representation of something, but
often times, It's an 

222
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:45,300
unsatisfactory imitation or 
substitute. 

223
00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:49,300
So sometimes symbols are very 
helpful in Austin you know 

224
00:14:49,300 --> 00:14:52,800
they're kind of like memes. 
They spread very rapidly but 

225
00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:57,500
often times like with memes the 
origin or the meaning gets lost.

226
00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:04,000
And I think sometimes I respect 
and love for nature including 

227
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:06,800
with myself. 
I have to say can come across a 

228
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:11,400
bit superficially and maybe we 
don't put into best practice and

229
00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:15,700
what we We I wouldn't even say 
preach what we paint and rightly

230
00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:19,200
so that we relate to trees, 
given that we are essentially 

231
00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:22,300
each other's codependent 
housemates, you know, and they 

232
00:15:22,300 --> 00:15:26,200
take our CO2, we've known this 
since we were babies and, and 

233
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,400
they give us oxygen, but perhaps
more over than housemates were 

234
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:31,700
in a kind of marriage and ask 
yourself. 

235
00:15:31,700 --> 00:15:35,000
If we are in a marriage were 
trees, do you think it's an 

236
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:38,300
equal? 
Do you think that we give to 

237
00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:41,700
trees and forests as much as 
they give back to us? 

238
00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:48,000
A In the same sort of angle, if 
we are in a Loveless marriage 

239
00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:53,700
with trees and kind of makes 
complete sense that do that our 

240
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:57,000
world is falling apart. 
At the moment, are given that we

241
00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:00,600
haven't been taking care of our 
partners human domination over 

242
00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:03,000
trees. 
Clearly doesn't work if we need 

243
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:09,000
them and but also a careful 
Planning by humans of literal 

244
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:10,800
nature. 
Also doesn't seem like too 

245
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:12,400
realistic of approach. 
Ouch. 

246
00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:16,300
It can something carefully 
planned by anything, but nature,

247
00:16:16,300 --> 00:16:20,400
be nature or natural so if we 
relate to trees ask yourself, 

248
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:25,600
this question and is nature a 
group of trees, we plant and is 

249
00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:29,100
a group of trees, always a 
genuine functional Forest. 

250
00:16:30,100 --> 00:16:32,700
I think to answer that question,
we look back at ourselves and 

251
00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:35,900
say, is a group of humans. 
Always a genuine happy. 

252
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:39,700
Functioning Society. 
Is it a family or work place or 

253
00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:41,500
a prison under the same 
pretense? 

254
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:44,400
A Up of trees is not always a 
forest and this is where 

255
00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:47,600
language, it's a bit blurry. 
What does it truly mean to make 

256
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:50,400
space for nature human or 
otherwise? 

257
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:56,400
So what is a forest f? 
It says a really simple question

258
00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:59,700
and but the definition of forest
is actually quite nebulous and 

259
00:16:59,700 --> 00:17:01,900
it's easy to get it tangled in 
the weeds of it. 

260
00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:05,800
And there's a pliable Nature's 
the word of the forest are the 

261
00:17:05,808 --> 00:17:11,200
can have disastrous effects 
where by you or I or someone 

262
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:13,800
else can all look at the same 
patch of land or close their 

263
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:17,900
eyes and think of the word fires
and imagine very different 

264
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:23,500
things. 
And without further Ado, don't, 

265
00:17:24,099 --> 00:17:28,200
let's clamor up now. 
Going to get into my magical 

266
00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:31,800
growth, we're going to become 
like fintan makrooh and we're 

267
00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:35,100
not going to worry, I'm not 
gonna worry the time. 

268
00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:39,500
It's it's it's it's button 
object. 

269
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:43,500
We're going to tie our clocks 
back and I closed her eyes. 

270
00:17:43,700 --> 00:17:46,300
We're gonna let up whatever 
walls or fences. 

271
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:50,200
I don't know where you are. 
Toilet, cubicles, Melt Away, 

272
00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:53,300
watch the road. 
Become indistinct, keep your eye

273
00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:57,700
though and on your speed and let
the feels ignite into Woodland 

274
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:00,900
song. 
I sort of ruined that all 

275
00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:04,300
metaphor there by telling you 
sick, they pay attention on the 

276
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:06,900
road, but please do is you're 
driving, but otherwise, if 

277
00:18:06,900 --> 00:18:10,800
you're not just close your eyes 
and become become the 

278
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:20,200
rainforest, So before my sweaty 
little mouth ever started 

279
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:23,900
speaking, and before I don't 
know, Brian boru was running 

280
00:18:23,900 --> 00:18:29,400
around or Michael Collins or 
anybody before this land was 

281
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:33,400
tainted by an Irish brogue or 
any English matter. 

282
00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:37,500
What did Ireland look like, in 
7,000 BC Ireland was untouched. 

283
00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:39,800
This would be just around the 
time that our Mesolithic 

284
00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:44,400
ancestors and arrived and 
obviously in research history, 

285
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:47,900
keeps changing around. 
Understanding of it but 7000 BCE

286
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:51,800
is what will take it as at the 
moment and so stepping out of 

287
00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:56,100
our time traveling growth and we
emerge into a dense Thicket of 

288
00:18:56,100 --> 00:18:59,800
Woodland. 
It's a bustling world of tree 

289
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,300
life in the area are standing in
his lucky enough to quite rich 

290
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:05,900
soil. 
So the forest is thriving with 

291
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:08,800
Oak and Elm trees. 
Our hands are brushing against 

292
00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:12,300
the ferns and our feet. 
Meeting a tapestry of liverworts

293
00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:16,600
and masses of countless 
varieties as we exit the The 

294
00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:18,900
bird song is like nothing you 
could ever hear now. 

295
00:19:18,900 --> 00:19:23,800
And it is literally life theming
everywhere we leave the comfort 

296
00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:25,800
of the Grove and enter Winding 
Valley. 

297
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:30,000
The soil is soft and plush here.
It's also less nutrient rich, 

298
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:33,600
but the trail is still 
nonetheless vibrant and Native 

299
00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:36,800
Pines make their home here and 
guide our way along a small 

300
00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:41,100
stream and there's no path. 
So we plot Barefoot on the tall 

301
00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:44,100
on cut grass, the crunches 
against their souls and the 

302
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:48,700
Bracken against are ankles. 
The whole Forest is a sea of 

303
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:52,900
purple Ling, Heather thrives. 
When the Scotch pine branches, 

304
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:56,300
give way to sunlight as the 
forest. 

305
00:19:56,300 --> 00:19:58,900
Begins to open up, weird region 
by the Rowan tree. 

306
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:01,600
This is a gorgeous part of the 
forest opening. 

307
00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:04,100
The fire has kind of, be 
providing a well-needed break, 

308
00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:07,300
where were met by the compact 
domes of the white beam, as well

309
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:10,800
as the red berries, and shiny 
leaves of the Holly Ivy, and 

310
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:14,500
honeysuckle. 
Now, these would be all 

311
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:17,900
considered Trees, you know, the 
Roe on the IV, the Holly the 

312
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:22,200
white beam and the honeysuckle, 
but according to Magner, and one

313
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:25,300
of our sources. 
And there are a few non-native 

314
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:29,000
trees that were introduced very 
at a later date by humans that 

315
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,800
are now also native non-native 
trees, I supposed to become 

316
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,200
naturalized to Ireland over 
centuries of growing. 

317
00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:38,700
These would include the beach, 
the Sycamore and the sweet 

318
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:41,400
Chestnut. 
If you're if you're looking 

319
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:43,900
that's something you always 
wondered. 

320
00:20:44,100 --> 00:20:47,500
If the sweet Chestnut was Really
a native, you know, it's kind of

321
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:49,700
one of those things more Irish 
than the Irish themselves, as 

322
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:54,700
they say, at present in 7000 
BCE, the fires home to a whole 

323
00:20:54,700 --> 00:20:58,500
host of animals. 
And the big gorgeous brown bear 

324
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:00,100
is looking at me now, and I'm 
peeing. 

325
00:21:00,100 --> 00:21:03,500
Myself, a wolf is gnawing at my 
leg. 

326
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:06,500
Yeah, Boris attempting to break 
my back. 

327
00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:09,300
They're all extinct now. 
But at the moment they're 

328
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:12,000
tearing me apart. 
Limb from limb, the animals 

329
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:14,700
which still survive today that 
have been native to Ireland. 

330
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,800
Has long been Because 7000 BCE 
would include the fox stoat and 

331
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:22,300
the pine marten mad to think 
they still survive today. 

332
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:26,000
Save the pine marten. 
So these early, Mesolithic, 

333
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:28,300
settlers that would have arrived
Ireland. 

334
00:21:28,300 --> 00:21:31,400
They would have met small 
clearings into the Woodland, but

335
00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,400
they didn't need large expanses 
of open land and they won't 

336
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:38,300
really Farmers yet. 
They didn't so crops, and or 

337
00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:41,600
keep domestic animals. 
As early as people were primary 

338
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:45,300
fishermen hunters and gatherers 
Timber was used to make both 

339
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:48,300
boats and houses is so they 
would chop down trees for that 

340
00:21:48,300 --> 00:21:52,400
purpose and but there wasn't 
this sort of large a scale 

341
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:56,400
agricultural approach and 
Mesolithic hunter-gatherers left

342
00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:59,900
almost no impact on Ireland's 
forests and the country's 

343
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:03,600
densely wooded landscape began 
disappearing about 6,000 years 

344
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:10,500
ago upon the arrival of the 
early Neolithic, settlers So let

345
00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:14,900
us I've escaped him. 
I've escaped all those them, 

346
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,700
brown bears and such. 
Let's hop back into the Grove 

347
00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:22,500
and see what the early Neolithic
life looked like. 

348
00:22:23,900 --> 00:22:26,300
So yeah, the Mesolithic 
hunter-gatherer is it nearly not

349
00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:29,900
know they were here at all and 
they left almost no impact on 

350
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:32,800
Ireland's forests. 
The landscape and woodland 

351
00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:34,800
landscape. 
Really didn't start changing in 

352
00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:38,800
Ireland or disappearing until 
about six thousand years ago 

353
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:42,400
from 2023. 
So the early Neolithic period 

354
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:46,000
and what were these little 
bastards at that they started 

355
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:49,300
getting rid of our forests. 
Well, the two major series 

356
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:52,100
accounting for the initial 
disappearance of Irish virus 

357
00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:54,300
involved the growth of blanket 
box. 

358
00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:58,000
So that would involve draining 
land and Forest clearance. 

359
00:22:58,100 --> 00:23:01,700
So these ads are showing our are
leasers of history and culture 

360
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:04,900
as Farmers because we are a 
nation of farmers, the 

361
00:23:04,908 --> 00:23:07,500
development of blanket, Borg 
resulted in the are aliased 

362
00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:11,500
clearance of virus which mostly 
affected the west and also, the 

363
00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:19,100
Midlands, So the evidence of 
this around 4,000 BCE 

364
00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:22,700
newly-arrived Neolithic Farmers,
made a considerable impact on 

365
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:25,100
the environment. 
They were ripping and tearing 

366
00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:29,000
through the forests and pollen 
analysis, conducted at Valley. 

367
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:31,600
NE Gilly reveals, how in 
approximately three thousand 

368
00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:36,400
900, BCE a shift occurred from 
Elm and pine pollen to pollen 

369
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,700
from grasses and Syria, it's 
amazing, the pollen analysis can

370
00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:42,500
do this. 
This shift indicates that the 

371
00:23:42,500 --> 00:23:46,300
clearing of forests and the 
planting of grasses, most Bubbly

372
00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:49,500
for cattle rearing and also the 
cultivation of crops. 

373
00:23:49,500 --> 00:23:53,100
When we see that cereal and 
pollen was present there, 

374
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,300
Neolithic inhabitants were 
probably also responsible for 

375
00:23:56,300 --> 00:24:00,400
bringing domesticated cattle 
sheep, and goats to Ireland by 

376
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:04,800
around 3000 BCE. 
And obviously the likes of sheep

377
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:08,300
and goats and cattle one day 
need space as so far as have to 

378
00:24:08,300 --> 00:24:11,900
clear and also, they do have a 
pile of mansion those animals. 

379
00:24:11,900 --> 00:24:14,400
If you've ever seen them, if you
ever seen them, you ever see one

380
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,800
of those chapei. my 
pronunciation is gotten even 

381
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:24,200
worse, cutout shape and the got 
To put into context a human 

382
00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:27,300
development around 3000 BCE 
because I don't know about you, 

383
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:31,000
I find it really hard to place, 
you know, things in time. 

384
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:33,700
Jesus. 
I know Jesus was around as the 

385
00:24:33,700 --> 00:24:36,100
same time as Michael Collins, as
far as I'm concerned. 

386
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:38,000
So, why am IA eunuch Ste fuck 
asked? 

387
00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:42,100
You may say, well that's why I 
chose folklore and but no to put

388
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:45,500
this into context and the 
nihilistic Society present in 

389
00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:48,100
Des Moines Valley, a were 
organized enough to build 

390
00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:51,300
passage Graves of noth do that 
and also Newgrange. 

391
00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:54,300
So These boyos as well as 
farming. 

392
00:24:54,300 --> 00:24:57,000
I know, I joked around and I 
call them little Credence or 

393
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,000
whatever. 
Farming isn't the worst thing in

394
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:00,400
the world at all as long as we 
just? 

395
00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:02,900
You know, are controlled about 
it and in our marriage with the 

396
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:06,700
land and little is known of the 
culture or religion of these 

397
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:09,300
people at the time and and Kelly
explains that. 

398
00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:13,000
These sophisticated cultural 
monuments point to a high level 

399
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:15,700
of farm organization and social 
structure. 

400
00:25:18,300 --> 00:25:20,900
Somatic academic research, this 
time round. 

401
00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,900
And yeah, for all you Scholars 
at their, I could just be 

402
00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:29,800
throwing names around. 
Bingley said that in 50 billion 

403
00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:35,000
DC DC. 
So yeah, it's amazing to think 

404
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:37,900
that little is known about the 
culture and religion of 

405
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,500
Neolithic people since they're 
involved in the construction of 

406
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:44,700
the likes of Newgrange, perhaps 
at some of the stories related 

407
00:25:44,700 --> 00:25:47,600
to our earliest mythology. 
Passed down on more of the 

408
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:49,900
orally it to the stories. 
We know today. 

409
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:52,600
Maybe they had very different 
stories, who knows? 

410
00:25:56,500 --> 00:26:00,300
She and on the Hazel tree and 
the origin of the River, 

411
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:05,600
Shannon. 
She and Anne was the 

412
00:26:05,608 --> 00:26:09,600
granddaughter of Lear, the 
ocean, and the daughter of man 

413
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:14,600
and on Mac lir chignon was 
intelligent gifted and generous,

414
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:19,200
but he lacked confidence. 
She known went on a spiritual 

415
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,000
journey, traveling deep under 
the ocean. 

416
00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:27,100
She had heard tell of carnal as 
well as Supernatural spring, 

417
00:26:27,100 --> 00:26:29,800
which birthed six rivers of 
intelligence. 

418
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:32,900
The journey she took was 
perilous. 

419
00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:36,200
She was warned against it, but 
she knew it would surely a 

420
00:26:36,208 --> 00:26:39,600
sister in her quest for 
enlightenment, the powers of 

421
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,700
this. 
Well, were given to her by nine 

422
00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:44,400
Hazel trees, which grew all 
around. 

423
00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,000
These hazel, tree nuts, dropped 
from the tree and fall into 

424
00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:50,400
carnal as well. 
Turn it into a cauldron of 

425
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:54,200
inspiration with the surface of 
the well froth in with wisdom. 

426
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:57,200
The salmon of knowledge is said 
to have eaten. 

427
00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:00,500
One of these hazelnuts and is 
said to still dwell in one of 

428
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:06,000
the six rivers that were birthed
from Connors, well, she and on 

429
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:09,500
reaching the, well, imbibes in 
these bubbles, the froth up 

430
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:13,700
after our hazelnut falls into 
the well and immediately becomes

431
00:27:13,700 --> 00:27:17,400
enlightened more creative 
imagination and enthusiasm flows

432
00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:21,400
to her than she ever could have 
hoped, however, as she turns to 

433
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:25,500
head home, the well Rises up 
against her and Answer. 

434
00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:29,200
And from this drowning rides, 
the River Shannon and Shannon's 

435
00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:36,300
name. 
So that brings us onto the celt,

436
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:39,600
the Celts. 
The Celts have a funny one for 

437
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:45,600
me researching and in all of the
articles that I focused on I 

438
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:47,600
believe one of them's called 
dispirited virus. 

439
00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:49,500
That's by marja. 
Chicago key. 

440
00:27:50,900 --> 00:27:53,100
Then Ireland's fires fallacy by 
a ruby Harris. 

441
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:57,600
Gavin and the Celts are used as 
a sort of catch-all term and I 

442
00:27:57,608 --> 00:28:00,500
think it's very handy to 
consider them just as the Celts.

443
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,700
But I also would just like to 
point out that we don't know a 

444
00:28:03,708 --> 00:28:05,400
whole lot. 
What about the council? 

