1 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:07,000 You're listening to Worms and Dead, the paleontology podcast 2 00:00:07,000 --> 00:00:09,440 that tells evolution's most embarrassing and bizarre stories 3 00:00:09,440 --> 00:00:11,320 about worms. I'm Megan Weatherall, and I 4 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:13,560 forgot to make Amy film this intro with me. 5 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,320 But we are two living scientists who are really excited about 6 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:17,480 dead worms. Yeah. 7 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:20,440 So this episode features worms. I imagine you're not surprised, 8 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:23,400 but you will be, as we redeem ourselves for not knowing that 9 00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:26,240 an arrow worm was not merely A euphemism for penis worms. 10 00:00:26,240 --> 00:00:29,040 In our defense, legitimately all worms look like euphemisms for 11 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:32,400 penises, but these ones happen to be particularly toothy, and 12 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:34,880 with the help of climate change, they might be helping to spread 13 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:37,400 a particularly unsettling bacteria. 14 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:40,880 Like always, our podcast is not for kids, though of course Amy's 15 00:00:40,880 --> 00:00:42,720 book The Fossil Keeper's Treasure is. 16 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:45,680 Our podcast is instead for adults who like science and 17 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:47,760 never grew out of finding Dick jokes funny. 18 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:50,760 And given the topic, you should expect a lot of those in this 19 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:54,480 episode. I'm so excited because I have no 20 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:56,640 idea I'm coming in just a blank slate. 21 00:00:56,640 --> 00:01:02,840 Over here right with worms God, let's get that worm bucket nice 22 00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:07,040 and full. This is this is a, this is a 23 00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:11,240 redemption episode fundamentally for a very small YouTube 24 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:16,400 interaction that I had where I, we posted that Burgess Shale 25 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:19,120 like exquisite preservation episode. 26 00:01:19,560 --> 00:01:22,080 And I mentioned that there were lots of animals in there and 27 00:01:22,080 --> 00:01:25,120 someone commented like arrow worms. 28 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:28,320 And I thought that was a euphemism for penis worm. 29 00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:33,280 And it turns out pervert. I mean, penis worms have a lot 30 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:35,920 of names. So I was just like, hell yeah. 31 00:01:35,920 --> 00:01:39,560 I mean like again though, like what penises are you seeing I 32 00:01:39,560 --> 00:01:40,080 guess. My goodness. 33 00:01:41,440 --> 00:01:45,240 Yeah, Well, OK, we're not talking about penis worms. 34 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:47,920 We're talking about I would call them. 35 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:51,400 They look kind of like penis wear mermaids that are wearing 36 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:56,080 an Elizabethan collar. So get that mental picture in 37 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:59,920 your head. It's fancy. 38 00:01:59,920 --> 00:02:02,520 It is. I had to add like a fancy wig. 39 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:05,400 I think that's fair. There is no evidence that they 40 00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:09,280 didn't have one. Absence of evidence is proof of 41 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:10,160 concept. Right? 42 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:11,720 That's. What that? 43 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:16,680 That's totally how it goes, yes. Yes, so today's episode is going 44 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:20,720 to be about arrow worms, which, fun fact, are not penis worms. 45 00:02:20,720 --> 00:02:27,400 So that's fact #1 and I have to admit, I was a little worried 46 00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:30,200 going into it. So I had thought they were penis 47 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:31,280 worms. Turns out they weren't. 48 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:34,840 And then I was like, oh, they must be Bobbitt worms because 49 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:38,040 the guy who commented was or or gal or not binary. 50 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:41,280 I don't know what your gender is, but the person who commented 51 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:45,760 was sad that they had been misled into listening to an 52 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,080 episode that did not feature arrow worms. 53 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:52,880 Which implied to me Arrow Worms at least one fan in the. 54 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:54,600 World like, who would have thought? 55 00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:58,120 So I thought, OK, well if they're not penis worms, they 56 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:03,320 must be those crazy ass Bobbitt worms that people like to show. 57 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:07,560 Which are also just a different, like just making fun of a penis 58 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:09,840 thing. Yeah, so those are those are not 59 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:12,120 arrow worms. So Bobbitt worms are the the 60 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:15,280 crazy bristly things that live in the sand and. 61 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:19,040 Okay, okay, okay. Like nightmares, you and people 62 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,200 on TikTok. I don't know what country this 63 00:03:21,200 --> 00:03:24,760 is from, but you can hold like pieces of fish over the beach 64 00:03:24,760 --> 00:03:28,240 and this fucking nightmare tremors like creature comes out 65 00:03:28,240 --> 00:03:30,600 and attacks it. I think they're then using the 66 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:32,240 Bobbitt worm to fish for other things. 