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Welcome to Studying Law Around 
the World. 

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I'm Claudio Claus. 
In each episode, I talk with 

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lawyers, law students, and 
professors from different parts 

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of the world to talk about legal
education, careers, and what the

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profession looks like in real 
life. 

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We talk about the hard parts, 
the surprises, and the decisions

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that shaped their paths. 
Whether you're planning to study

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abroad, thinking about working 
in another legal system, or just

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curious about how law works 
around the world, this podcast 

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is for you. 
Today I have the opportunity to 

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speak with an Apollo de Santos, 
who has an incredible story. 

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She's a licensed lawyer in 
Brazil and also in the US in the

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state of New York. 
Thank you so much for joining us

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today. 
And Paula and she started 

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conversation. 
I'd love to ask you to introduce

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yourself to our audience. 
Or first of all, I need to say 

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that it's a pleasure to be here.
I really admire how successful 

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your podcast is. 
Every episode brings insightful 

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content for students and 
professionals alike. 

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Thank you so much for inviting 
me. 

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So I'm currently pursuing a 
Doctor of Juridical Science JSD 

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program which is equivalent to a
PhD in law while doing a 

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fellowship in a diverse economic
studies. 

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Alongside this, I work at 
California Victims of Crime 

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Resource Centre, Mack Georgia 
School of Law, where I write 

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articles for Local Magazine 
about cybersecurity and privacy 

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issues in the digital world. 
Amazing. 

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But you prepare for this 
podcast. 

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I, I read a little bit about 
your profile online and the 

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conversations we've had in the 
past, and it's been interesting 

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to see how you've worked in 
different fields and also in 

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different countries. 
And I wanted to ask you, how 

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have those experiences shaped 
your understanding of privacy as

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both a legal and a human issue? 
OK, so walking law has proving 

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to be constant learning journey.
My experience is in different 

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countries have shown me that the
concept of privacy is complex 

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and shaped by each country's 
unique values and culture. 

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Seeing how privacy laws are 
interpreted in applied in 

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various places made me realize 
that cultural and social context

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always influence both the law 
itself and how people understand

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their rights. 
Technology also plays an 

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enormous role. 
Countries that are more at 

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defensive face new privacy 
issues that others may not 

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encounter yet simply because the
technology is not present 

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everywhere at the same time. 
These experiences taught me that

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privacy is not just a legal 
matter, but one that involves 

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peoples values, habits, and the 
degree of technological change 

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in each society. 
Fantastic. 

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That's so interesting. 
I also saw that you recently 

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presented a paper about 
cross-border data flows. 

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So I'd love to hear a little bit
about that. 

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You know, like what are some 
challenges or some of the 

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biggest challenges that 
countries face when balancing 

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privacy, trade, innovation, so 
much going on with that? 

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Yeah, so true. 
In my paper I act that data has 

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become fundamental. 
It drives many of the most 

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important decisions in our 
world. 

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This is the new concept. 
Governments have depended on 

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data, for example through the 
census, to support the 

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well-being of society for a long
time. 

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The major difference now is the 
speed and scale provided by 

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technology, which increase 
accuracy but also raises privacy

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concerns because so much data is
tied to personal identifiers. 

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My people concentrate on the 
United States. 

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European Union in Brazil is 
examining how the concept of 

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personal data can be different 
and how international agreements

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shape the way information is 
treated across borders. 

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While these agreements can make 
data sharing and trade easier, 

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different differences in laws 
and requirements, like data 

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localization for example, rules 
that require that data be stored

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where it's collected, can 
actually block the flow of 

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information and create barriers.
Data is really at the centre of 

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innovation and the global 
economy depends on it, but there

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is a constant challenge in 
finding the right balance 

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between protecting personal data
and enabling the free flow of 

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data. 
This balance is essential, and 

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it's a question that I continue 
to study and discourse in my 

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doctoral work. 
Well, fantastic. 

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That's good to know. 
I found that very interesting 

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because as you said it, it's so 
unique to each country, the 

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kinds of challenges that are 
going through. 

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But then we have technology and 
innovation kind of merging 

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everything together and making 
it so quick and in such a big 

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volume. 
But I also wanted to ask you a 

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little bit about your 
international career. 

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So many of our listeners right 
now are either international 

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lawyers or LLM students as well.
And I wanted to ask you what 

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kind of advice you would have to
share with Dan about starting a 

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career in privacy or data 
protection. 