445
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:08,800
The comparison I can think of 
for how to do the Celts I 

446
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:14,400
suppose is the same as I would 
use to view the Apache in Native

447
00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:18,000
American tribes. 
So when the Americans came over 

448
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:23,900
and shunted a pile of natives 
off their land and they kind of 

449
00:28:23,900 --> 00:28:25,700
pull them all together. 
Is that these guys dressed the 

450
00:28:25,700 --> 00:28:28,700
same, they look the same. 
They seem to act, the same diff 

451
00:28:28,700 --> 00:28:30,700
different goals than us. 
They're all Apache. 

452
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:32,300
They're called the Apache. 
That's the stiff. 

453
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:36,100
And they shunt these Switch. 
They called Apache off their 

454
00:28:36,100 --> 00:28:37,700
land and to go over to your 
other tribes. 

455
00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:41,600
There's plenty of land around 
here but these other tribes as 

456
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:43,100
well as possibly being their 
enemies. 

457
00:28:43,100 --> 00:28:45,700
May have had never had a contact
with each other at all. 

458
00:28:45,900 --> 00:28:48,400
Now, from an outsider's 
perspective, it looks like 

459
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:51,200
they're all a part of the same 
faith and culture and everything

460
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,400
else, and they're definitely 
more connected to each other 

461
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,500
than they would be to these 
colonizers and Invaders. 

462
00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:58,700
But I think the same can be said
of the Celts. 

463
00:28:58,900 --> 00:29:02,500
A lot of what we know about the 
Celts in the continent or in 

464
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:06,800
Ireland, or in Britain. 
It comes from Roman writings 

465
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:11,300
because you know our ancestors, 
what we call the Celts and those

466
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:12,700
before them, they didn't write 
anything down. 

467
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:18,700
And so we kind of have to go off
the information given to us by, 

468
00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:22,000
you know, people who fought 
against the cats. 

469
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:26,400
And so I think I'm going to use 
the term the Celts and it 

470
00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:29,000
definitely, you know, you'll get
the bright picture. 

471
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:33,000
But I think it's just helpful to
remember what we call the Celts 

472
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,700
could have been a whole host of 
of different groups and tribes 

473
00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:38,700
and cultures that actually 
didn't consider themselves 

474
00:29:38,700 --> 00:29:41,400
connected at all. 
And but I think that's helpful 

475
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:47,100
to, those know, going forward. 
So with the Advent of the Bronze

476
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:51,900
Age around 2400, BC e and the 
emergence of iron tools then 

477
00:29:51,900 --> 00:29:56,600
between 600 and 500 BC and the 
concurrent arrival of the Celts 

478
00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,700
Jour in this Iron Age farming 
techniques became far more 

479
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:03,700
advanced with the harvesting of 
more Woodlands as an inevitable 

480
00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:07,600
consequence of this farming so 
Celtic tribes respect to this is

481
00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:11,500
to have arrived in Ireland. 
Let's say around 800 BCE. 

482
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:16,000
So obviously human development 
had led to iron tools increased 

483
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:19,600
farming practices and obviously 
getting more to grips with a 

484
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:23,000
farming techniques. 
You would figure that a lot of 

485
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,800
Forestry would be lost. 
But what's interesting? 

486
00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:29,500
Studying pollen profiles at the 
time in Ireland, indicates more 

487
00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:31,200
and more trees were getting cut 
down. 

488
00:30:31,300 --> 00:30:34,100
It often coincided with the 
recovery of forests. 

489
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:37,100
This would align with certain 
similar practices in the soil 

490
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:42,000
profiles in the Amazon and how 
tribes there would sort of 

491
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,200
manage I suppose. 
Called today far as management. 

492
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:48,100
There's rich soil in the armor. 
Amazon that wouldn't normally be

493
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:50,300
present there and signs of 
charcoal. 

494
00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:53,300
And so, the natives were burning
trees in such a way that they 

495
00:30:53,300 --> 00:30:54,700
weren't completely destroying 
them. 

496
00:30:54,900 --> 00:30:58,400
So, benefiting and fertilizing 
the soil by burning down trees, 

497
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:02,200
but only doing it away, that 
maintained and life in the 

498
00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:05,600
forest and made sure that not 
too many trees were cut down or 

499
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:08,400
burned, and it seems that the 
Celts were doing something 

500
00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:12,900
similar here and maybe not to 
the charcoal burning down effect

501
00:31:12,900 --> 00:31:16,100
but death Friendly sort of a 
practice that we're trying to 

502
00:31:16,100 --> 00:31:19,700
reinstate now, we're as many 
trees that are getting cut down 

503
00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:22,700
are getting recovered by a 
effective planting processes. 

504
00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:27,400
It should also be noted that the
virus at this time could have 

505
00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:30,900
been just robust enough to 
withstand some minor losses. 

506
00:31:31,100 --> 00:31:34,600
And that of course the settlers 
and didn't have maybe the tools 

507
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:39,100
or technology to take huge 
clearings of forests at the 

508
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:41,600
time. 
So maybe this sort of practice 

509
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:46,300
of cutting as much as plant was 
planted was almost by accident 

510
00:31:46,300 --> 00:31:50,600
and by proxy of maybe ignorance 
on the Celts are part but I 

511
00:31:50,608 --> 00:31:53,900
think there's enough evidence to
suggest even from what we know. 

512
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,900
Through the Romans about Celts. 
The trees were incredibly 

513
00:31:57,900 --> 00:32:01,500
important to them and they did 
warship them, or I suppose the 

514
00:32:01,500 --> 00:32:04,600
spirit, the Newman within them 
could have just been limitations

515
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:07,200
at the time for the calcium. 
That's the reason that as many 

516
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:12,400
trees were planted as cut, but I
do think three veneration has a 

517
00:32:12,408 --> 00:32:16,200
part to play. 
So keeping tree veneration in 

518
00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:20,700
mind, let's return to the tail 
at the top of our episode, on 

519
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,600
the five, sacred trees of 
Ireland, and from the yellow 

520
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:27,100
book. 
The can it was exactly and where

521
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:31,800
were they and funnily enough. 
They're not each in their 

522
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:34,600
respective Province. 
They were all planted in our 

523
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:39,100
around at the fifth Province or 
once fifth province of meath. 

524
00:32:39,300 --> 00:32:43,000
That's why provinces actually 
are called cougar and could 

525
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:45,800
obviously meaning five 
Australians bad at Irish as I 

526
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:47,100
am. 
So these trees were believed to 

527
00:32:47,100 --> 00:32:50,200
represent transition points. 
Are axial line between this land

528
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:53,100
on the Realms beneath us the 
other world. 

529
00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:56,400
That's why I It's interesting 
that when they talk about the 

530
00:32:56,400 --> 00:33:01,100
Giant and the upholder of the 
triple key and and how he is 

531
00:33:01,100 --> 00:33:04,700
interested, in other worldly 
Affairs, as he is in human 

532
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:07,000
Affairs. 
I think this is a perfect, he's 

533
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:12,000
almost a representation of the 
tree and maybe its roots 

534
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:16,200
communicating with the other 
world and its upper half and 

535
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:19,500
communicating with us. 
So these trees would have had 

536
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:22,800
Guardians to protect them. 
And just as you would see at 

537
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:27,100
temples or Lee Wells even today.
The most important tree was 

538
00:33:27,100 --> 00:33:29,900
called Billy. 
Ooh, snack and was planted on 

539
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:31,700
the navel of Ireland. 
I do schnook. 

540
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:34,700
Where its roots reach down into 
the underworld, a, what its 

541
00:33:34,700 --> 00:33:36,400
branches soy and out in the 
heavens. 

542
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:39,800
Unite in all Dimensions through 
its broad trunk. 

543
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:42,100
This can even be related to the 
yogic Traditions. 

544
00:33:42,100 --> 00:33:45,300
You can imagine with the folded 
knees and then the spine 

545
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:47,800
upright. 
And then the hands out, the 

546
00:33:47,808 --> 00:33:53,100
category of Kernan has is always
is shown in this pose with knees

547
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:57,600
and Back straight. 
And then the hands out and it 

548
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:00,800
can vaguely look like the shape 
of a tree. 

549
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:10,900
Below whose neck was said to be 
an oak or possibly an ash tree 

550
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:15,400
in Kill there, stood a Omega or 
the you of Magna although some 

551
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:20,300
accounts claim that was actually
an oak instead of a u i don't 

552
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:24,699
I'd imagine it was you if that's
its name it was one of the five 

553
00:34:24,699 --> 00:34:29,100
trees capable of bearing the 
tree fruits of its progenitor. 

554
00:34:29,199 --> 00:34:33,199
So of the Giants are Branch so 
it could produce apples acorns 

555
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:35,600
as well as hazelnuts It 
produced. 

556
00:34:35,699 --> 00:34:39,500
All Three crops annually. 
The third sacred tree was the 

557
00:34:39,500 --> 00:34:43,000
are Rouge, which grew by the 
river Barrow in County Carlow. 

558
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:46,400
It was also mostly described as 
a yew tree, but occasion, it was

559
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,400
described as an oak. 
And when it was felled in the 

560
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:53,300
7th Century, Saint melash was 
said to have distributed its 

561
00:34:53,300 --> 00:34:57,100
Timber amongst the Irish Saints 
day, but this was probably just 

562
00:34:57,100 --> 00:35:00,500
an attempt to christianize and 
already important Pagan symbol. 

563
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:03,700
And as we have mentioned before,
that's the process of seeing 

564
00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:05,800
criticism. 
So the final two trees were made

565
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:10,400
of a I craved a, he stood at 
fire Bell County West made and 

566
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:14,600
billiards Thornton was at Art, 
Bracken, near Navin and came to 

567
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:17,800
meet the latter tree was so big 
that it was said to be able to 

568
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:20,900
shelter all the people of the 
region beneath its branches 

569
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:23,900
during times of danger. 
Though, it's hard to believe 

570
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,300
based upon other accounts. 
It was quite as big as a oh, 

571
00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:30,800
Noona, do you tree of Kildare a 
which record into a palm, and 

572
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:34,700
the Jinn shank is, could 
shelter, 3040 people. 

573
00:35:35,300 --> 00:35:39,700
So within brand law and which 
was practiced by what we know as

574
00:35:39,700 --> 00:35:43,100
the Celts, there was a pecking 
order of trees fires were held 

575
00:35:43,100 --> 00:35:46,200
in such a high regard by the 
early Irish people that the 

576
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:49,400
surviving 7th and 8th Century 
law, text on farming. 

577
00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:54,500
But I had a comic Asia list, 28 
trees and shrubs of significance

578
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:57,000
arranged in order of their 
economic value. 

579
00:35:57,200 --> 00:35:59,600
The trees are arranged into four
classes. 

580
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:03,600
And so, Eric Fado Nobles of the 
wood and that would include the 

581
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:05,000
oak. 
No surprises there. 

582
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:06,500
Ah, ha. 
They do. 

583
00:36:06,500 --> 00:36:10,300
Those are the commoners of the 
wood pole Affair, though, lower 

584
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:14,100
divisions of the wood and last 
the phaedo bushes of the wood. 

585
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:17,300
So the oak is listed in the 
noble class indicating its high 

586
00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:22,300
status Then followed by the 
Hazel, Holly you Ash Scots pine,

587
00:36:22,300 --> 00:36:27,000
the wild Apple Evidence of the 
cultural significance of these 

588
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:30,300
trees also appears in law's 
dedicated to their damage. 

589
00:36:30,300 --> 00:36:33,600
So harming, another person's 
tree led to a penalty or fine 

590
00:36:33,700 --> 00:36:36,800
and a compensation fee in 
accordance with the severity of 

591
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:38,800
the damage. 
And, of course, the nobility of 

592
00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:41,700
the tree to the higher, the 
class of the tree, the greater 

593
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:46,400
the fine and compensation Fergus
Kelly a of trees in early 

594
00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:48,300
Ireland. 
Notes that a tree status, may 

595
00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:51,700
make it a target for enemy 
attack which is often recorded 

596
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:54,300
such as the time when the men of
Ulster at chopped. 

597
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,400
Down at the sacred tree. 
At the Royal inauguration site 

598
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:02,800
of Canaan, A Logan chain lock in
the year 1111. 

599
00:37:02,900 --> 00:37:07,400
SE e AK, Nan, Neo and being in 
modern-day in a show and in 

600
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:11,800
County Donegal. 
And before we move on to the Big

601
00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:14,800
Daddy of Celtic trees the oak, 
we should have a look at the 

602
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:19,700
Hawthorne and the Hawthorn is of
course the fairy treats known as

603
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:21,700
a symbol of both love and 
protection. 

604
00:37:21,700 --> 00:37:23,900
My office is symbol of 
protection is because they can 

605
00:37:23,900 --> 00:37:26,300
grow in such inhabitable nooks 
and crannies. 

606
00:37:27,300 --> 00:37:30,300
The lecturer in ohm associated 
with the Hawthorne. 

607
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:34,900
He's Hua, which is thought to 
mean fear often, we see single 

608
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:39,300
Hawthorn tree standing alone and
feels or around old ring forts 

609
00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:42,800
on Just by local farmers. 
So the whole turn tree would 

610
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:45,300
have actually flowered. 
It's called, its flowering would

611
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:50,000
have coincided with around May 
1st, which is, of course, the 

612
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,400
Irish Festival of be out now, 
which just happened and it would

613
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:57,500
grow red berries. 
Around eHow know, Halloween is 

614
00:37:57,500 --> 00:38:00,000
so, would have had red berries 
for the beginning of winter. 

615
00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:04,100
Therefore, this tree sort of 
changed, how it looked on two of

616
00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:08,900
the more important festivals in 
the Irish and Celtic calendar. 

617
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:11,700
So, as a result of the blooming 
of the Hawthorn tree aligning, 

618
00:38:12,100 --> 00:38:14,800
and with these two Irish 
festivals, of course, it would 

619
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:18,000
have been considered important. 
But why is it all thorn trees 

620
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,700
associated with fairies, or why 
the farmers not cut them down, 

621
00:38:21,700 --> 00:38:24,700
or or why do they think that 
something awful would befall 

622
00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:28,300
them if they cut down these 
bushes and some suspect that the

623
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:32,300
answer to this lies? 
In the unexpected on flower lie,

624
00:38:32,300 --> 00:38:36,600
smell of Hawthorne flowers, 
Hawthorne flowers, a developed 

625
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:39,600
to miss a particular smell to 
attract mainly care. 

626
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:43,100
And insects as such as flies to 
pollinate them. 

627
00:38:43,100 --> 00:38:46,300
So this smell the emission comes
from a chemical known as Tri 

628
00:38:46,300 --> 00:38:49,200
ethyl amine and as a sort of 
still smell it, that's 

629
00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:53,200
reminiscent of gangrene or even 
decomposing dead bodies to the 

630
00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:56,500
smell is probably quite familiar
to people long ago and in the 

631
00:38:56,500 --> 00:38:58,600
days before modern embalming 
techniques. 

632
00:38:58,900 --> 00:39:01,400
People often laid out their own 
dead relatives or neighbors, you

633
00:39:01,408 --> 00:39:07,300
know, as we do now Jordan wakes 
and and also am considering that

634
00:39:07,300 --> 00:39:11,700
Ireland would have had a myriad 
of War wars going on a long ago 

635
00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:15,300
in the past as well as a famine 
that is, you know, not so far 

636
00:39:15,300 --> 00:39:18,600
away in our recent history. 
People would have been quite 

637
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:23,700
aware of this smell of 
decomposition and so as a result

638
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:25,200
it would have been something to 
fear. 

639
00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:28,400
And then as a result, maybe this
tree is something to avoid. 

640
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:32,700
And that's probably why I gained
and this relationship with fear 

641
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:37,600
sort of paradoxically this 3, 
ethylamine, the fluid that the 

642
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:41,000
Hawthorn develops it also gave 
them A Musky fragrance to the 

643
00:39:41,008 --> 00:39:45,500
flower that can be Associated 
human sexual bodily fluids. 

644
00:39:45,500 --> 00:39:50,500
These connotations of both death
and sex and those life peer and 

645
00:39:50,500 --> 00:39:53,700
within the lore surrounding at 
the Hawthorn tree. 

646
00:39:54,100 --> 00:39:57,000
So as a result, maybe that's why
stories could have been 

647
00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:00,900
developed to say it kids or to 
indeed adults, don't cut down 

648
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:04,300
that tree. 
Don't Go Near that tree and it 

649
00:40:04,300 --> 00:40:08,600
smells of death and also a 
little bit like my genitals. 

650
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:13,600
For the river and the other 
trees in our personalities and 

651
00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:15,400
folklore urgent that we could 
cover. 

652
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:20,600
But we'd be here all day, we 
must move on and the Big Daddy 

653
00:40:21,500 --> 00:40:25,600
of Celtic Tree veneration. 
And that is, of course, the oak.

654
00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:29,800
The oak is a tree of most 
significant as sacred importance

655
00:40:30,300 --> 00:40:32,800
to the Celtic people and indeed 
the Irish. 

656
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:35,500
But it's also of great real life
importance. 