67 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:36,480 But yeah, they're called Bobbitt worms after Lorena Bobbitt, who 68 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:40,560 cut off. Yeah, so from penis to penis 69 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:42,440 lopper. But none of those are arrow 70 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:45,600 worms, because worm. OK, OK. 71 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:49,280 Just like. I've got my Venn diagrams in my 72 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:51,400 head right now, so there's three now. 73 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:56,000 Now we have 3. Arrow worms are nothing like 74 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:59,280 what we've talked about. So there are, according to 75 00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:04,280 Wikipedia at least currently, 31 recognized phyla, or in the 76 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:10,280 Kingdom Animalia. Of those 31 phyla, I would say 77 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:13,760 in my personal opinion, 'cause I went through all 31 and looked 78 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:19,240 at them, I would call approximately 15 of those worms. 79 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:23,440 Some of them other people have referred to as worms. 80 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:26,880 It's like half. Yes, because worm is a body plan 81 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:28,960 that, as it turns out, real common. 82 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:31,880 If it don't broke, why fix it? Exactly. 83 00:04:31,880 --> 00:04:34,840 And worms, one big thing that they all do have is that they 84 00:04:34,840 --> 00:04:37,200 are all bilaterally symmetrical, right? 85 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:40,640 So even though they're a long tube, OK, they are bilaterally 86 00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:42,680 symmetrical, they're not radial, right? 87 00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:48,240 That's that's worm feature #1 right, All worms share that 88 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:50,320 feature. So if they're freaky dicky on 89 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:52,120 one side, they're freaky dicky on the other. 90 00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:54,160 Side exactly. Equally freaky dicky on both 91 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:56,560 sides. Not fiddler crap esque, although 92 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:59,120 that would also be fine. That's still bilateral. 93 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:05,880 Bilateralian bilateral arrowworms are in a phylum of 94 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:12,040 their own called Cheda Gnatha. Cheda Gnatha Chedagnath. 95 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:14,280 They're Chedagnaths. Oh, so something about? 96 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:16,360 Jaws, yes. So something about jaws and 97 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:20,480 depending on how flattering the researcher is being, that's 98 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:24,480 either interpreted as long hair jaw or spine jaw. 99 00:05:25,160 --> 00:05:31,240 So both gross options, but they are realistic. 100 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:37,560 So Chedagnaths are they are like 130 living species and some 101 00:05:37,560 --> 00:05:40,800 fossil species, as we will discuss, they're mostly pretty 102 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:43,480 small. They're mostly like zooplankton. 103 00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:48,160 So even though there's only like 130 species, they're actually so 104 00:05:48,160 --> 00:05:52,080 common the individuals of those species that they can make up to 105 00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:55,560 like 30% of the zooplankton in an area. 106 00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:59,400 So they're pretty well studied because they're kind of a big 107 00:05:59,400 --> 00:06:03,080 component of the microscopic bullshit that other cooler 108 00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:04,640 animals eat. Right. 109 00:06:04,920 --> 00:06:08,520 So that all the things I care about are just dining on 110 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:13,720 aeroworms, OK? So they get up to about 10 111 00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:18,720 centimeters long, but most of them are pretty small They're on 112 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:22,960 like the millimeter scale and most of them are planktonic and 113 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:26,160 pelagic, meaning that they they float around in the ocean. 114 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:29,160 They do have some swimming skills, but not they can't 115 00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:31,160 resist the ocean. They're very small and some of 116 00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:34,120 them are benthic, meaning that they do find a rock and they 117 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:36,440 they anchor town. But nobody talked about those 118 00:06:36,440 --> 00:06:39,120 ones, because apparently those ones nobody cares about. 119 00:06:39,240 --> 00:06:42,280 Well, they're probably a little bit harder to get to, I guess. 120 00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:45,280 But I'm like, already I am just like, who? 121 00:06:45,280 --> 00:06:48,720 Who was advocating for these? Like I'm so surprised they just 122 00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:51,920 don't check any box. Like I interact with people who 123 00:06:51,920 --> 00:06:55,720 are like, they only care about like the most basic dinosaurs. 