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Think before the question for 
anyone is starting a career 

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career in privacy or data 
protection. 

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The first step is to get 
familiar with privacy laws and 

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they less they latest news about
the field. 

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The technology landscape changes
quickly, so being up to date is 

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essential. 
It's important to find what 

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interests you most, whether it's
compliance, legal analysis, 

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working in tech companies, or 
practicing in a law firm because

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there are many paths. 
Routine privacy. 

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Stay open to change and be 
prepared for unexpected 

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challenges since new questions 
and problems appear all the 

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time. 
The feud grows and transforms as

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technology advances in society 
evolves. 

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Mindset concentrated on learning
and creating practical solutions

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to new problems will help a 
professional to drive. 

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That is what makes walking in 
privacy so fascinating and 

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rewarding. 
Well, that's amazing. 

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So when you when you set off 
that, I was also thinking about 

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how how much privacy laws have 
been changing. 

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I feel like since I started law 
school, so much has happened, 

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right. 
So just, you mentioned Brazil 

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alone. 
I remember privacy laws coming 

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in and then taking a little bit 
of time to coming through effect

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and becoming so important. 
And then I see privacy lawyers 

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that that weren't maybe like as 
popular before, just really 

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becoming such an important 
thing. 

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And then different countries 
making privacy a human right. 

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And anyways, so, so much that 
happened in this area. 

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So I wanted to ask you, how do 
you stay current with the new 

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regulations and new technology 
since it's so fast-paced? 

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It is so staying current in 
privacy law and new technology 

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is always a challenge, but 
overtime I have found a few 

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reliable strategies. 
So the International Association

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of Privacy Professional is a key
resources for learning about the

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latest developments both in the 
US and globally. 

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I attend conferences and make it
up to connect with other privacy

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professionals. 
These conversations keep me 

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informed about changes in the 
field and different 

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perspectives. 
I also subscribe to online 

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newspapers and I'm actively 
involved in the Data Protection 

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Commission of the Brazilian Bar 
Association. 

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This group is a great way to 
exchange experiences and keep up

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with what colleagues are working
on. 

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For fast involving topics like 
AI, I focus on following trusted

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sources that consistently share 
updates on major innovations. 

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When it comes to cybersecurity, 
I recommend the reading Official

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updates from trusted agencies, 
especially the Cybersecurity and

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the Infrastructure Security 
Agency, SEIZA, and global 

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professional associations like 
the Information Systems Audit 

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and Control Association. 
Isaac Isaac keeping a mix of 

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professional networks, news and 
official source. 

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Help me stay on top of this 
rapidly changing area. 

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Very cool. 
OK. 

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Another thing that I wanted to 
talk a little bit more is about 

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how you're licensed both in 
Brazil and New York and also you

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do have one of the CI PE 
certification besides all your 

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deep academic experience. 
So I wanted to ask you to what, 

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what kinds of qualifications or 
skills have you seen that really

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help lawyers to stand out in 
this field? 

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So Binia licenses are turning in
both Brazil and New York. 

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Has settling helped me stand out
by giving me a broader 

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understanding of different legal
systems and the ability to 

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navigate complex international 
mothers? 

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Combined with significations 
like the Certified Information 

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Privacy Professional Europe, 
which demonstrates specialized 

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knowledge in privacy and data 
protection, this credentials 

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sign is a sign of true 
employees, a high level of 

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knowledge and commitment to the 
field. 

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Beyond formal qualifications, I 
believe the mindset to 

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continuously learning and step 
outside your comfort zone is 

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critical. 
Privacy and data protection laws

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involving rapidly so adapt 
adaptability and openness 

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through new challenges show that
a professional is ready to grow 

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alongside the feud. 
These combinations of solid 

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degradations and a proactive, 
flexible attitude is what truly 

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makes a lawyer stand out in 
privacy law today. 

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Fantastic. 
No, that's so good to know for 

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whoever he's planning on 
specializing in this career. 

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I also wanted to ask you a 
little bit about, you know, the,

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the like the networks of privacy
lawyers. 

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So I know that you've been a 
part of multiple global 

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conferences, panels, all kinds 
of events. 

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And I wanted to ask you, in your
experience, how do these events 

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help you to build stronger 
connections? 