657
00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:38,300
Why you may ask? 
Because the oak firing away 

658
00:40:38,300 --> 00:40:40,800
shelters. 
More insects and Legend and then

659
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:45,600
any other tree which is insane. 
So you might have heard the word

660
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:47,300
Billy. 
And when we mentioned Billy 

661
00:40:47,300 --> 00:40:52,700
Oceanic and previously there 
below and means sacred tree are 

662
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,700
tribes throughout Ireland and a 
territories had a billion. 

663
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:59,200
Which for them was the physical 
embodiment of the surrounding 

664
00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:01,400
area. 
It's local people and the center

665
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,900
of its Essence. 
It is embodied in the history of

666
00:41:04,900 --> 00:41:06,600
living. 
So tribes would carry a branch 

667
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:08,900
with their Billy are leading and
the raid. 

668
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:11,800
Of arrival area, the defending 
territory would try their 

669
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:14,900
hardest to try and capture and 
Destroy This Branch. 

670
00:41:14,900 --> 00:41:18,000
This would have been a precursor
to the concept of wounds Battle 

671
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:20,700
Flag a, which is quite 
interesting is, if you fast 

672
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:24,900
forward into the American Civil 
War and many Irish people fought

673
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:27,200
on either side. 
A, a harrowing victory for a 

674
00:41:27,207 --> 00:41:30,700
tribe, would be destroying 
arrival settlements Bollea in a 

675
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:33,500
sense, it would be more of a 
victory at than killing the King

676
00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:38,900
himself as destroying the area. 
Sacred tree undid, a symbol of 

677
00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:42,400
Sure he's of human history and 
prosperity, these Billy over the

678
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:45,300
location at which sovereignty 
and Leadership would be passed 

679
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:47,900
from one generation to the next 
and the likes. 

680
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:53,300
So a king it would pass on his 
leadership to his son, perhaps 

681
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:55,200
or to it the next worthy 
candidate. 

682
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:58,300
So the fact that they picked 
these billiard to do this shows 

683
00:41:58,300 --> 00:42:02,100
how important they wore in 
terms, not only of our religious

684
00:42:02,100 --> 00:42:04,400
outlet but also intertwined with
royalty itself. 

685
00:42:04,700 --> 00:42:07,000
It's hard to imagine what 
destroying one of these trees 

686
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:10,400
would be like today it would be 
Going in and destroying, maybe 

687
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:13,400
someones place of worship and 
their archives and their 

688
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:17,400
political Center and a photo 
album all at the same time, it 

689
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:21,200
was everything to these people 
old manuscripts, a record, a 

690
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:24,800
historic destructions of Billy. 
It was just a plural of billion 

691
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:29,000
such as the one we mentioned in,
do Nicolas, up above and place 

692
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:33,600
names like, Billy a, and Claire 
Billy and Billy and Antrim are 

693
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:37,000
all areas named after Billy, I 
probably bananas those terribly 

694
00:42:37,600 --> 00:42:42,100
ballyhoos billion. 
Vashta and biliary and more real

695
00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:45,800
and more evil. 
A are all other examples are we 

696
00:42:45,800 --> 00:42:58,100
see the word till I come up? 
So why is the oak ranked? 

697
00:42:58,100 --> 00:43:00,400
The highest in the order of 
three nobility. 

698
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:04,100
As we've said already there the 
home of so many insects also 

699
00:43:04,100 --> 00:43:07,700
Legend but much like the lion is
the king of the savanna at the 

700
00:43:07,700 --> 00:43:10,900
symbol of the oak as king. 
The trees is almost so 

701
00:43:10,900 --> 00:43:14,500
universally understood that it 
isn't really discussed. 

702
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,700
And but here are some factors as
to why it's considered the King 

703
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:22,500
of the trees. 
So the oak grows the largest, 

704
00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:26,800
it's the slowest and it's used 
in a range of from construction 

705
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:29,000
to the tanning of leather using 
its tree bark. 

706
00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:32,500
It also be the tallest tree 
around, so it's very likely that

707
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:35,800
lightning would have hit it back
in the day adding to its Allure.

708
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:39,300
And its Mystique, for example, 
in Norse mythology, Zeus, Zeus, 

709
00:43:39,300 --> 00:43:42,900
it was related to the Oak Pliny.
The Elder, the famous a 

710
00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:45,700
geographer suggested that the 
oak was the holiest to the 

711
00:43:45,700 --> 00:43:50,100
Celtic Druids, and that Drew 
stemmed from the word Oak. 

712
00:43:51,300 --> 00:43:54,400
Several, Roman and Greek 
historians such as Pliny as well

713
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:57,900
as strabo as suggested, the 
Celtic civilization worshipped 

714
00:43:57,900 --> 00:44:02,300
at Groves called namita Pliny 
and described a festival on the 

715
00:44:02,300 --> 00:44:05,600
sixth day of the moon, were Drew
word to climb an oak tree 

716
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:08,100
cutter. 
Bio of mistletoe and sacrificed 

717
00:44:08,100 --> 00:44:10,700
to whiteboard. 
This is part of a fertility Rite

718
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:13,900
and it's worthy knowing as we 
said already that this was 

719
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:17,000
coming from Greek and Roman 
historians maybe with a certain 

720
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:19,400
tilt. 
So it's hard to know where fact 

721
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:22,700
and fiction merge their body. 
I'm sure there's some truth to 

722
00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:24,900
it. 
Maybe the specifics of the of 

723
00:44:24,900 --> 00:44:28,200
the of the process wasn't two 
white balls that would be 

724
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:30,800
amazing. 
Anyway, the old Irish word in a 

725
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:35,200
maid and means sacred or 
consecrated place in big but I 

726
00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:39,400
had our laws of beekeeping a 
tree is referred to as an Ahmed 

727
00:44:39,700 --> 00:44:43,200
and that it grows on the land of
animated person or a sacred 

728
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:47,700
person. 
This is a sort of an aside but 

729
00:44:47,700 --> 00:44:49,600
it's funny to think of a trees 
canopy. 

730
00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:51,700
If you've ever looked at it, 
it's gorgeous. 

731
00:44:51,700 --> 00:44:54,800
And sometimes I look at the 
trees canopy and I think that it

732
00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:57,700
looks like the interior ceiling 
of a church but it's funny to 

733
00:44:57,700 --> 00:44:59,100
think it's kind of the other way
around. 

734
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:01,500
It's very likely that this sort 
of architecture. 

735
00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:05,500
We associate that spine that you
see inside churches may very 

736
00:45:05,500 --> 00:45:08,000
well be based on trees. 
I know that a lot of 

737
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:12,400
architectural practices and the 
golden rule of course stems from

738
00:45:12,400 --> 00:45:14,500
trees, excuse the pun. 
I feel like there's a lot of 

739
00:45:14,508 --> 00:45:17,900
accidental puns in this episode.
But it also gets even weirder 

740
00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:20,900
when we consider that many of 
the churches in Ireland, they 

741
00:45:20,900 --> 00:45:24,100
reside on, what would have been 
a sacred ebullient? 

742
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:28,700
Such examples include column 
kills religious site in Derry 

743
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:32,000
St. 
Brigid's in Kildare and column 

744
00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:35,600
kill site Enduro. 
So we've mentioned it a few 

745
00:45:35,600 --> 00:45:39,300
times already, but I think it's 
time to dip it properly into 

746
00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:45,900
homes script. 
Every letter of the alphabet is 

747
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:48,700
associated with a tree that 
begins with the sound that the 

748
00:45:48,700 --> 00:45:52,600
letter depicts out of the olm. 
Alphabet grew the Celtic Tree 

749
00:45:52,600 --> 00:45:56,800
calendar which consists of 13 
months instead of 12, Each of, 

750
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:59,900
which is symbolized by a three 
and its own letter. 

751
00:46:00,300 --> 00:46:03,800
A, the roots of the calendar, 
lie within ancient Celtic, 

752
00:46:03,900 --> 00:46:09,900
folklore, why don't we just go 
down through all of these 

753
00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:13,900
letters, a lie? 
So, there's a lot to go through 

754
00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:16,300
and I'm not the best as 
pronunciation. 

755
00:46:16,300 --> 00:46:20,100
So I'll fly through them and and
stop. 

756
00:46:20,100 --> 00:46:21,700
And I think that's very 
interesting. 

757
00:46:22,100 --> 00:46:26,700
So first when Becca is related 
to the birch tree Louis, is 

758
00:46:26,700 --> 00:46:31,100
related to Rowan, Fern is 
related to the elder tree sale 

759
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:35,500
is related to the willow tree, 
neon has released the ash tree 

760
00:46:35,700 --> 00:46:40,200
Hua is related to the White 
Horse torn and also the words 

761
00:46:40,200 --> 00:46:44,700
horror or fear Doyle Is 
obviously comes from Dora and I 

762
00:46:44,707 --> 00:46:50,500
mean, Tok chinna is related to 
strangely to English, you know, 

763
00:46:50,500 --> 00:46:54,500
a bar of metal. 
But also to the holly tree, Carl

764
00:46:54,500 --> 00:47:00,000
is related to the Hazel tree and
carrot is related to The Apple 

765
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:04,800
Tree. 
No one drives from the vine tree

766
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:09,000
and it also means the neck and 
the upper part of the back the 

767
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:12,500
course, is related to word field
and garden also. 

768
00:47:13,100 --> 00:47:18,800
And it's related to Ivy - oh - 
the hero has a meaning of 

769
00:47:18,800 --> 00:47:25,800
killing or slain and it's 
related to the firm as strength 

770
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:30,400
comes from the old Irish 3F. 
Which also means sulfur and it's

771
00:47:30,400 --> 00:47:34,600
related to The Blackthorn. 
Hrubesch means read or redness 

772
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:36,400
and it's related to the elder 
tree. 

773
00:47:36,400 --> 00:47:40,000
Alum is of Uncertain and 
meaning, but possibly of piney 

774
00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:43,800
tree and so they think that it's
related to the Or the Pine Tree 

775
00:47:43,900 --> 00:47:48,100
on his from the old Irish on and
means ash tree. 

776
00:47:48,100 --> 00:47:51,700
But I can also just mean first 
order a relates to Earth, clay, 

777
00:47:51,700 --> 00:47:55,100
and soil, and it's related to 
the heath Bush. 

778
00:47:55,600 --> 00:48:01,300
Either either is related to the 
aspen tree and either is related

779
00:48:01,300 --> 00:48:03,500
finally to the. 
You are just like, you know, the

780
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:07,300
13 months of the Celtic Tree 
calendar come out of the olm 

781
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:10,600
alphabet. 
So the club I was wondering 

782
00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:12,000
myself there. 
There was this thing down, 

783
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:14,000
Isaac. 
This is Far more than 13 it's 

784
00:48:14,000 --> 00:48:17,300
called you. 
So as we mentioned earlier, it's

785
00:48:17,300 --> 00:48:20,000
thought that the association 
with trees played a huge role in

786
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:24,800
Gaelic language, education just 
like runes, each arm symbol, has

787
00:48:24,800 --> 00:48:28,700
a name, the letter B is called 
Behavior as we've said and the 

788
00:48:28,700 --> 00:48:33,900
letter c called for hazel. 
Bartok students would learn 

789
00:48:33,900 --> 00:48:37,100
these basic names and use the 
arm sequence to create a list 

790
00:48:37,300 --> 00:48:40,600
for memorization and indeed, 
three seemed to be an integral 

791
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:43,400
part of the human psyche, 
psyche, given that, this whole 

792
00:48:43,400 --> 00:48:45,200
alphabet was inspired by their 
own. 

793
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:47,500
Quite delightfully, is one of 
the few alphabets written and 

794
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:50,000
read vertically from the bottom 
up and this is just like 

795
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:51,900
climbing a tree. 
So, almost appeared on 

796
00:48:51,900 --> 00:48:54,700
Monumental inscriptions dating 
from the 4th to the 6th Century 

797
00:48:54,700 --> 00:48:57,300
ad. 
And even in manuscript stating 

798
00:48:57,300 --> 00:48:59,900
from the 6th to the 9th century 
though, it's widely understood 

799
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:03,100
that this alphabet was probably 
created, there's Something that 

800
00:49:03,100 --> 00:49:07,400
maybe, for instance, own could 
have been carved into trees or 

801
00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:11,900
into wood but obviously that's 
gone to decompose fire faster 

802
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:15,500
and not stay around like the 
stone, it counterparts that we 

803
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:17,700
see around today. 
So it's very hard to know. 

804
00:49:18,100 --> 00:49:20,400
James Carney suggest that its 
origin could be with in the 

805
00:49:20,400 --> 00:49:24,100
first century BC. 
Although the use of classical 

806
00:49:24,100 --> 00:49:26,800
ohm, and stone inscription seems
to have flourished in the fifth 

807
00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:30,600
and sixth Century, but as we 
said, it's impossible to know 

808
00:49:31,100 --> 00:49:34,300
how long it's really. 
Assisted if it was inscribed 

809
00:49:34,300 --> 00:49:36,400
into things that would have 
decayed over time. 

810
00:49:36,700 --> 00:49:41,100
So there's 20 letters in the old
own language that we listed 

811
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:44,600
through there and they're called
fader, which literally means 

812
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:47,000
trees. 
And so it's not just an 

813
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:50,000
assumption here that this whole 
Malarkey, is based out of trees.

814
00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:53,300
This isn't just some fun. 
I just know, I'm not just making

815
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:57,200
this stuff up here. 
You know, this is, this is very 

816
00:49:57,200 --> 00:50:02,100
important, pay attention other 
grouped into for me. 

817
00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:05,500
Families are tribes of five 
letters. 

818
00:50:05,500 --> 00:50:09,600
Each, each letter is simply a 
cluster of 125 straight lines 

819
00:50:09,600 --> 00:50:13,100
scratched along the usually 
vertical edge of a stone in 

820
00:50:13,100 --> 00:50:15,700
relation to the use of. 
Oh, man dr. 

821
00:50:15,700 --> 00:50:20,800
Connor Quinn explained in his 
interview on Gaelic, Taco that 

822
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:23,800
all, we know at the moment is 
that it was definitely used in 

823
00:50:23,800 --> 00:50:26,200
writing personal names in the 
possessor form. 

824
00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:29,800
So, like so-and-so's land, I 
suppose, so and so's blank, so 

825
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:33,800
and so's Cottage. 
So once those Old on the edges 

826
00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:35,700
of standing stones in the like 
a. 

827
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:38,100
It could have also been used as 
a memorial or possibly a 

828
00:50:38,107 --> 00:50:42,500
territory boundary. 
And but references in Old Irish 

829
00:50:42,500 --> 00:50:46,600
and later literature also have 
characters writing Oman sticks 

830
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:51,300
to send messages or to record 
information in even to do magic.

831
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:56,200
And so, yeah, I find that quite 
interesting to imagine carving 

832
00:50:56,500 --> 00:51:01,300
Oman to a little baton baton and
running with it, you know, the 

833
00:51:01,300 --> 00:51:03,700
path that we message. 
I think that's quite sweet. 

834
00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:07,400
Oh Mi always been quite 
confusing to me. 

835
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:10,300
I remember learning to bed at a 
very young age but yeah I only 

836
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:12,400
really do about it as like a 
boundary marker. 

837
00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:15,400
I wrote my name in it and that 
was about it. 

838
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:19,200
It's quite fun to think of it as
a suit of fledgling language 

839
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,300
that we were actually using 
practically in the country. 

840
00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:25,400
So there are roughly about 400 
surviving ohm, inscriptions on 

841
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:29,400
Stone monuments, trout, Ireland,
Scotland, and Western Britain is

842
00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:32,400
the largest number of ohm stones
and descriptions. 

843
00:51:32,500 --> 00:51:35,400
Are in pembrokeshire Wales, 
there you go. 

844
00:51:35,700 --> 00:51:38,100
Hey, there is a particularly 
interesting examples of Standing

845
00:51:38,100 --> 00:51:40,000
Stones. 
Reveal further, the complexity 

846
00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:44,600
of human history in Ireland. 
And in Britain, in Shetland, a 

847
00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:49,400
ohm has been found representing 
Norse words as such as dr. 

848
00:51:49,500 --> 00:51:52,500
Which means daughter and krusk, 
which means cross. 

849
00:51:52,900 --> 00:51:56,400
And in killaloe can declare a, 
particularly fascinating Stone 

850
00:51:56,500 --> 00:52:02,400
as a commemoration, from the 
year 1100 dead. 

851
00:52:02,500 --> 00:52:06,800
Located to a Scandinavian. 
Stettler tour, Graham and it's 

852
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:11,700
written in Norse runes and was 
then replicated in home as so. 

853
00:52:11,700 --> 00:52:16,400
Yeah, there was a commemoration 
to ask Andy, settlor, in County 

854
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:19,000
Clare there. 
I wonder if it's still about if 

855
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:21,400
anyone could let me know from 
the lovely County, Clare. 

856
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:34,000
So briefly getting into the 
mythical origins of ohm. 