124 00:06:55,720 --> 00:06:58,640 And so then when I hear about people who care about actual 125 00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:00,280 weird things, I'm like. What? 126 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:03,000 Yeah, and. It gives me faith. 127 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:07,960 To this viewer who commented, you were correct, they are 128 00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:11,360 insane and I went down a very weird rabbit hole with them. 129 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:15,880 So to start out this rabbit hole, I did initially come into 130 00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:18,000 this episode being like, maybe I'll just do an overview of 131 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:20,360 worms because arrow worms don't sound like they're that cool 132 00:07:20,360 --> 00:07:22,240 because they're not Bobbitt worms, they're not penis worms. 133 00:07:22,240 --> 00:07:23,360 Those are the only worms I care about. 134 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:25,960 So what's left? They're interesting, they're 135 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:28,640 weird, and they're interesting. So go ahead and some of them are 136 00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:31,240 dead and some of them are dead. Let's go ahead and Scroll down 137 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:35,240 to the very first Shadek Nathed, the very first. 138 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:37,520 OK? OK. 139 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:38,960 And why don't you describe it first? 140 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,840 Picture, it's this elongate tube. 141 00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:46,040 I mean, it, it, it looks like, yeah, it kind of looks like a 142 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:49,200 paramecium, you know, like it's kind of see through, but you can 143 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:53,040 still see that there's some goopy like body parts in there. 144 00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:56,640 But yeah, very elongated, kind of running parallel almost squid 145 00:07:56,640 --> 00:08:00,400 like in some ways. But I mean, if you took the 146 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:04,600 outline, Adam and Eve does sell, you know, shit that looks like 147 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:08,080 that to put in your holes. So it is still kind of phallic. 148 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:10,160 Yes. So I'm just saying, well, it's a 149 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:11,360 word, but really. Small. 150 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:13,400 They're all phallic. That's like a fundamental 151 00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:16,440 aspect, yeah. So it's it's see through its 152 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:18,920 head is on the right hand side of the image. 153 00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:22,440 OK, that helps actually. So what are the balls on the 154 00:08:22,440 --> 00:08:25,400 left hand? Those are balls because all of 155 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:26,800 them are her. Oh my God. 156 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:29,040 Yay yay. I did it. 157 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:30,960 I did it. Yeah. 158 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:34,039 So they're all hermaphrodites and they have their Seminole 159 00:08:34,039 --> 00:08:36,400 vesicles I think are down by their tail, which I believe is 160 00:08:36,400 --> 00:08:41,919 where those balls are. And they reproduce by basically 161 00:08:42,039 --> 00:08:46,320 Pearl necklacing one another and then sperm like goes and kind of 162 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:48,600 squirms down the body into the correct holes. 163 00:08:48,680 --> 00:08:51,760 Romantic, but it does make me wonder if they could like. 164 00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:54,680 Beautiful. Basically self inseminate via 165 00:08:54,680 --> 00:08:58,120 sit up or something right? Like a real, real danger of 166 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:00,440 abdominal exercise. See, I know, that's why. 167 00:09:00,560 --> 00:09:02,680 That's why I don't do ABS. Exactly. 168 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:04,720 You don't want to self inseminate. 169 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:07,480 I don't actually pay attention as to whether or not the 170 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:10,360 openings or the Pearl necklace holes were on the back or the 171 00:09:10,360 --> 00:09:13,080 front, but I'm not sure I could tell what was. 172 00:09:13,200 --> 00:09:15,480 The worm? What is the back or the front? 173 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:18,440 Exactly, exactly. I suspect they're equally 174 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:21,720 flexible in either direction. But the, the thing that I 175 00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:24,400 thought was so funny looking on this creature is so First off, 176 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:27,000 this is transparent. And most of them are 177 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,320 transparent. Very few of them are opaque. 178 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:30,440 Most of them you can see through. 179 00:09:30,520 --> 00:09:35,440 And in addition to being kind of like a worm shape, it has a tail 180 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:37,600 fluke, kind of like a whale. OK, right. 181 00:09:37,600 --> 00:09:39,480 It's got like A and they all have that. 182 00:09:39,520 --> 00:09:41,520 Yep, it's got a tail fluke. And then it's got like these 183 00:09:41,760 --> 00:09:44,240 additional fins. So they do have fins, which is 184 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,360 why I think they look kind of like little wormy mermaids. 