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And then also how those 
connections work well between 

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academics and also predictions. 
Attending conferences, workshops

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and professional events has been
essential in my career. 

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These gatherings offer far more 
than networking. 

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They created meaningful 
connections with others, working

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in privacy and IP fields from 
both academic and practical 

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backgrounds. 
Events like this help building 

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less lasting relationships and 
give everyone the opportunity to

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discuss new ideas, share 
experiences, and learn from one 

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another. 
Beyond job opportunities, these 

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connections often often lead to 
collaborations or projects that 

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keep you engaged and informed 
about what is happening in the 

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field. 
He seemed touch with 

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professionals and academics not 
only helps with personal growth 

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but also ensures that you are 
always learning and keeping pace

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with chains and challenging 
privacy. 

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All right, another subject that 
I wanted to ask you before 

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finishing today's podcast is 
something that I read that that 

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you've written about algorithmic
bias, something in the subject 

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of AI. 
So I wanted to ask you, what 

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legal or ethical issues around 
AI do you think specifically 

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deserve more attention right now
as we talk about AI so much 

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everywhere? 
That is really a good question, 

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thank you. 
It's widely recognized that AI 

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can sometimes produce unreliable
answers, but there is too many 

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unclear areas in how AI is built
and used. 

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One of the many legal and 
ethical questions that needs 

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more attention is transparency, 
understanding how AI systems 

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make decisions. 
Right now, many AI models work 

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as black boxes, meaning that 
even experts find it hard to 

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explain the process or data 
behind the specific results. 

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This creates serious risks, 
including overrating algorithmic

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bias and mistakes. 
To reduce these risks, I believe

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it's essential to use strong 
testing processes such as 

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regulatory AI sandboxes in 
artificial intelligence, 

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explained in one of the policy 
papers published in 23 by the 

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Organization of Economic 
Cooperation and Development. 

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OCD, which is the creation 
Office spaces where authorities 

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engage firms to to test 
innovative products or services 

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before they become available to 
users and demand more openness 

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about how algorithms function. 
Regular reviews and ongoing 

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assessment are necessary to 
catch issues like buyers or 

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hallucinations before they cause
real harm. 

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In the legal field, this is 
especially important since 

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lawyers and judges must have 
confidence in the information 

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and recommendations generated by
AI tools. 

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Using AI responsibly in law 
means being extra careful, 

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double checking sources and make
sure any legal legal argument is

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built on solid, verifiable facts
rather than relying solely on 

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automated outputs. 
In short, addressing buyers and 

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improving transparency in AI are
challenges that require everyone

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in the legal profession to work 
together in a devastate for 

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effective, forward-looking 
regulation. 

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Amazing. 
Thank you for sharing that. 

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As we come to your wrapping 
today's episode, I wanted you to

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finally ask you a little bit 
about your personal motivation. 

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In a way, I wanted to ask you, 
you know, what drives your 

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passion for privacy, for 
technology law, and then also 

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another important question here.
So, chewing one, what kind of 

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impact do you hope to make in 
this field? 

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So thank you for the question. 
Again, this is only good 

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questions. 
So my my passion for privacy and

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technology law comes from the 
close connection between these 

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two areas. 
Privacy simply cannot exist 

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without technology. 
As technology advances rapidly, 

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it becomes both the two that 
enables innovation and the 

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framework that must protect our 
security and privacy. 

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The more I study privacy, the 
more I realize how much there is

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is chew to learn. 
This is a few that never stands 

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this shoe and is always 
involving. 

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What drives me is the desire to 
contribute, to find the right 

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balance between privacy and 
innovation. 

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When we succeed in creating 
thoughtful regulations and 

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practices that respect privacy 
while supporting technological 

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progress, we create a more 
ammonius society better prepared

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for the next wave of 
technological challenges. 

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I see this as an ongoing 
process. 

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We observe how technology 
develops in adapt our laws in 

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solution so that technology 
serves humanity without causing 

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harm. 
Ultimately, I hope to push this 

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field forward by opening 
discussions in developing ideas 

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that help society navigate these
complex chains, responsible and 

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ethically. 
So thank you so much, Anna 

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Paula, for sharing all your 
insights today and thank you all

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for tuning into today's episode.
It was my pleasure and thank you

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so much for working on that, 
Claudio. 

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This is a great contribution for
the community. 

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Thank you.