857
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:36,400
There's I feel like there's two 
theories, surrounded, if not 

858
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:40,500
more, a medical theories for the
origin of all my peers, and text

859
00:52:40,500 --> 00:52:44,200
from the 11th to the 15th 
century, the 11th century, a 

860
00:52:44,200 --> 00:52:47,500
labora Kabbalah Aaron book of 
invasions, in which we've done a

861
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:50,500
whole episode on. 
I'm sure we didn't cover 

862
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:52,200
everything because I don't 
remember talking about all. 

863
00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:56,000
But, yeah, the book of invasion 
stated that Oma's invented soon 

864
00:52:56,000 --> 00:52:58,900
after the fall All of the Tower 
of Babel, of course. 

865
00:53:00,100 --> 00:53:07,100
As does the 15th century already
has a patent on NS text by the 

866
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:11,600
legendary skillion King, Phineas
far, sir, according to the audio

867
00:53:11,600 --> 00:53:15,700
cept, a Phineas journeyed from 
Cydia together with go GL, 

868
00:53:15,700 --> 00:53:20,000
MacArthur earmark, nimah and a 
retinue of 72 Scholars. 

869
00:53:20,700 --> 00:53:24,700
They came to the plain of shinar
to study this confused languages

870
00:53:24,700 --> 00:53:27,600
at nimrods Tower. 
Otherwise Known as the Tower of 

871
00:53:27,600 --> 00:53:32,000
Babel Nimrod and this all sounds
weird. 

872
00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:34,800
I don't know, take of that. 
What you will. 

873
00:53:34,800 --> 00:53:39,400
I suppose I'm not here to your 
curium and the own tracked 

874
00:53:39,400 --> 00:53:41,900
credits Og man with the scripts 
invention. 

875
00:53:42,600 --> 00:53:45,100
I like this argh, man. 
I think he's like the god 

876
00:53:45,100 --> 00:53:49,100
associate with skill speed in 
speech and poetry, which would 

877
00:53:49,100 --> 00:53:52,700
make sense to me that and his 
name's Rich glioma. 

878
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:55,900
Ugh, man. 
So yeah, I would say that he 

879
00:53:55,900 --> 00:53:57,100
might have invented. 
Get it home. 

880
00:53:57,200 --> 00:53:59,400
Yeah, he's credited with 
creating this system for the 

881
00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:03,400
learn it and to the exclusion of
rustics and fools. 

882
00:54:03,900 --> 00:54:08,400
So already there was a, you 
know, a learning, you know, as 

883
00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:11,300
sort of an exclusively form, a 
separate the separate. 

884
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:15,200
The men from the boys as it 
were, the first message written 

885
00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:20,000
in home was seven bees on a 
perch sent as a warning to Luke,

886
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:23,400
meaning your wife will be 
carried away seven times to the 

887
00:54:23,400 --> 00:54:27,400
other world unless the Birch 
protects her now personally I 

888
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:31,500
wouldn't know what that message 
means but other than that, but I

889
00:54:31,500 --> 00:54:35,900
hope that Lou understood 
particularly since the language 

890
00:54:35,900 --> 00:54:38,500
was just created, you think that
would be the confusing for poor 

891
00:54:38,500 --> 00:54:40,500
Luke. 
But look at for this reason the 

892
00:54:40,508 --> 00:54:43,400
letter is B is said to be the 
named after the Birch and a 

893
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:44,400
libero. 
Mmm. 

894
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:47,800
It goes on to tell the tradition
that all letters were named 

895
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:50,300
after trees. 
Acclaim, also referenced by the 

896
00:54:50,300 --> 00:54:53,400
orea cept, as an alternative to 
the naming after phineas's 

897
00:54:53,500 --> 00:54:57,500
disciples and the same track 
Toma is All the father of the 

898
00:54:57,500 --> 00:55:00,100
ohm. 
Alphabet, and his knife or hand 

899
00:55:00,100 --> 00:55:03,500
is it mother, the brains, the 
father of language and the hand 

900
00:55:03,500 --> 00:55:05,500
is. 
Mummy a, the same tract. 

901
00:55:05,500 --> 00:55:09,300
Also says that sound was a 
father of own and matter is it 

902
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:13,200
mother? 
Speaking of ugh, neuroma is the 

903
00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:17,200
god of language and speech, and 
poetry not much on them, but 

904
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:20,200
there actually is a bronze 
carving of them in the Library 

905
00:55:20,200 --> 00:55:22,900
of Congress in America. 
So that's quite cool and I'll 

906
00:55:22,900 --> 00:55:26,400
make sure to throw that up on a 
our Instagram picture. 

907
00:55:26,600 --> 00:55:29,500
Jokes podcast there. 
Finally, the book of Bali mode 

908
00:55:29,500 --> 00:55:34,200
includes 92, recorded, secret 
modes of writing home, written 

909
00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:39,400
are between 13, 1913 91, Cee, so
very exciting. 

910
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:46,500
It's another. 
We briefly went through all my 

911
00:55:46,500 --> 00:55:50,100
let's return back to our Celts 
as so, the calcium have a better

912
00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:54,000
handle and respect of trees, 
true three veneration. 

913
00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:58,000
And thus, we reward may be in a 
sorry situation as we are in 

914
00:55:58,000 --> 00:56:01,200
now, it'll also be argued that 
whilst they were farming and 

915
00:56:01,200 --> 00:56:04,300
they were using tools. 
Maybe didn't have his incredible

916
00:56:04,300 --> 00:56:07,000
of Technology as we do now, when
I say maybe. 

917
00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:11,300
I mean definitely, so that could
be another reason and that trees

918
00:56:11,300 --> 00:56:15,600
were able to regenerate Generate
a healthy race, but the biggest 

919
00:56:15,600 --> 00:56:18,800
thing to remember is that, of 
course, the Cal's did use, would

920
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:21,200
you do me? 
And it is respected it. 

921
00:56:21,900 --> 00:56:25,300
And the answer even today, it 
isn't stop cutting down the 

922
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:27,200
trees. 
I don't want, I don't like 

923
00:56:27,200 --> 00:56:30,000
paper. 
I don't like I'm mama. 

924
00:56:30,000 --> 00:56:32,700
I don't like Furniture. 
That's not, that's not what it 

925
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:34,800
is. 
It's just about respecting us, 

926
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:36,900
you know? 
It's the same as look. 

927
00:56:36,900 --> 00:56:40,700
I could I could eat all the food
in the world in my home, but at 

928
00:56:40,700 --> 00:56:42,500
the end of the day, I got to go 
back to the shop. 

929
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:47,000
And I got a I got a resupply it 
my mama ain't going to do that 

930
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:49,900
for me. 
So the same goes for trees. 

931
00:56:49,900 --> 00:56:52,900
That same goes for forestry and 
the Celts used wood but they 

932
00:56:52,900 --> 00:56:57,700
just respected it. 
And so in the same period sector

933
00:56:57,700 --> 00:57:00,300
is increasingly used timber in 
the construction of Roads 

934
00:57:00,300 --> 00:57:04,200
Bridges and other technological 
advances in infrastructure. 

935
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:07,700
Kelly discusses the 
archaeological discovery of a 

936
00:57:07,700 --> 00:57:11,400
cause were built at to allow 
thusly more highway to cross a 

937
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:13,900
bog and correlate. 
A county Longford. 

938
00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:16,100
So there's yeah there's 
discovery of a sort of 

939
00:57:16,100 --> 00:57:19,500
maintained, a wooden roadway 
through a ball gag, your Speedos

940
00:57:19,500 --> 00:57:22,500
all over the place. 
I believe there's a really well,

941
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:26,300
M maintained one in the UK, it's
called the sweet track. 

942
00:57:26,300 --> 00:57:28,800
Yeah, these roadways are, would 
have been made, and are yeah. 

943
00:57:28,800 --> 00:57:30,900
Yeah, one was made in County 
Longford in. 

944
00:57:30,900 --> 00:57:35,300
Corley around 150, BCE. 
It was made of logs of Oak. 

945
00:57:35,300 --> 00:57:38,300
Lay it on top of Brushwood and 
would have been capable of 

946
00:57:38,308 --> 00:57:42,500
supporting wheeled Vehicles. 
The oak logs used were huge. 

947
00:57:42,700 --> 00:57:46,400
Resembled, railroad ties 
suggesting the organized and 

948
00:57:46,400 --> 00:57:49,200
communal effort needed to 
assemble and build them. 

949
00:57:49,500 --> 00:57:52,700
And so of course Timber had been
used since the Neolithic period 

950
00:57:52,700 --> 00:57:55,100
for housing and for other 
aspects of domestic life, such 

951
00:57:55,100 --> 00:58:00,800
as simple paths over damp ground
and overs for boats as evidenced

952
00:58:00,800 --> 00:58:03,700
by the late Bronze Age 
settlement at clown fin lock in 

953
00:58:03,700 --> 00:58:06,300
County, Offaly beyond the use of
Timber. 

954
00:58:06,300 --> 00:58:10,000
A central part of all early 
Irish life, revolved around a 

955
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:12,100
gathering, wild plants and using
Woodland. 

956
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:16,400
Has you know the woods were like
your Pharmacy for want of a 

957
00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:18,900
better word? 
Even now at the moment, there's 

958
00:58:18,900 --> 00:58:24,500
a theory that the Amazon because
it generates M so many different

959
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:29,100
types of Flora that. 
They think that the Cure, you 

960
00:58:29,100 --> 00:58:32,300
know, there's theories that the 
cure for every element on. 

961
00:58:32,300 --> 00:58:36,400
The earth can be found in these 
sort of large testing grounds 

962
00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:39,500
that are rainforest a Kelly 
points at the significance of 

963
00:58:39,500 --> 00:58:42,900
trees to the early Irish economy
through supplying nuts and For 

964
00:58:42,900 --> 00:58:46,400
human consumption and food stock
are for their animals. 

965
00:58:46,700 --> 00:58:50,700
The first so-called destruction 
phase of Irish Woodland began a 

966
00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:55,700
much later in around 300 CE e--.
And when major road construction

967
00:58:55,700 --> 00:58:59,400
occurred, at this point, prior 
the roads were talking about 

968
00:58:59,400 --> 00:59:03,900
here sort of minor, a wooden 
sort of Pathways Kelly finds 

969
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:07,100
evidence of such destruction in 
our language itself. 

970
00:59:07,100 --> 00:59:10,400
The common Irish word for road, 
which leha, which literally 

971
00:59:10,400 --> 00:59:14,300
means hacking are clearing, So 
definitely if you're familiar 

972
00:59:14,300 --> 00:59:18,700
with any of mankind and the Gans
books looking at language and 

973
00:59:18,700 --> 00:59:22,000
how we speak about things, as a 
great way to figure out the 

974
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:25,400
minds and hearts of the people 
that spoke those words at the 

975
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:27,400
time. 
But I love it. 

976
00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:31,900
We can really look at language 
in this episode to see how are 

977
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:37,100
changing sort of relationship 
with trees from and from 

978
00:59:37,100 --> 00:59:40,200
developing a whole language 
based off trees and nature to 

979
00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:45,900
then slowly washing as Our words
reflect hide in a relationship, 

980
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,600
it would landscape socially her.
Meaning Road literally 

981
00:59:49,800 --> 00:59:53,500
translates to hacking or Cleary.
Another Irish word for road is 

982
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:57,100
Bohemian or boring, and it 
translates, roughly to cow track

983
00:59:57,200 --> 00:59:59,400
and for cattle pastures to be 
maintained, the clearing of 

984
00:59:59,400 --> 01:00:04,600
Woodland became essential and as
the quantity of livestock Guru. 

985
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:09,500
Now, one sort of sacred ground 
was the deer on it was of 

986
01:00:09,508 --> 01:00:11,700
practical importance. 
These were the many forests 

987
01:00:11,700 --> 01:00:14,100
Borges and man, Actions that 
could not be cultivated for 

988
01:00:14,100 --> 01:00:16,300
farming. 
So were those considered common 

989
01:00:16,300 --> 01:00:18,900
land. 
It is 0, otherwise known as 

990
01:00:18,900 --> 01:00:23,200
undivided land as so this land 
would be open to anybody to use 

991
01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:26,900
and to not overuse as it was 
everyone's and nobody's at the 

992
01:00:26,900 --> 01:00:31,000
same time, although certain 
restrictions were mandated on 

993
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:33,800
the use of common land. 
Generally each free man of the 

994
01:00:33,808 --> 01:00:36,200
region was entitled to a share 
in its use. 

995
01:00:36,200 --> 01:00:38,700
Such shared uses involved the 
grace and have Capital the 

996
01:00:38,700 --> 01:00:42,200
collection of wood Turf as well 
as her herbs and berries. 

997
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:45,100
Remedies. 
So, yeah, I think it's a big 

998
01:00:45,100 --> 01:00:47,100
shame that we don't have common 
land today. 

999
01:00:47,200 --> 01:00:49,700
I do think it's a shame that 
there was something you would 

1000
01:00:49,700 --> 01:00:51,800
tell a tear in about the idea of
common land. 

1001
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:56,000
So, in his book on Irish trees, 
and I'll McCoy sure who have met

1002
01:00:56,000 --> 01:00:58,600
referenced already speaks in 
relation to the First Nation 

1003
01:00:58,600 --> 01:01:01,100
tribes in the US and their 
treatment of Buffalo, and we 

1004
01:01:01,100 --> 01:01:05,600
consider the gills are Celts. 
And I relationship with latrese.

1005
01:01:05,900 --> 01:01:09,400
And the Buffalo was sacred it 
because of its important 

1006
01:01:09,400 --> 01:01:13,100
practical use not, despite them 
when we think of Something 

1007
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:16,900
that's sacred. 
And I know we, we think of 

1008
01:01:16,900 --> 01:01:19,500
something that's not tampered 
with and I think it's 

1009
01:01:19,500 --> 01:01:23,000
interesting as Faith developed 
how more and more things that 

1010
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:26,900
are considered sacred or sort of
very abstract or man-made, you 

1011
01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:30,200
know, the first thing I think of
just giving my own upbringing, 

1012
01:01:30,200 --> 01:01:33,200
when I think of sacred is to do 
them, what's the term relics? 

1013
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:37,100
And idols, and assertive, the 
goal that particular going up as

1014
01:01:37,100 --> 01:01:40,100
a Catholic, this little goal 
chalices and things, you might 

1015
01:01:40,100 --> 01:01:43,000
see, but I like this idea that 
sake, You coming out of 

1016
01:01:43,008 --> 01:01:44,900
function. 
This is something that we were 

1017
01:01:44,900 --> 01:01:47,100
missing today. 
If something is valuable, we are

1018
01:01:47,100 --> 01:01:49,700
almost annoyed and sick reality 
in which is world. 

1019
01:01:49,700 --> 01:01:51,700
I've only discovered the eye to 
the Hopi security. 

1020
01:01:52,100 --> 01:01:56,000
A whereas the sacredness was set
in place for the exact reason it

1021
01:01:56,000 --> 01:01:58,100
over to use. 
Say credit, he was applied to 

1022
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:02,200
the Buffalo, and indeed are two 
trees in Ireland, it to avoid 

1023
01:02:02,200 --> 01:02:06,100
wanton consumption. 
It's exactly, because we have a 

1024
01:02:06,100 --> 01:02:09,700
use of it, that it is sacred, 
and we shouldn't overuse it a. 

1025
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:12,900
I think, at the moment, you 
know, if we discover Something 

1026
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:15,600
as a human species today, I, we 
want to use it. 

1027
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:18,600
We want to say it's abundant, 
you know, that's that's our 

1028
01:02:18,600 --> 01:02:22,900
hope, but that's not reality. 
If something's useful, we need 

1029
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:26,700
to be prepared to rationale that
and a to treated as sacred. 

1030
01:02:26,900 --> 01:02:29,500
It doesn't mean we have to power
down on our knees and worship it

1031
01:02:29,500 --> 01:02:31,700
as such a. 
But I think that it's there's 

1032
01:02:31,700 --> 01:02:34,500
something there's something 
helpful, there's a secret sauce 

1033
01:02:34,500 --> 01:02:38,500
and security that we need to or 
sacrality a that we need to 

1034
01:02:38,500 --> 01:02:42,000
apply today. 
If we want to really respect, 

1035
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:44,100
they are our flora and are 
fauna. 

1036
01:02:46,300 --> 01:02:49,500
So what we trees as sacred 
remains abundant, what we assume

1037
01:02:49,500 --> 01:02:53,100
is, abundant becomes exhausted, 
it brings to mind some of the 

1038
01:02:53,100 --> 01:02:54,900
imagery. 
We hold of his idols of Irish 

1039
01:02:54,900 --> 01:02:58,400
spiritualism, generally, things 
that no longer exist here, the 

1040
01:02:58,400 --> 01:03:02,700
wolf, the elk, the bear, and 
this is where I brought up at 

1041
01:03:02,700 --> 01:03:06,600
the start of simulacrum, which I
can't pronounce it all as 

1042
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:09,800
symbols. 
And and when symbols and become 

1043
01:03:09,800 --> 01:03:14,400
stronger than what they were 
meant, to represent the image of

1044
01:03:14,400 --> 01:03:16,200
the aisle. 
A of the Irish Warfare, the 

1045
01:03:16,200 --> 01:03:20,500
great elk, and the bear and they
sometimes are used as sort of 

1046
01:03:20,500 --> 01:03:26,100
symbols for a natural Ireland 
but they don't exist anymore 

1047
01:03:26,100 --> 01:03:31,100
because because of us and so do 
they really represent us as 

1048
01:03:31,100 --> 01:03:34,500
symbols are all well and good as
long as we stand by them. 