185 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:51,200 That's that was my thought. And so as far as the Elizabethan 186 00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:53,680 collar. I would like really more like 187 00:09:53,680 --> 00:09:57,280 wormy manatees like that is like that's actually the back of a 188 00:09:57,280 --> 00:09:59,640 manatee. That's like what that looks but 189 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:02,320 manatees are like. Probably inspired the myth of 190 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:03,960 mermaids. Yeah, manatees are mermaids. 191 00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:07,040 It's the exact same thing. This is just a more realistic 192 00:10:07,400 --> 00:10:09,400 fuck your beauty standards sort of. 193 00:10:09,560 --> 00:10:13,400 Yes, exactly. This is my kind of mermaid, yes. 194 00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:19,240 Exactly so the we the jaw is present on this picture, but you 195 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:22,480 can't really tell because it's translucent and everything about 196 00:10:22,480 --> 00:10:25,000 it is kind of translucent and its mouth is closed so it's a 197 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:28,360 little hard to tell so let's Scroll down to the next picture 198 00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:30,720 so you can see it in full glory I'm. 199 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:32,880 Scared. Oh my God. 200 00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:37,480 I mean I'm having a lot of thoughts, but one of my first 201 00:10:37,560 --> 00:10:43,160 thoughts was cat penis. And that really describes who we 202 00:10:43,160 --> 00:10:44,440 are as people. Horrible. 203 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:46,720 I know it's true. It's true. 204 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:48,800 It is. It's almost like a flower that's 205 00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:52,720 blooming, but instead of nice petals, it's like bilateral 206 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:56,200 blades, which I'm assuming to be the teeth kind of sticking out 207 00:10:56,200 --> 00:10:59,600 of both sides. It's not a full like cup of it's 208 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:01,800 just on either side. And then they have like a little 209 00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:05,480 Muppet face, mouth that's still closed, but their teeth are 210 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:08,360 somehow sticking out and it's really terrifying. 211 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:12,080 Yeah. So the teeth of the arrow worm, 212 00:11:12,560 --> 00:11:15,240 these different spines, they have longer ones that are 213 00:11:15,240 --> 00:11:17,960 grasping spines that are intended to help them grab 214 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:20,320 things. And then they have shorter ones 215 00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:23,640 that are, I don't know what they are, but they're not grasping 216 00:11:23,720 --> 00:11:25,560 that. That's the limit of what I 217 00:11:25,560 --> 00:11:29,560 learned about them. So these spines in all of the 218 00:11:29,560 --> 00:11:33,360 like illustrations of fossils, they keep like putting them all 219 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:36,360 the way down around the neck, which is why I think it always 220 00:11:36,360 --> 00:11:38,800 looks like an Elizabethan collar and you'll see some 221 00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:41,160 reconstructions later. But they also just kind of look 222 00:11:41,160 --> 00:11:44,360 like a nightmare face. Like that's not you're being 223 00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:47,520 you're graying grasp by little spines for sure. 224 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:50,960 So the reason that they have these? 225 00:11:51,240 --> 00:11:52,800 Horror movie. Yes. 226 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:57,240 Is that most of these are not manatee esque in their behavior. 227 00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:01,800 They are predators and they're specifically described over and 228 00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:07,200 over again as ambush predators. Which, OK, they're eating 229 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,240 zooplankton so I don't know how fucking subtle. 230 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:12,560 They need to be like, where are they hiding? 231 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:16,200 Yeah, right. Floating in the ocean I think 232 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:20,880 ambush predators in in the the sense that it's being used in 233 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:24,800 worm world means they hold still and don't chase things. 234 00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:28,040 They just if it bumps into them they attack it. 235 00:12:28,680 --> 00:12:31,080 So that's how you avoid getting attacked by an arrow. 236 00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:33,560 Worm is just don't touch it. Run into it right? 237 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:36,680 So I do. I do feel like ambush predators 238 00:12:36,680 --> 00:12:40,960 is sort of like how all like slugs and snails have like 239 00:12:41,080 --> 00:12:45,400 really epic common names like cascade, axe tails, scarlet back 240 00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:47,920 tail drum. Like it's sure it's propaganda, 241 00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:51,040 I think, to try and make these animals sound cooler. 242 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:55,320 Coming straight from a slug and snail specialist, you heard it 243 00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:57,200 here first. Yeah, it is propaganda. 244 00:12:57,240 --> 00:12:58,560 Yeah, I participate, right? Yeah. 245 00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:02,760 Well, you gotta gotta do. It's capitalism, everyone. 246 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:04,800 It's not our fault. It's capitalism. 247 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:08,600 Exactly. These worms, being worms are 248 00:13:08,600 --> 00:13:11,320 soft bodied. It is obviously somewhat 249 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:14,360 difficult for them to fossilize, which is why they probably 250 00:13:14,360 --> 00:13:16,960 should have come up in the Burgess Shale episode because 251 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:20,840 they are preserved in Burgess shales and other idiacorin. 