1049
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:38,900
And and and if we consider these
symbols important, you know, 

1050
01:03:38,900 --> 01:03:42,300
it's no good if we don't 
consider their Origins important

1051
01:03:42,300 --> 01:03:44,700
or don't treat them as sacred or
is important. 

1052
01:03:46,300 --> 01:03:48,600
At the time, when these animals 
such as the wolf, the elk and 

1053
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:51,500
the bear were alive, they were 
truly sacred and truly 

1054
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:53,500
respected. 
They weren't some imaginary 

1055
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:56,000
thing or an overwrought symbol 
of nature. 

1056
01:03:56,300 --> 01:03:59,000
They just wore in essence 
nature. 

1057
01:03:59,200 --> 01:04:02,400
Imagine a world where trees 
would only exist in memories and

1058
01:04:02,400 --> 01:04:05,600
song or someone's chain or 
tattoo the way, the wolf, the 

1059
01:04:05,600 --> 01:04:08,400
elk and the bear do in Ireland 
at the moment that world, 

1060
01:04:08,400 --> 01:04:12,000
unfortunately, or perhaps 
thankfully would not exist a but

1061
01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:15,300
it's very likely that if we 
don't put our I don't want to 

1062
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:18,200
say money where our mouth is, 
but put our actions where this 

1063
01:04:18,200 --> 01:04:22,600
is and, and not Studio of not 
serious. 

1064
01:04:22,600 --> 01:04:25,900
Just stay in the optimistic 
realm of symbols and, and 

1065
01:04:25,900 --> 01:04:30,000
drawings, and stories, you know,
there is a real possibility that

1066
01:04:30,000 --> 01:04:33,600
will look out at the world and 
it won't reflect who we believe 

1067
01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:35,500
we are. 
And at the moment, that's the 

1068
01:04:35,500 --> 01:04:38,200
truth. 
I think having the term the 

1069
01:04:38,200 --> 01:04:43,000
Emerald Isle and makes us feel 
that were some sort of bastions 

1070
01:04:43,000 --> 01:04:46,900
of of natural goodness. 
But the reality is, we're not 

1071
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:51,000
and we're actually failing 
miserably and I'm not trying to 

1072
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:54,900
be negative about it here. 
I do think we have here L at 

1073
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:58,900
this episode. 
So far, we come from a nation of

1074
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:01,800
people who really care about the
natural landscape. 

1075
01:05:01,800 --> 01:05:03,900
And I think we really care about
it presently. 

1076
01:05:04,100 --> 01:05:09,100
I think it's just figuring out 
how to make actionable change 

1077
01:05:09,100 --> 01:05:14,700
that our reality aligns with the
symbols that we use to define. 

1078
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:20,800
Ourselves. 
So yes, thankfully and yet 

1079
01:05:20,800 --> 01:05:23,600
unfortunately, what we would not
exist in a world where trees 

1080
01:05:23,600 --> 01:05:27,700
only existed as symbols and as 
memories we would all be dead 

1081
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:30,700
along with them and we certainly
wouldn't be around to see it and

1082
01:05:30,700 --> 01:05:33,800
if technology permitted it 
somehow is that really a world. 

1083
01:05:33,800 --> 01:05:35,900
You want to exist in. 
That's just existence. 

1084
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:39,800
That's not living world without 
nature at least, in my opinion. 

1085
01:05:40,000 --> 01:05:41,200
And I'm not trying to be 
substituted. 

1086
01:05:41,200 --> 01:05:44,600
If you have that, is I just 
don't, I don't know, I don't 

1087
01:05:44,600 --> 01:05:51,500
want robot trees. 
So when did Ireland officially 

1088
01:05:51,500 --> 01:05:55,700
break up with its trees? 
So Brian loss system of 

1089
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:58,200
personalizing and creating a 
social order for trees according

1090
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:01,700
to their size using fruit type 
and species is in strong 

1091
01:06:01,700 --> 01:06:05,600
contrast to the impending Norman
virus laws which are give 

1092
01:06:05,600 --> 01:06:07,800
absolute ownership to an 
individual. 

1093
01:06:08,500 --> 01:06:11,900
So there was an awareness and 
Brandon law even though people 

1094
01:06:11,900 --> 01:06:15,400
did old land that the land was 
not, you know, exclusively 

1095
01:06:15,400 --> 01:06:17,300
yours, it was his own autonomous
thing. 

1096
01:06:17,400 --> 01:06:21,700
NG very much, the norm and 
forests laws changed a lot of 

1097
01:06:21,700 --> 01:06:23,100
that. 
Hey ideology. 

1098
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:26,200
Instead land was owned by the 
individual. 

1099
01:06:27,000 --> 01:06:29,500
It Woodland laws, the Irish 
legal system were part of the 

1100
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:32,200
common laws. 
Were one piece of land with its 

1101
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:35,700
natural resources was allocated 
to an individual of a high rank 

1102
01:06:35,700 --> 01:06:39,400
and Trust to be transferred to 
the next Patron who is not 

1103
01:06:39,400 --> 01:06:42,600
necessarily a direct inheritor. 
So it could just be passed down 

1104
01:06:42,600 --> 01:06:44,900
to River. 
You saw fit it before, the 

1105
01:06:44,900 --> 01:06:47,200
Norman conquest of Gaelic 
Ireland, it was made up of 

1106
01:06:47,200 --> 01:06:49,700
several Well over kingdoms, 
which each comprising, then of 

1107
01:06:49,700 --> 01:06:53,100
several lesser Kingdoms at the 
top was the high King who 

1108
01:06:53,100 --> 01:06:56,100
received tribute from the other 
kings, but did not rule Ireland.

1109
01:06:56,100 --> 01:07:00,400
As a unitary state, this is a, 
the system, we had a place in 

1110
01:07:00,400 --> 01:07:03,100
Gaelic Ireland, under a brand 
law though, it had a common 

1111
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:06,700
culture and legal system, all 
the same a the five Port Towns 

1112
01:07:06,700 --> 01:07:09,100
of Dublin Wexford, Waterford 
Cork and Limerick are inhabited 

1113
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:13,200
by the north Irish and had their
own rulers at but they were all 

1114
01:07:13,400 --> 01:07:18,100
ruled under brand law. 
A communal ownership gave way to

1115
01:07:18,100 --> 01:07:21,300
the rise of feudalism. 
After the Norman Conquest in 

1116
01:07:21,400 --> 01:07:25,000
1161 a the commoners 
independence, decreased in both 

1117
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:29,200
Norman and Gaelic control areas,
then after the Norman Conquest. 

1118
01:07:29,700 --> 01:07:33,700
So everything became less free 
as well as the land sort of 

1119
01:07:33,700 --> 01:07:39,600
being caught up and divided more
strictly a you as an individual.

1120
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:46,200
Now, saw standing post and 
Norman Conquest, we were you To 

1121
01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:49,500
be able to serve more than one 
Lord, or even transfer from one 

1122
01:07:49,500 --> 01:07:52,500
lordship to the other. 
Now, we would be considered 

1123
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:55,600
unfree, tenants bound to the 
land and to that individual. 

1124
01:07:56,700 --> 01:08:00,800
So a cocktail is starting to 
happen of this new medieval 

1125
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:04,500
style ownership alongside the 
continued development of 

1126
01:08:04,500 --> 01:08:08,800
blanket, Borg and farming as 
tools, get better as populations

1127
01:08:08,800 --> 01:08:14,400
get larger and as new as skills 
are developed in agriculture and

1128
01:08:14,500 --> 01:08:18,700
this mixed with this new, Devo 
sort of legislative policy of 

1129
01:08:18,700 --> 01:08:24,100
ownership is contributing to the
loss of Forestry and indeed the 

1130
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,100
lack of perspective and 
veneration. 

1131
01:08:26,100 --> 01:08:29,100
It result in what could be 
regarded as the first major 

1132
01:08:29,100 --> 01:08:31,100
period of deforestation in 
Ireland? 

1133
01:08:31,100 --> 01:08:34,000
This took place during the 12th 
and 13th centuries. 

1134
01:08:37,100 --> 01:08:40,500
So this felling of Ferris in the
change of land, use accelerated 

1135
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:44,100
then further in the 16th 
century, when Ireland officially

1136
01:08:44,100 --> 01:08:49,500
became a British colony, So 
we'll go into the further and 

1137
01:08:49,500 --> 01:08:54,000
often times deforestation is 
very politicized and you know, 

1138
01:08:54,000 --> 01:08:57,899
and the British stole our trees.
And I definitely think that's 

1139
01:08:57,899 --> 01:09:01,100
the case. 
But I also think and this 

1140
01:09:01,100 --> 01:09:04,300
episode so far I hope has shown 
there's a lot more nuanced than 

1141
01:09:04,300 --> 01:09:08,700
just point out a very dubious 
about just pointing the finger 

1142
01:09:08,700 --> 01:09:12,100
at the British for everything, 
just because we have faults in 

1143
01:09:12,100 --> 01:09:14,100
our own forests system, doesn't 
take away. 

1144
01:09:14,100 --> 01:09:18,800
The fact that Never the bridges 
players to come in and take 

1145
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:21,500
anything of ours at the 
Industrial Development of the 

1146
01:09:21,500 --> 01:09:24,200
fuel hungry British. 
I'll the growing demand for 

1147
01:09:24,200 --> 01:09:27,000
cheap Timber used for 
shipbuilding purposes and the 

1148
01:09:27,000 --> 01:09:29,800
inefficient and corrupt system 
of forest Administration in 

1149
01:09:29,800 --> 01:09:33,100
Tudor England, but the pressure 
on Ireland as a suitable Target 

1150
01:09:33,100 --> 01:09:37,100
for Invasion but strategically 
and economically Advanced 

1151
01:09:37,100 --> 01:09:39,200
clearance of fires for 
agricultural purposes. 

1152
01:09:39,399 --> 01:09:42,800
Continue during the plantation 
period systematic Plantation 

1153
01:09:42,800 --> 01:09:46,500
occurred on a vast scale from 
1556 to 16:9 Auntie by the 

1154
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:49,399
English Welsh and Scottish 
landlords in Ireland, and they 

1155
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:51,899
conquered and subdued the 
inhabitants, whose defense 

1156
01:09:51,899 --> 01:09:55,300
capabilities were dependent on 
the forest as a shelter against 

1157
01:09:55,300 --> 01:09:57,900
ambushes. 
So, sort of the clearing of 

1158
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:03,300
forests tree as will see, Way by
British colonists War to phone 

1159
01:10:03,500 --> 01:10:07,500
for a lot of the laypeople. 
The fairest acted in this common

1160
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:11,800
land, acted as a protection and 
somewhere, they knew this 

1161
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:14,800
definitely feels like the early 
seeds of even the are the 

1162
01:10:14,800 --> 01:10:18,700
Guerrilla War. 
Xander M of the flying columns, 

1163
01:10:18,900 --> 01:10:21,200
you know, the land better than 
the oppressor. 

1164
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:25,200
So then obviously clearing the 
trees in these sort of, forested

1165
01:10:25,200 --> 01:10:30,100
areas was of benefit to British 
colonizers and law enforcers 

1166
01:10:30,200 --> 01:10:33,900
because and they could, there 
was the endless places for a 

1167
01:10:33,900 --> 01:10:37,200
rebellious sorts hide. 
But then, on top of that, these 

1168
01:10:37,200 --> 01:10:40,400
trees could also then be used 
for shipbuilding and for 

1169
01:10:40,400 --> 01:10:44,400
smelting and the likes. 
And so it was kind of a win-win 

1170
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:50,500
for the British and a a loser 
loser for the Irish at the 17th 

1171
01:10:50,500 --> 01:10:53,200
century Plantation, which had 
started in the southern Midlands

1172
01:10:53,200 --> 01:10:54,800
spread throughout the entire 
country. 

1173
01:10:55,000 --> 01:10:57,800
Leaving 1.5 million out of two 
million. 

1174
01:10:57,800 --> 01:11:03,000
Acres of Irish, landscape under 
Plantation, 1.5 million out of 

1175
01:11:03,000 --> 01:11:05,900
two million Acres. 
So, there you go. 

1176
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:10,100
After the tutors deforestation 
continued during the Stewart and

1177
01:11:10,100 --> 01:11:13,200
Commonwealth periods, decreasing
Wildlife, biodiversity, and 

1178
01:11:13,200 --> 01:11:15,800
gradually alienating the Irish 
who had earlier alive. 

1179
01:11:16,000 --> 01:11:18,700
Down the woods as shelter and 
dwelling and a source of their 

1180
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:22,300
livelihood, as well as in 
certain cases as their place of 

1181
01:11:22,300 --> 01:11:25,900
worship and less than 100 years,
the social environmental effects

1182
01:11:25,900 --> 01:11:29,200
of deforestation were already 
visible in Ireland. 

1183
01:11:29,900 --> 01:11:32,600
Native species such as wolves 
Eagles, Birds of Prey, and 

1184
01:11:32,600 --> 01:11:36,300
Wildcats dwindled, as a result 
of losing so much natural 

1185
01:11:36,300 --> 01:11:38,100
habitat. 
The Irish people on the 

1186
01:11:38,100 --> 01:11:40,600
underhand, underwent immense 
pressure from the British 

1187
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:43,800
colonizers who had not only 
bereft them of their shelter and

1188
01:11:43,800 --> 01:11:46,800
source of income, but also 
gradually a Alienated them from 

1189
01:11:46,800 --> 01:11:50,400
their own dwellings in proximity
of the woods think of how much 

1190
01:11:50,400 --> 01:11:52,500
your life would change. 
And and and the way you 

1191
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:56,700
considered yourself I always 
think the biggest awful thing 

1192
01:11:56,700 --> 01:12:00,500
about colonizing. 
If you can pin it down to one 

1193
01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:05,100
thing is how someone comes in 
with a certain way of life and 

1194
01:12:05,100 --> 01:12:12,000
looks at your way of life. 
And says stupid, do you have my 

1195
01:12:12,000 --> 01:12:14,400
way other you know I'd prefer to
have my way. 

1196
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:16,200
Thank you. 
So this pressure From the 

1197
01:12:16,208 --> 01:12:19,300
British colonizers and the Irish
worsened in the aftermath of the

1198
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:23,300
act of Union, it is 1800, and 
the consequences of absentee 

1199
01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:25,700
landlordism, it would severely 
affected. 

1200
01:12:25,700 --> 01:12:29,400
The countryside already hit by 
the increasing demand for food 

1201
01:12:29,400 --> 01:12:31,700
and shelter. 
As a result of population growth

1202
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:35,700
as well, between 1700 and 1840. 
So nature, which had still 

1203
01:12:35,700 --> 01:12:38,500
remained a source of livelihood,
as well as spirituality for 

1204
01:12:38,500 --> 01:12:41,000
Centuries with the Irish, had 
gradually, became an 

1205
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:42,900
awe-inspiring and threatening 
presence. 

1206
01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:45,800
There's this shift in Attitude 
within the IRS. 

1207
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:48,700
Age population is apparent in 
the reaction to the are leery 

1208
01:12:48,700 --> 01:12:51,700
firestation schemes, the plan to
improve the rapidly. 

1209
01:12:51,700 --> 01:12:55,000
Dwindling, Irish Fires at the 
18th century reforestation. 

1210
01:12:55,000 --> 01:12:58,700
Start in 1765 at the hands of 
the Gentry who are direct 

1211
01:12:58,700 --> 01:13:02,600
descendants of the Planters of 
the Scottish English, and Welsh 

1212
01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:06,400
Planters, Elder schemes were 
insufficient and clearly elitist

1213
01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:08,400
and not paying the least 
attention to the local 

1214
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:11,400
population at all, and the 
negative impact of colonization 

1215
01:13:11,400 --> 01:13:13,600
in these. 
Poor rural areas the Irish would

1216
01:13:13,600 --> 01:13:15,800
already regarded landowners as 
Grabbers? 

1217
01:13:16,000 --> 01:13:19,900
Foreigners are direct quotes 
become more hostile towards both

1218
01:13:19,900 --> 01:13:23,700
the owners as well as the land. 
So, they started to see this re 

1219
01:13:23,700 --> 01:13:28,500
fire station by by landlords and
absentee, landlords, and 

1220
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:32,200
landowners, as abusive, as 
you're using my land, and I 

1221
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:36,500
suppose, the reality was that 
the Irish didn't feel this 

1222
01:13:36,500 --> 01:13:39,300
relationship to their land 
anymore and wasn't when they 

1223
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:40,900
looked out. 
They didn't see themselves 

1224
01:13:40,900 --> 01:13:43,500
anymore, because it wasn't 
Theirs to own. 

1225
01:13:43,500 --> 01:13:47,700
It was just some where they sat 
on, This hostility continued and

1226
01:13:47,700 --> 01:13:50,000
persisted for well, over a 
century in the shape of 

1227
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:53,300
mutilating cutting trees as a 
sign of political protest 

1228
01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:56,900
against landlords, it the reefer
station scheme continued until 

1229
01:13:56,900 --> 01:14:00,800
about 1845, regardless of the 
famine-stricken farmers, who 

1230
01:14:00,800 --> 01:14:03,800
were all denied, a source of 
income, during the minor periods

1231
01:14:03,800 --> 01:14:07,500
of famine in the 19th century, 
ultimately on gorta Mor are the 

1232
01:14:07,500 --> 01:14:10,000
great hunger. 
It resulted in the death of more

1233
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:12,900
than 1 million, Irish people and
the emigration of another 

1234
01:14:12,900 --> 01:14:17,200
million from 1845 to 1852. 
Prove the indifference of the 

1235
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:20,400
formerly benign nature to the 
suffering of millions of poor 

1236
01:14:20,400 --> 01:14:23,800
farmers who only means of 
survival was the Irish 

1237
01:14:23,800 --> 01:14:28,100
landscape. 
There's a lot of I know in the 

1238
01:14:28,100 --> 01:14:33,400
latest mankind book, listen to 
the lime speak, he speaks on 

1239
01:14:33,400 --> 01:14:37,800
how, you know, the Irish would 
have had a Reliance and hope in 

1240
01:14:37,800 --> 01:14:41,900
the land and and respected that 
it would provide for us. 

1241
01:14:42,300 --> 01:14:46,900
So even though it wasn't the 
lands fault, it's not the lands 

1242
01:14:46,900 --> 01:14:50,000
fault and it would have felt 
like the land filled. 

1243
01:14:50,000 --> 01:14:53,700
You, you know, this huge 
interested in her to provide for

1244
01:14:53,700 --> 01:14:56,000
you. 
And, and, and it seemed to just 

1245
01:14:56,100 --> 01:15:00,200
Just spit back in your face. 
So there's this sort of respect 

1246
01:15:00,200 --> 01:15:06,300
and reverence of the land was 
completely destroyed and about 

1247
01:15:06,300 --> 01:15:09,700
the unfortunate thing about that
is it wasn't it wasn't us that 

1248
01:15:09,700 --> 01:15:12,500
one day, the landscape decided 
effect. 

1249
01:15:12,500 --> 01:15:14,900
He anyway. 
Oh yeah. 

1250
01:15:14,900 --> 01:15:17,400
And as we all know, and there 
was plenty of food being grown 

1251
01:15:17,400 --> 01:15:20,600
in Ireland at the time of good. 
Great hunger. 

1252
01:15:21,300 --> 01:15:24,300
And I think em wasn't out of 
fact that during the greatest 

1253
01:15:24,300 --> 01:15:29,100
year of emigration of Ireland. 
Of people even more cattle were 

1254
01:15:29,100 --> 01:15:32,000
shipped to Britain. 
Then Irish people immigrating 

1255
01:15:32,000 --> 01:15:37,300
from Ireland at the time. 
So there was food there, lest we

1256
01:15:37,300 --> 01:15:42,300
forget, there was food. 
The last but not least major 

1257
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:45,000
cause of deforestation 
definitely not least after the 

1258
01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:46,800
egg, Great Famine or the great 
hunger. 

1259
01:15:46,900 --> 01:15:50,600
It was The Land Act 1881 so this
was implemented for the purpose 

1260
01:15:50,600 --> 01:15:53,000
of transferring land ownership 
back to Farmers. 

1261
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:57,800
So farmers are bereft of a major
source of income for and profit 

1262
01:15:57,800 --> 01:16:00,300
for a long time. 
So 19th century, landlords 

1263
01:16:00,300 --> 01:16:03,900
cleared, vast areas of forest 
just to compensate for this loss

1264
01:16:04,100 --> 01:16:07,700
of previously owned land 
furthermore Farmers exploited 

1265
01:16:07,700 --> 01:16:10,200
the remaining woodlands in 
search of tillage and grazing. 

1266
01:16:10,400 --> 01:16:13,300
So they needed increase their 
profits. 

1267
01:16:13,300 --> 01:16:14,800
They looked around where we can.
We do that? 

1268
01:16:14,800 --> 01:16:16,300
Jesus. 
There's a forest over there on 

1269
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:19,100
land that I own. 
Clear away that let's put down 

1270
01:16:19,100 --> 01:16:23,700
some, I wish there were a few 
cows when State forestry began 

1271
01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:27,200
replanting trees in 1903. 
Only 69 thousand hectares of 

1272
01:16:27,200 --> 01:16:29,400
Ireland's aged and 
long-established fires were 

1273
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:35,000
left, IE 1 to 1.5 percent of the
total land area State forestry, 

1274
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:37,700
stop during the decades that led
to the independence of Ireland, 

1275
01:16:37,700 --> 01:16:41,300
a from Britain, The newly 
independent state had other 

1276
01:16:41,300 --> 01:16:44,500
priorities on the agenda. 
A tree fire station disappeared 

1277
01:16:44,500 --> 01:16:47,800
in the background for some time.
First thing we were thinking I 

1278
01:16:47,800 --> 01:16:51,700
wasn't wasn't very first in 
Ireland, once we got our country

1279
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:55,900
back, unfortunately, but I 
understand that it increased 

1280
01:16:55,900 --> 01:16:57,700
demand for fuel and Timber 
during World War. 

1281
01:16:57,700 --> 01:17:00,700
One had led to a further 
reduction of Ireland's first and

1282
01:17:00,700 --> 01:17:03,600
WWII, also hindered state. 
If our station to a considerable

1283
01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:07,300
extent, until the first react, 
it was set up in 1946, which 

1284
01:17:07,300 --> 01:17:09,100
accelerated the process of 
planting trees. 

1285
01:17:09,200 --> 01:17:13,000
By up to 10,000 acres per annum,
furthermore Ireland's entry in 

1286
01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:18,300
the European economic Community.
Now, call the EU in 1973 true, 

1287
01:17:18,300 --> 01:17:20,500
the privatization of Ireland's 
forestry. 

1288
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:24,700
I don't know if that was a good 
thing by 1979, at least Ireland 

1289
01:17:24,700 --> 01:17:27,800
had the largest and most rapidly
expanding Forest Area per capita

1290
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:30,800
in any of Europe, yet. 
This acceleration was to be 

1291
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:32,500
hindered. 
Once again, as the country 

1292
01:17:32,500 --> 01:17:36,400
entered, a new phase of economic
Prosperity during a period. 

1293
01:17:36,400 --> 01:17:38,700
We now know as the infamous 
Celtic tiger. 

1294
01:17:39,400 --> 01:17:42,100
Among other factors. 
The growth of urban sprawl led 

1295
01:17:42,100 --> 01:17:44,500
to an increased demand for 
building roads, that connected 

1296
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:47,300
the countryside, with to the 
cities, particularly Dublin, 

1297
01:17:47,500 --> 01:17:50,600
which at times required vast. 
Clearances of Woodland regions, 

1298
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:53,500
the popularity of Ireland is a 
tourist destination since last 

1299
01:17:53,500 --> 01:17:56,700
decade of the 20th century had 
also, a double-sided impact on 

1300
01:17:56,708 --> 01:17:59,100
the landscape. 
While cultural tourism had led 

1301
01:17:59,100 --> 01:18:01,600
to the privatization of certain 
areas such as luck, killing 

1302
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,600
County, Sligo or could park and 
go away the increased human 

1303
01:18:04,600 --> 01:18:07,200
interference with this landscape
as a result result of 

1304
01:18:07,208 --> 01:18:09,100
insufficient management. 
Frequent visits. 

1305
01:18:09,200 --> 01:18:12,100
It and road construction and 
pollution had had adverse 

1306
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:14,300
effects on environment. 
So people wanting to visit 

1307
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:16,300
natural areas. 
Unfortunately, was actually 

1308
01:18:16,300 --> 01:18:20,800
destroying the Natural Area and 
obviously a tremendous amount of

1309
01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:26,000
our deforestation is owed to 
Britain, subjugating us to a 

1310
01:18:26,000 --> 01:18:28,400
different mode of living at 
first glance. 

1311
01:18:28,400 --> 01:18:31,800
Of course, economic gain seems 
to be the primary motivation 

1312
01:18:31,800 --> 01:18:34,900
behind the exploitation of 
forests in Ireland, as well as 

1313
01:18:34,907 --> 01:18:38,200
the cultivation of land, and of 
building towns and developing 

1314
01:18:38,200 --> 01:18:43,500
Society more a In to the British
way of living, unlike the native

1315
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:47,500
girls who didn't show much 
interest in landscaping and 

1316
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:51,900
farming or at least if they did,
it wasn't developed to maybe the

1317
01:18:51,900 --> 01:18:57,400
Proto industrious scale that 
colonization would lead us into 

1318
01:18:57,600 --> 01:18:59,700
at the Norman and English 
settlers had an eye for the 

1319
01:18:59,700 --> 01:19:03,100
hidden profits, in the 
development of an agricultural 

1320
01:19:03,100 --> 01:19:07,500
system here in Ireland. 
Given a are dense forests that 

1321
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:12,000
were encoding Remarks on 
developed the development of an 

1322
01:19:12,000 --> 01:19:14,800
agricultural system as well as 
using Ireland's identifiers. 

1323
01:19:14,800 --> 01:19:18,300
In the form of a Timber 
Reservoir, it would be of great 

1324
01:19:18,300 --> 01:19:22,000
benefit to Britain as a 
superpower in 1183. 

1325
01:19:22,000 --> 01:19:25,600
A, our good friend, Gerald of 
Wales and a, a travel to 

1326
01:19:25,600 --> 01:19:27,800
Ireland. 
As we know, as a part of the 

1327
01:19:27,800 --> 01:19:31,900
Norman Conquest, Gerald related,
Ireland, lack of interest in 

1328
01:19:31,900 --> 01:19:35,300
expanding our farming and 
husbandry, as a sign of our 

1329
01:19:35,300 --> 01:19:38,500
barbarity. 
But our from what we know, in 

1330
01:19:38,500 --> 01:19:40,700
previous eras, Loads of Gerald 
of Wales. 

1331
01:19:40,700 --> 01:19:44,000
He didn't look at us to kindly 
anywhere in the 10th chapter of 

1332
01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:47,700
typography, a high burn occur. 
He describes the character 

1333
01:19:47,700 --> 01:19:51,300
customs and habits of the Irish 
people as both barbarous and 

1334
01:19:51,300 --> 01:19:55,500
slothful to quote him. 
Directly, the Irish are a rude 

1335
01:19:55,500 --> 01:20:00,000
people subsisting on the produce
of their cattle only and living 

1336
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:01,600
themselves. 
Like beasts. 

1337
01:20:02,200 --> 01:20:05,000
A people that has not yet 
departed from the Primitive 

1338
01:20:05,000 --> 01:20:08,500
habits of pastoral life. 
Their pastures are short of 

1339
01:20:08,500 --> 01:20:13,100
Herbert, The cultivation is very
rare and there's scarcely, any 

1340
01:20:13,100 --> 01:20:17,400
lands owned the whole habit of 
the people are contrary to 

1341
01:20:17,400 --> 01:20:19,100
agricultural. 
Pursuits. 

1342
01:20:20,300 --> 01:20:23,700
So this derogatory portrayal of 
the Irish people became a common

1343
01:20:23,700 --> 01:20:27,000
sort of referenced a in the 
later, Colonial period. 

1344
01:20:27,300 --> 01:20:30,700
So the English found those, they
wish to colonize as the perfect 

1345
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:32,700
foil. 
It set off their virtues. 

1346
01:20:32,900 --> 01:20:37,100
There was sort of a double-edged
sword in M80, depletion of Irish

1347
01:20:37,100 --> 01:20:40,900
forests, and we can see this 
Edmund, spenser's description of

1348
01:20:40,900 --> 01:20:44,500
Irish people in his Rising, a 
view of the present state of 

1349
01:20:44,500 --> 01:20:48,200
Ireland. 
And that that dropped in 1596 it

1350
01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:50,800
attributes characteristics. 
Such as wildness barbarity and 

1351
01:20:50,800 --> 01:20:54,400
slot, as well as disorder it to 
the native inhabitants of 

1352
01:20:54,400 --> 01:20:56,100
Ireland. 
And you see this sort of 

1353
01:20:56,100 --> 01:21:00,500
approach whereby a lot of 
English writers saying that it's

1354
01:21:00,500 --> 01:21:05,500
twofold that there's a pile of 
trees to be and and prayer and 

1355
01:21:05,500 --> 01:21:09,800
resources at to be stripped from
Ireland and by doing so, Don't 

1356
01:21:09,800 --> 01:21:11,500
we don't have to feel bad by 
doing. 

1357
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:13,900
So we're actually helping and 
civilizing. 

1358
01:21:13,900 --> 01:21:16,800
These people in the dialogue 
between the English base. 

1359
01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:19,400
He Ducks, has and Irene he's 
apologies. 

1360
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:22,300
If I said those names and 
correctly at the latter who had 

1361
01:21:22,300 --> 01:21:25,600
recently returned from a recent 
trip to Ireland pierced appears 

1362
01:21:25,600 --> 01:21:27,100
to be an expert on Irish 
matters. 

1363
01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:30,500
I read this explains that Irish 
approach to law, religion, and 

1364
01:21:30,500 --> 01:21:34,500
Customs is why it's good lie and
commodious soil has not been 

1365
01:21:34,500 --> 01:21:37,600
turned to good use. 
And if it was turned to good use

1366
01:21:37,600 --> 01:21:41,300
it would it would better the And
civility of this Savage Nation. 

1367
01:21:42,000 --> 01:21:46,500
The term Savage that the use is 
spelled sa L VAR GE. 

1368
01:21:46,500 --> 01:21:50,600
It's a narrow an obsolete term 
for Savage, but it derives from 

1369
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:54,700
the word Silva which is the 
Latin for would it is further 

1370
01:21:54,700 --> 01:21:57,900
explains the association of the 
natives, with the wooded 

1371
01:21:57,900 --> 01:22:00,000
landscape. 
They came from a but from of 

1372
01:22:00,000 --> 01:22:03,200
inherently negative perspective,
as long as these people are not 

1373
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:06,400
removed their Woodlands or the 
woodlands are not removed from 

1374
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:09,000
them, they will remain 
uncivilized, they will remain. 

1375
01:22:09,100 --> 01:22:12,100
Main Paris people, they will 
remain Gales. 

1376
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:14,300
So what we see in all these 
narratives, whether it's from 

1377
01:22:14,300 --> 01:22:18,900
Gerald of Wales, whether it's 
from Edmund, Spenser, or indeed 

1378
01:22:19,000 --> 01:22:22,000
a from Irene. 
He's and is this colonial point 

1379
01:22:22,000 --> 01:22:25,800
of view that ultimately 
justifies the exploitation of 

1380
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:28,400
another country. 
They obviously want this reserve

1381
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:33,000
of Woodlands, but in proper 
English colonizing fashion, they

1382
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:36,900
also have to validate it as 
actually being sort of them 

1383
01:22:36,900 --> 01:22:40,300
coming in and saving us. 
It can't just it be a case that 

1384
01:22:40,300 --> 01:22:44,300
they are fulfilling their desire
for wanton greed and expansion. 

1385
01:22:45,900 --> 01:22:48,800
Cultivating lad would not only 
be putting the soil to good use 

1386
01:22:48,900 --> 01:22:52,600
but would bring the so-called 
Savage Nation under control and 

1387
01:22:52,600 --> 01:22:55,300
and teach them how to be 
civilized while describing the 

1388
01:22:55,300 --> 01:23:00,700
local brand laws Irene is 
explains that English rule had 

1389
01:23:00,700 --> 01:23:03,500
not yet tamed. 
The natives Irene is reduced, 

1390
01:23:03,500 --> 01:23:07,000
the Irish people to animals left
on their own in need of a 

1391
01:23:07,008 --> 01:23:08,900
bridle. 
In other words, he described the

1392
01:23:08,900 --> 01:23:12,600
Irish, as sheep purely in need 
of a Shepherd, that Shepherd, 

1393
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:18,000
being English rule, So this 
whole sort of world view, shows 

1394
01:23:18,000 --> 01:23:23,700
a sea change in ideology whereby
and it's separated and from 

1395
01:23:23,700 --> 01:23:25,400
nature. 
This was already happening 

1396
01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:29,500
during the Renaissance and then 
it was further during the 

1397
01:23:29,500 --> 01:23:32,700
Enlightenment and I turned into 
a sort of antagonistic view 

1398
01:23:32,700 --> 01:23:36,800
which is known as physio phobia.
And that's an alienated and 

1399
01:23:36,800 --> 01:23:39,100
hostile reaction to the Natural 
World. 

1400
01:23:39,800 --> 01:23:43,400
This view posits man, as above 
nature. 

1401
01:23:43,400 --> 01:23:47,900
And man, as Above Beast. 
It, we're not animals, were 

1402
01:23:48,100 --> 01:23:50,900
separate all together, and this 
is even tied up with religion. 

1403
01:23:50,900 --> 01:23:54,900
The idea that man was created in
God's image. 

1404
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,000
It's quite an egotistical 
review. 

1405
01:23:57,000 --> 01:24:01,700
It separates man, as being above
everything in the natural world.

1406
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:06,000
So you create this sort of a 
hierarchy where man is the 

1407
01:24:06,000 --> 01:24:10,600
master of the universe is second
only to God and then placed at 

1408
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:13,500
the uppermost level of the great
chain of being. 

1409
01:24:14,000 --> 01:24:18,100
So this sort of You pairs 
perfectly with a colonizer vs. 

1410
01:24:18,100 --> 01:24:23,100
Colonized view is the idea that 
Jesus we need to save these 

1411
01:24:23,100 --> 01:24:24,400
humans. 
They don't realize they're at 

1412
01:24:24,407 --> 01:24:28,100
the top of this great Jane. 
It's funny that language comes 

1413
01:24:28,100 --> 01:24:31,200
back into play here that when we
use words like be steel and 

1414
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:36,600
undeveloped and Savage. 
It turns this idea of man in 

1415
01:24:37,000 --> 01:24:41,100
tandem with nature as a sort of 
disgusting or primitive thing, 

1416
01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:45,200
whereas we could equally today, 
use negative words at this, Rid 

1417
01:24:45,200 --> 01:24:48,700
of egotistic. 
Separation of man from nature. 

1418
01:24:48,800 --> 01:24:52,600
Whereby we stand on top of a 
concrete Tower and watch has 

1419
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:57,400
everything around us melts. 
So I think the perfect metaphor 

1420
01:24:57,400 --> 01:25:00,200
to use for the transformation of
Ireland, from the time of the 

1421
01:25:00,200 --> 01:25:04,000
Celtic civilization, to who we 
are now is to look at language 

1422
01:25:04,000 --> 01:25:05,900
and its relationship to our 
trees. 

1423
01:25:05,900 --> 01:25:09,800
We've already done looked at so 
far with own then looking at 

1424
01:25:09,800 --> 01:25:12,500
words that boring which 
literally mean cattle track to 

1425
01:25:12,500 --> 01:25:16,900
show how we went from a people 
venerated trees who sort of then

1426
01:25:16,900 --> 01:25:21,200
respected but wart having an 
effect on the landscape to now, 

1427
01:25:21,200 --> 01:25:24,500
which is sort of that. 
We're just absolutely crippling 

1428
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:28,500
our native Cape in the past. 
We based system of communication

1429
01:25:28,500 --> 01:25:32,300
on the silhouette of the tree 
ohm a language based on nature. 

1430
01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:36,400
Now we have turned man-made 
words against our own fires 

1431
01:25:36,400 --> 01:25:39,600
through tactically, vague 
definitions, that's Q public 

1432
01:25:39,600 --> 01:25:43,200
perception. 
So this is what is known as the 

1433
01:25:43,200 --> 01:25:47,600
forest fallacy and we can see 
that organizations such as 

1434
01:25:47,600 --> 01:25:52,500
culture as well as the da FM and
the Irish free state often have 

1435
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:58,400
used language to sort of MV. 
L how dire of a situation? 

1436
01:25:58,400 --> 01:26:02,400
We are with regards. 
Our native forests and natural, 

1437
01:26:02,400 --> 01:26:05,500
landscape culture being 
Ireland's leading, forestry 

1438
01:26:05,500 --> 01:26:07,900
company lump. 
The few remaining native 

1439
01:26:07,900 --> 01:26:10,900
Woodlands together with our 
Conifer plantations under the 

1440
01:26:10,900 --> 01:26:14,600
singular term fairest. 
This vague understanding of the 

1441
01:26:14,600 --> 01:26:18,400
word virus might just seem like 
a, you know, a silly little 

1442
01:26:18,400 --> 01:26:21,600
mistake and I'm sure people 
don't do it intentionally and 

1443
01:26:21,600 --> 01:26:25,000
but it has a real world impact 
where someone might tell you, 

1444
01:26:25,100 --> 01:26:29,100
hey, I I planted however, 50 
forests this year, and you got, 

1445
01:26:29,100 --> 01:26:31,100
that's amazing. 
And then you discover, it's a 

1446
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:35,800
monoculture of just sick 
disproves lined up in rows to be

1447
01:26:35,800 --> 01:26:39,600
cut down in the next. 
However, many 10, 20 30 years 

1448
01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:41,700
time. 
It that doesn't really benefit 

1449
01:26:41,700 --> 01:26:44,200
the landscape. 
And when we spoke at the start 

1450
01:26:44,200 --> 01:26:48,000
of the episode about this Irish 
rain forest, that has a whole 

1451
01:26:48,000 --> 01:26:52,800
host of trees and lichens and 
woodland, animals running 

1452
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:55,700
around, that doesn't exist in 
Irish. 

1453
01:26:56,100 --> 01:26:59,600
And so be very dubious. 
When you hear how much forests 

1454
01:26:59,600 --> 01:27:02,700
in quotation marks has been 
planted in Ireland and ask 

1455
01:27:02,700 --> 01:27:04,200
yourself. 
Is that forestry? 

1456
01:27:04,200 --> 01:27:07,900
Is that something made for human
production as something in line 

1457
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:11,200
more. 
So, with the ideology that we 

1458
01:27:11,200 --> 01:27:15,300
developed from colonization and 
from farming practices, or are 

1459
01:27:15,308 --> 01:27:19,100
we talking about forests, in the
very real world sense, is 

1460
01:27:19,100 --> 01:27:23,300
something more akin to our old, 
natural rainforest, a society of

1461
01:27:23,300 --> 01:27:27,700
trees made up of many different 
breed AIDs that can accommodate 

1462
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:31,900
many different animals isn't 
Just A Wasteland with whose sole

1463
01:27:31,900 --> 01:27:35,600
purpose is for production, 
despite quilter and da. 

1464
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:39,600
FM's insistent that it plants a 
forests across Ireland. 

1465
01:27:39,700 --> 01:27:41,700
Such cultivation. 
Might better be termed the 

1466
01:27:41,700 --> 01:27:44,900
cultivation of Conifer crops 
since these trees are planted 

1467
01:27:44,900 --> 01:27:49,000
and harvested as low-cost 
commercial produce, these aren't

1468
01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:52,600
forests that are intended to 
last the test of time a healthy 

1469
01:27:52,600 --> 01:27:56,100
for Irish fires, as we now know,
includes a rich array of And 

1470
01:27:56,100 --> 01:28:00,200
shrub species such as Oak Birch.
Holly Hazel Ash Willow and Rowan

1471
01:28:00,400 --> 01:28:03,700
that can support of diverse, 
tapestry of animals and wild 

1472
01:28:03,700 --> 01:28:05,800
flowers that are native to here 
to Ireland. 

1473
01:28:06,100 --> 01:28:09,700
It's not a balanced and of one 
or two exotic tree species, such

1474
01:28:09,700 --> 01:28:12,700
a manipulation of language, 
underscores a rhetorical, 

1475
01:28:12,900 --> 01:28:16,400
fairest fallacy, 2016, study 
titled, when is the fairest of 

1476
01:28:16,400 --> 01:28:19,200
fairest describes, the problem 
of classifications and 

1477
01:28:19,200 --> 01:28:21,300
definitions used in Forest 
management. 

1478
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:24,600
It doesn't adequately 
distinguish between natural and 

1479
01:28:24,600 --> 01:28:27,000
planted forests. 
This is a huge problem in 

1480
01:28:27,000 --> 01:28:30,200
Ireland today, using the world 
Forest as an umbrella term, to 

1481
01:28:30,200 --> 01:28:34,100
describe both native Woodlands, 
as well as Conifer, plantations 

1482
01:28:34,100 --> 01:28:38,100
undermines actual conservation 
measures in Ireland and clouds 

1483
01:28:38,100 --> 01:28:40,100
public perception of what is 
being planted. 

1484
01:28:40,900 --> 01:28:45,800
I'm not saying the culture and 
dfm a are some big bad evil 

1485
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:49,700
villain sitting in Towers 
rubbing cat going out. 

1486
01:28:49,700 --> 01:28:52,600
They don't thank God for the 
vague as you've far as the 

1487
01:28:52,608 --> 01:28:57,000
definition and but they do 
benefit from these ambiguous 

1488
01:28:57,000 --> 01:28:59,100
terms. 
A you can see the word forest 

1489
01:28:59,100 --> 01:29:03,000
all over clutches website and 
this is causing the public to 

1490
01:29:03,000 --> 01:29:06,200
fall prey to the forest fallacy 
as it's known. 

1491
01:29:07,400 --> 01:29:10,900
Hey also these trees are planted
too close together for Annie, 

1492
01:29:10,900 --> 01:29:14,400
Wildlife, or plant life to 
really survive or make a home 

1493
01:29:14,400 --> 01:29:16,100
under them. 
The reason they've landed so 

1494
01:29:16,100 --> 01:29:20,700
close together is because these 
forests are considering a 

1495
01:29:20,700 --> 01:29:25,300
productivity on a monetary level
first and foremost, how many 

1496
01:29:25,300 --> 01:29:29,600
trees can I squeeze into this? 
Land is so that I can make the 

1497
01:29:29,600 --> 01:29:31,900
most profit off of it. 
It's not some sort of 

1498
01:29:31,900 --> 01:29:34,200
goody-goody act, that they're 
doing of. 

1499
01:29:34,200 --> 01:29:38,400
I want the squirrels and the I 
was what did the monkeys I want?

1500
01:29:38,400 --> 01:29:41,000
The squirrels and the Badgers 
and everyone to come in and 

1501
01:29:41,008 --> 01:29:42,700
leaving my lovely Forest. 
No. 

1502
01:29:42,700 --> 01:29:45,600
I want to clamp plant as many 
trees as possible, and at the 

1503
01:29:45,600 --> 01:29:48,600
end of the day, I'm going to 
chop them down. 

1504
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:55,300
So I hope, I hope that we 
section should have highlighted 

1505
01:29:55,300 --> 01:29:57,600
how. 
Yes, English colonization 

1506
01:29:58,100 --> 01:30:02,000
deplorable, things for Irish 
forestry but also how we didn't 

1507
01:30:02,000 --> 01:30:06,200
help our own case and post 
colonization this, my episode 

1508
01:30:06,200 --> 01:30:11,600
might so far seem like a bit of 
a steady decline, but that's 

1509
01:30:11,600 --> 01:30:14,500
just the reality of where we're 
at as a nation currently. 

1510
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:19,000
If Ireland is as a nation a 
marriage between its people and 

1511
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:24,200
its landscape, unfortunately, a 
We're being a very bad husband 

1512
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:29,700
and a very, or a very bad wife, 
and but it's not too late. 

1513
01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:33,400
And I think rather than curly 
the football and having a cold 

1514
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:38,100
shower and say no though people 
so beat Ireland. 

1515
01:30:38,100 --> 01:30:41,400
I didn't meet, I only arrived 
here, I'm sorry. 

1516
01:30:42,200 --> 01:30:46,000
And we've lost that we can still
do and it's not him. 

1517
01:30:46,700 --> 01:30:48,300
It's not over till it's over 
baby. 

1518
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:50,900
So we owe it to the land to give
it back some of its personnel. 

1519
01:30:51,000 --> 01:30:55,000
Ality agency and identity and in
turn will regain some of our 

1520
01:30:55,000 --> 01:30:58,500
identity as well, rather than it
just being this sort of false 

1521
01:30:58,500 --> 01:31:02,200
symbol that we're some sort of 
bastions of of a natural 

1522
01:31:02,200 --> 01:31:05,200
resources. 
It's time, we practiced tree 

1523
01:31:05,200 --> 01:31:09,300
veneration in, whatever we can 
and in a more modern and 

1524
01:31:09,300 --> 01:31:11,700
functional way. 
I'm not telling us told us grow 

1525
01:31:11,700 --> 01:31:14,600
our hair out real long and start
wearing torques and I don't 

1526
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:19,800
know, I don't know what 
sacrificing cattle, but we can a

1527
01:31:19,800 --> 01:31:22,900
start to love. 
He's properly again and a 

1528
01:31:22,907 --> 01:31:26,300
healthy way. 
If we do that, we can be 

1529
01:31:26,300 --> 01:31:28,300
assured. 
That the landscape will mind us 

1530
01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:31,600
like it always has done. 
And this is the hard truth here.

1531
01:31:31,700 --> 01:31:34,800
It's not enough to just say we 
love nature or to go on whatever

1532
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:38,700
fire-roasted walks that had that
have been given to us or hug and

1533
01:31:38,700 --> 01:31:41,800
kiss trees, that stuff's all 
nice but actually doesn't help 

1534
01:31:41,800 --> 01:31:43,300
them. 
But if we love something, we 

1535
01:31:43,300 --> 01:31:45,500
really need to care of it. 
And we need, we need to really 

1536
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:48,800
pay attention to the public 
organizations, that claim it to 

1537
01:31:48,808 --> 01:31:52,200
be looking out for our Forestry.
I'd imagine if the trees were 

1538
01:31:52,200 --> 01:31:54,700
people that they aren't mad at 
us out of, but I imagine they're

1539
01:31:54,700 --> 01:31:56,700
fairly disappointed with us at 
this point. 

1540
01:31:57,200 --> 01:32:00,500
Let's apply our love for trees 
in a more actionable Way by 

1541
01:32:00,500 --> 01:32:03,000
supporting movements and 
Charities that are reintroduced 

1542
01:32:03,000 --> 01:32:04,900
in Forest. 
The generally considered the 

1543
01:32:04,900 --> 01:32:07,400
land around it and support our 
biodiversity. 

1544
01:32:07,400 --> 01:32:10,700
Let's support movements that 
plan on forestry that will be 

1545
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:13,600
around for generations to come. 
And what should be a home. 

1546
01:32:13,800 --> 01:32:16,900
A to our native species and 
Native flowers and Native 

1547
01:32:16,900 --> 01:32:19,800
shrubs, not something that's 
just going to be gone within, I 

1548
01:32:19,800 --> 01:32:22,600
don't know 50 years. 
We owe it to ourselves as the 

1549
01:32:22,600 --> 01:32:25,900
general public to scrutinize and
examine the statements made by 

1550
01:32:25,900 --> 01:32:29,000
our public officials and 
organizations maintain. 

1551
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:32,500
I hope this episode is that when
you hear the word fire roast, or

1552
01:32:32,500 --> 01:32:36,100
you hear that, we've hit certain
targets with forestry or you 

1553
01:32:36,100 --> 01:32:39,300
passed a group of trees in your 
local area. 

1554
01:32:39,300 --> 01:32:42,000
Or if you're traveling around 
Ireland, that you be a bit more 

1555
01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:44,500
critical with what exactly that 
is. 

1556
01:32:44,500 --> 01:32:48,200
Because I know myself, I haven't
been and if we do that, at least

1557
01:32:48,200 --> 01:32:50,800
a will have a little bit more of
an awareness and the world, 

1558
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:55,800
Won't be pulled over our eyes. 
So that being said, let's look 

1559
01:32:55,800 --> 01:32:59,600
at some of the ingenious and 
beautiful initiatives that are 

1560
01:32:59,600 --> 01:33:02,200
happening across Ireland. 
That maybe you could take part 

1561
01:33:02,200 --> 01:33:05,300
in yourself or research or maybe
apply to your own local 

1562
01:33:05,300 --> 01:33:08,400
community, who knows? 
And even if you can't take apart

1563
01:33:08,400 --> 01:33:11,900
in these initiatives, maybe have
a garden or something like that.

1564
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:15,000
Maybe you could be possible to 
plant a native tree or 

1565
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:16,500
something. 
I don't know. 

1566
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:19,300
That won't change the world, but
it's just a small steps of 

1567
01:33:19,300 --> 01:33:22,600
something we can do. 
The tiny Forest initiative is 

1568
01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:25,500
one such initiative. 
I've found it's a part of the 

1569
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:28,100
Toka River Project and the 
community and clients and 

1570
01:33:28,100 --> 01:33:30,800
supporters of a real 
Rehabilitation Center in 

1571
01:33:30,800 --> 01:33:34,300
moderate in Dublin. 
It turned up in huge numbers to 

1572
01:33:34,300 --> 01:33:37,800
embrace nature and plant the 
first so-called tiny forest in 

1573
01:33:37,800 --> 01:33:41,200
Ireland, the tiny fires concept 
was pioneered by a Japanese 

1574
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:44,900
botanist known as Kira. 
Miyawaki a and has now spread 

1575
01:33:44,900 --> 01:33:47,700
all over the world. 
And now, thankfully at, there's 

1576
01:33:47,700 --> 01:33:50,000
a tiny Forest on the Toka River 
there. 

1577
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:53,700
The idea involves The careful 
preparation of soil by utilizing

1578
01:33:53,700 --> 01:33:55,300
a key. 
Ramiro Aki's practice. 

1579
01:33:55,500 --> 01:33:59,500
It one can fit, six hundred 
native Irish trees into an area,

1580
01:33:59,500 --> 01:34:02,600
only the size of a tennis court.
This special method of planting 

1581
01:34:02,600 --> 01:34:05,400
and Grand preparation can be 
used to grow an urban forests. 

1582
01:34:05,400 --> 01:34:09,800
In a short span of only 20 to 30
years at this is 10 times faster

1583
01:34:09,800 --> 01:34:13,200
than a typical fire switch. 
Would usually take 200 300 years

1584
01:34:13,200 --> 01:34:14,800
to grow. 
The research shows that these 

1585
01:34:14,800 --> 01:34:17,400
tiny forests are remarkable and 
they do work. 

1586
01:34:17,400 --> 01:34:20,000
They are fire dancer than a 
normal Forest so that their 30 

1587
01:34:20,000 --> 01:34:23,100
times better at absorbing Being 
carbon dioxide and the attract a

1588
01:34:23,108 --> 01:34:26,500
huge abundance of wildlife in a 
really short period of time. 

1589
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:30,900
And we can already look at Wars 
a similar initiatives that have 

1590
01:34:30,900 --> 01:34:34,700
happened across a Europe and 
Daniel here, how it was a part 

1591
01:34:34,700 --> 01:34:37,800
of earthwatch Europe said that 
their oldest tiny forest in the 

1592
01:34:37,800 --> 01:34:40,200
UK is now only three years old 
yet. 

1593
01:34:40,200 --> 01:34:43,700
It's already 4 meters tall. 
So it proves that this works 

1594
01:34:43,700 --> 01:34:45,900
really fast. 
I think the idea of the tiny 

1595
01:34:45,900 --> 01:34:49,400
Forest would be great for urban 
areas in which there isn't much 

1596
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:52,900
available land in. 
And it is mad to me to think 

1597
01:34:52,900 --> 01:34:56,400
that any much Wildlife could 
live out of a forest, the size 

1598
01:34:56,400 --> 01:34:59,900
of a tennis court, but it seems 
to definitely hold a huge amount

1599
01:34:59,900 --> 01:35:01,900
of carbon and it grows very 
fast. 

1600
01:35:02,000 --> 01:35:06,500
So I think if we could Implement
a such projects in our urban 

1601
01:35:06,500 --> 01:35:09,600
areas such as like Dublin and 
Galway, Limerick, Etc. 

1602
01:35:10,000 --> 01:35:12,900
I think carving out as many 
green spaces as possible in our 

1603
01:35:12,900 --> 01:35:15,900
Urban centers and it'll just 
benefit our overall happiness, 

1604
01:35:15,900 --> 01:35:25,100
as well. 
Aside from that if you want to 

1605
01:35:25,100 --> 01:35:28,700
see, what Ireland would have 
looked like as an untouched 

1606
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:32,300
Irish rainforest, you can head 
to the barrier rainforest, the 

1607
01:35:32,300 --> 01:35:34,900
barrier, rainforest overlooks, 
the Atlantic with a view out to 

1608
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:37,600
seven islands. 
Including scarf the niche in his

1609
01:35:37,600 --> 01:35:39,500
front yard and the famous 
skelux. 

1610
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:42,600
The setting is spectacular and 
changes continually with the 

1611
01:35:42,600 --> 01:35:46,100
infinitely, very moods of the 
sea and it's managed by Owen 

1612
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:50,300
Dalton who I believe we're back,
maybe a year ago, two years ago 

1613
01:35:50,300 --> 01:35:54,500
really Opened my eyes anyway, to
sort of the decrepit state of 

1614
01:35:54,500 --> 01:35:57,700
Irish forestry. 
I knew we had way too many, 

1615
01:35:57,700 --> 01:36:00,300
convers growing, but I didn't 
realize how much of a dead 

1616
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:03,500
space, these plantations 
actually are, and how little 

1617
01:36:03,500 --> 01:36:08,500
they benefit our our 
biodiversity, it Owen has spent 

1618
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:12,500
more than 12 Years, A caring for
the 70 Acres of species-rich, 

1619
01:36:12,500 --> 01:36:16,100
Atlantic Forest, on the barrier 
Peninsula and I do urge you if 

1620
01:36:16,100 --> 01:36:19,700
you're on Twitter check him out 
at Irish rainforest, there's 

1621
01:36:19,700 --> 01:36:23,100
lots to be gained from 
Information that I want post and

1622
01:36:23,100 --> 01:36:25,900
and he's no, he's not afraid of 
discourse either. 

1623
01:36:25,900 --> 01:36:27,600
Lots of people. 
Ask him questions about 

1624
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:30,000
rewilding. 
For example, here's a great bit 

1625
01:36:30,000 --> 01:36:33,900
of advice that Owen gives 
rewilding can happen on small 

1626
01:36:33,900 --> 01:36:36,800
plots of land as well as on 
large tracts, it looked 

1627
01:36:36,800 --> 01:36:39,500
different in different 
situations, allowing your lawn 

1628
01:36:39,500 --> 01:36:42,300
to become a meadow that's 
rewilding in bigger areas. 

1629
01:36:42,300 --> 01:36:43,700
You could allow some trees to 
grow. 

1630
01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:45,400
Neighbors. 
Who are similarly interested in 

1631
01:36:45,400 --> 01:36:47,600
rewilding, could work together, 
to create a rewind. 

1632
01:36:47,600 --> 01:36:50,900
It space. 
Oh, and also touches on the The 

1633
01:36:50,900 --> 01:36:54,900
main problem with our current 
approach to the environment as 

1634
01:36:54,900 --> 01:36:57,900
he puts it as we race around 
asking how we might change 

1635
01:36:57,900 --> 01:37:00,900
technology or tax structures, 
the change that might save us, 

1636
01:37:00,900 --> 01:37:04,000
goes unspoken what we need to 
change is ourselves. 

1637
01:37:04,500 --> 01:37:07,200
He also touches on the 
criticism, some people's 

1638
01:37:07,200 --> 01:37:10,200
criticism of rewilding is that 
we should just look after what 

1639
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:13,000
we have left. 
And I completely understand that

1640
01:37:13,300 --> 01:37:17,200
but as Owen points out himself 
and nature is a system and with 

1641
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:20,400
crucial components missing it 
will continue to fade away. 

1642
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:24,400
So, unfortunately, we've reached
a point where it is impossible 

1643
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:27,500
for us to just look after what's
left as there, isn't enough left

1644
01:37:27,500 --> 01:37:29,400
to look after us. 
Another great. 

1645
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:33,000
We quote, from Owen, there when 
asked why should Farmers be 

1646
01:37:33,000 --> 01:37:35,800
subsidized for rewilding? 
Because they're already 

1647
01:37:35,800 --> 01:37:38,700
subsidized to farm. 
So widening their options to 

1648
01:37:38,700 --> 01:37:41,700
include rewilding cost, the 
taxpayer nothing extra and 

1649
01:37:41,700 --> 01:37:45,800
because if we don't nature will 
continue to die and continuing 

1650
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:48,500
on from Owens point, if nature 
continues to die, there'll be 

1651
01:37:48,500 --> 01:37:55,400
nothing to farm left. 
But I think the best example in 

1652
01:37:55,400 --> 01:37:58,500
Ireland, we could look at at the
moment with regards rewilding 

1653
01:37:58,900 --> 01:38:02,400
and improving. 
Our biodiversity is home-tree am

1654
01:38:02,400 --> 01:38:04,000
sure. 
Most of you are already aware of

1655
01:38:04,000 --> 01:38:07,400
home-tree and their work and but
if you're not I think they're 

1656
01:38:07,400 --> 01:38:10,000
the best thing to focus on 
towards the end of our episode. 

1657
01:38:10,600 --> 01:38:13,400
Because I think it'll fill us 
with a bit with a bit of 

1658
01:38:13,400 --> 01:38:17,800
optimism as well. 
As may be giving me ideas how to

1659
01:38:17,800 --> 01:38:20,700
improve biodiversity in your own
communities or maybe you'd like 

1660
01:38:20,700 --> 01:38:24,500
to To reach out to home-tree 
ourselves and donate or take 

1661
01:38:24,500 --> 01:38:26,200
part in some of their volunteer 
work. 

1662
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:29,400
So home tree began in a small 
community garden project in the 

1663
01:38:29,400 --> 01:38:32,100
winter of 2014 on tree is 
planted. 

1664
01:38:32,100 --> 01:38:36,200
Well over 150,000 a Pioneer 
trees and they've worked with 

1665
01:38:36,200 --> 01:38:39,100
200 businesses from small 
startups to multinational 

1666
01:38:39,100 --> 01:38:42,000
organizations. 
What began as a tree planting. 

1667
01:38:42,000 --> 01:38:44,700
Charity is grown into a project 
that Endeavors to deeply connect

1668
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:48,500
people with nature and 
facilitated a wide variety of 

1669
01:38:48,500 --> 01:38:50,800
fundamental projects to address 
Ireland's. 

1670
01:38:50,900 --> 01:38:54,200
In biodiversity and unfolding 
climate Challenge. 

1671
01:38:54,600 --> 01:38:56,900
And I like that seeing it as a 
climate challenge, rather than a

1672
01:38:56,907 --> 01:39:00,400
climate crisis, have it still 
brings on the way that 

1673
01:39:00,400 --> 01:39:03,600
something's wrong but at least 
it puts us at the Forefront, we 

1674
01:39:03,600 --> 01:39:05,400
calls the problem. 
So we can solve it. 

1675
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:07,700
So home trees vision is a 
restoration of Ireland's, 

1676
01:39:07,700 --> 01:39:11,400
ancient Wildwood true 
conservation, a fire station and

1677
01:39:11,400 --> 01:39:13,400
education. 
They aim to create a landscape 

1678
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:15,500
which people and fires flourish 
together. 

1679
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:19,500
And this to me sounds very in 
line with a modern version of 

1680
01:39:19,500 --> 01:39:21,900
trees and duration it. 
We're word in tandem with the 

1681
01:39:21,900 --> 01:39:25,300
land is actually saw an Eco 
either home-tree work in 

1682
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:29,400
collaboration with Farmers. 
So in a lot of sort of a hilly 

1683
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:33,500
or mountainous areas with the 
land isn't as a good for a 

1684
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:36,200
production farming or animal 
grazing as it could be. 

1685
01:39:36,400 --> 01:39:39,800
It is a lot of waste land up 
there that just purely separates

1686
01:39:39,800 --> 01:39:42,200
one group of sheep from another 
group of sheep. 

1687
01:39:42,400 --> 01:39:45,800
And so home-tree will actually 
work along with Farmers to turn 

1688
01:39:45,800 --> 01:39:50,600
that sort of scrub land into a 
little sort of paths and seems 

1689
01:39:50,600 --> 01:39:53,600
of No diversity. 
So, as well as benefiting the 

1690
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:57,500
farmer a by better dividing up 
their land. 

1691
01:39:57,600 --> 01:40:01,600
It's also creating a real areas 
where biodiversity can flourish 

1692
01:40:01,600 --> 01:40:05,600
on these small tracts and rather
than it just being a dead space 

1693
01:40:05,800 --> 01:40:08,500
is. 
So these are examples of sort of

1694
01:40:08,500 --> 01:40:12,900
intelligent ways of tackling 
rewilding it a benefit but the 

1695
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:15,500
farmer as well as the natural 
landscape. 

1696
01:40:15,500 --> 01:40:19,100
And I think if we think of more 
ingenious ideas such as this, if

1697
01:40:19,100 --> 01:40:22,900
more farmers get involved, And 
more people donate and volunteer

1698
01:40:22,900 --> 01:40:25,200
to organizations such as home 
tree. 

1699
01:40:25,300 --> 01:40:26,900
Then we're going to be in a good
position. 

1700
01:40:27,100 --> 01:40:31,100
A I think this quote I found on 
home trees website by a 

1701
01:40:31,100 --> 01:40:35,300
co-founder, Matt Smith it sums 
up that we could return to a 

1702
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:40,400
place that resembles the 
rainforests of 7000 BCE before 

1703
01:40:40,400 --> 01:40:43,300
our people had ever called it is
Island Home. 

1704
01:40:44,300 --> 01:40:47,900
Matt Smith quotes here. 
Directly hundreds of the trees 

1705
01:40:47,900 --> 01:40:50,700
we planted in the beginning are 
now over three meters tall. 

1706
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:54,600
I've seen birds flying through 
them and balancing on their 

1707
01:40:54,600 --> 01:40:57,100
branches. 
Other animals, eating, and 

1708
01:40:57,100 --> 01:40:59,400
finding shelter, and Building 
Homes beneath them. 

1709
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:01,700
And this is just in the first 
few years. 

1710
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:04,800
We look forward to witnessing 
the Journey of saplings into 

1711
01:41:04,800 --> 01:41:08,400
adolescence at home tree. 
We know that we might not see 

1712
01:41:08,400 --> 01:41:12,600
many if any of our trees reach 
maturity, but it was a blast 

1713
01:41:12,600 --> 01:41:15,700
planting them and it's been such
a pleasure to work beside so 

1714
01:41:15,700 --> 01:41:19,000
many passionate people in the 
simple task of planting trees 

1715
01:41:19,600 --> 01:41:21,100
and I think that's a gorgeous 
thing. 

1716
01:41:21,200 --> 01:41:23,600
It sounds like they have a lot 
of fun doing it and actually 

1717
01:41:23,600 --> 01:41:27,900
does sound like a lot of fun and
it's in stark contrast to the 

1718
01:41:27,900 --> 01:41:32,800
idea of aggressive production 
whereby, if I don't see the 

1719
01:41:32,800 --> 01:41:35,200
benefits in my lifetime, it's 
not worthwhile. 

1720
01:41:35,200 --> 01:41:38,900
I think the most generous thing 
we can do in our lifetimes is to

1721
01:41:38,900 --> 01:41:42,600
make the world a better place 
for the people that come after 

1722
01:41:42,600 --> 01:41:46,100
us. 
And unfortunately, maybe it 

1723
01:41:46,100 --> 01:41:49,600
means that we won't see that 
change ourselves. 

1724
01:41:49,600 --> 01:41:52,700
I think, by definition, Nation. 
That's the most generous thing 

1725
01:41:52,700 --> 01:41:56,400
one could do by doing good. 
Was also knowing that it won't 

1726
01:41:56,400 --> 01:41:59,900
benefit yourself in the future, 
it will benefit the people, the 

1727
01:41:59,900 --> 01:42:02,700
country, and the landscape that 
we love so much. 

1728
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:13,100
No, not episode, get more 
depressing as time went on. 

1729
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:18,000
Hey I had so much content to get
through today's episode that the

1730
01:42:18,000 --> 01:42:20,400
really weren't as many stories. 
I would have liked that you'll 

1731
01:42:20,400 --> 01:42:23,400
get another episode very soon, 
there will be myself and Aaron 

1732
01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:28,300
shooting the shy fan. 
Talking about more fun and sort 

1733
01:42:28,300 --> 01:42:32,400
of folk Glory stories about 
forests and Forest, people and 

1734
01:42:32,400 --> 01:42:36,600
fairies and ohm stones, and the 
like, and Now that you have this

1735
01:42:36,600 --> 01:42:40,500
sort of Base knowledge of all 
the depressing, a reality of our

1736
01:42:40,500 --> 01:42:42,900
current biodiversity. 
There's not much more to say on 

1737
01:42:42,900 --> 01:42:49,500
that because I've been speaking 
for second hours we've literally

1738
01:42:49,500 --> 01:42:55,400
talk from 7000 BCE to 2023. 
So if you here at the end very 

1739
01:42:55,400 --> 01:42:57,400
well, don't you? 
I don't know. 

1740
01:42:58,700 --> 01:43:01,300
I don't know if this was an 
enjoyable episode here at all or

1741
01:43:01,300 --> 01:43:07,500
just a big lesson but thanks for
listening if Want to send on any

1742
01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:11,800
information are we any stories 
that they read any future topics

1743
01:43:11,800 --> 01:43:15,300
do, email us at picture of 
podcast at gmail.com, we answer 

1744
01:43:15,300 --> 01:43:19,100
any emails we get, otherwise do 
DM us and Pete. 

1745
01:43:19,100 --> 01:43:22,500
Rose podcast on Instagram, 
you'll find us there and do 

1746
01:43:22,500 --> 01:43:24,400
check that out. 
I'm sure I'll have posted. 

1747
01:43:24,400 --> 01:43:27,700
Lots of different interesting 
pictures related to the episode 

1748
01:43:27,700 --> 01:43:31,500
today. 
Such as a joke, man had the god 

1749
01:43:31,500 --> 01:43:35,700
of ohm in the National Library. 
National Congress library in the

1750
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:39,800
U.s. there everyone I'd say 
without further Ado, I go 

1751
01:43:39,800 --> 01:43:41,700
downstairs. 
I'll ask your dad if you can 

1752
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:48,100
plant a tree and yeah, if yes. 
See a Hawthorn tree stay well 

1753
01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:57,600
away from the only smells the 
death and Dirty Deeds by Bye. 

1754
01:43:58,700 --> 01:43:59,300
Bye. 
Bye.