252 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:24,120 Wow, super old. Yes, Huh. 253 00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:28,800 But that's where their junk is. I'm so conflicted about how life 254 00:13:28,840 --> 00:13:31,600 fucked first. I'd really like someone to 255 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:33,800 answer that question for me. Well. 256 00:13:34,040 --> 00:13:37,080 Because I'm, I'm thinking a little bit about the gonopods, 257 00:13:37,120 --> 00:13:39,320 but like the gonopods of millipedes was weird. 258 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:40,920 And then it was like, yeah, but they're super old. 259 00:13:40,920 --> 00:13:44,120 So maybe that's like old school. But these guys are older and 260 00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:46,800 they're like, teeth are in a place that I would generally 261 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:50,680 think teeth go and their balls are in places I would generally. 262 00:13:50,680 --> 00:13:54,720 So I'm just Mother Nature. You keep me on my toes. 263 00:13:55,720 --> 00:13:59,240 So I want you to Scroll down to see some of the exceptional 264 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:05,920 preservation of these worms. Oh, OK. 265 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:10,280 So this, this particular fossil from the Chengjian biota? 266 00:14:10,360 --> 00:14:14,160 Yeah, it had the subtitle. An undoubted Early Canberra. 267 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:18,720 An undoubted good for you guys. Which I don't know about you, 268 00:14:19,120 --> 00:14:22,640 but if I saw that I would have doubts. 269 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:26,840 I well, my life is full of doubts, so it's I doubt 270 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:29,200 everything. But the first thing I thought is 271 00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:32,320 like, I've been looking up some because I'm going to visit you 272 00:14:32,360 --> 00:14:35,840 and I've been looking up some pictographs from our old neck of 273 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:38,720 the woods that are all done in like ochre and shit. 274 00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:43,040 And that's what like this looks like, like a like a very faded 275 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:47,000 wall painting from early man like, because it's kind of 276 00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:50,320 stained with like a red color. I'm assuming that's like an iron 277 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:52,480 staining. And that's the only part that 278 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:58,680 you can kind of tell is not just a a rock is that there's like, 279 00:14:59,160 --> 00:15:01,720 and then, yeah, they've got some arrows pointing to some features 280 00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:04,200 that I'm like, sure. But I would never. 281 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:06,400 I would never. I would be like, moving on. 282 00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:09,440 Yeah. And 1mm, Holy fuck. 283 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:10,680 It's tiny. OK. 284 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:12,600 Yeah, fuck that. I wouldn't ever see this. 285 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:14,000 I would never. I would just. 286 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,280 I would never. No good for them. 287 00:15:16,280 --> 00:15:17,080 That's great. Yeah. 288 00:15:17,080 --> 00:15:19,880 Someone cares. So if you Scroll down, you can 289 00:15:19,880 --> 00:15:23,040 see their little doodles where they've actually made it clear 290 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:25,840 what they're saying. And I, I agree, I think they're 291 00:15:25,840 --> 00:15:29,240 correct that this, this is not me saying absolutely not. 292 00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:34,400 That's not a thing but cool. I would never pick up on this. 293 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:38,680 This is harder to see for me than fossil urine like that's. 294 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,320 And I think it's we've talked a lot about this. 295 00:15:41,320 --> 00:15:46,480 It's like very ink blot test like I in that lower left one I 296 00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:48,840 see and then in the middle drawing I see boobies I. 297 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:53,480 See boobs. The one above is like a weird 298 00:15:53,480 --> 00:15:54,400 little Dick. Yep. 299 00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:56,520 So it tells you a lot about me. So there you go. 300 00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:59,760 But yeah, the one on the bottom, the boob one, it's like a boob 301 00:15:59,760 --> 00:16:02,600 that's being held up with like a cool tassel tank top or 302 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:04,400 something like that. Whatever. 303 00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:06,560 Those are like teeth, but they kind of do look like little 304 00:16:06,560 --> 00:16:10,480 frills or something like yeah, it's like I could I could design 305 00:16:10,480 --> 00:16:14,080 a cool top to look like this. Yeah, but I wouldn't ever be 306 00:16:14,080 --> 00:16:17,600 able to say yes, this is the mouthpiece and the get all those 307 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:19,040 labels. Nope, Nope, Nope. 308 00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:20,360 I'm out. I'm out. 309 00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:23,320 If you go to the next slide, you're going to see another 310 00:16:23,320 --> 00:16:25,800 extremely beautiful specimen from the Burgess. 311 00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:29,880 Oh, OK. I actually so the first one is 312 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:32,760 Edie Akron, so it's older. They're Burgess, so they're both 313 00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:34,240 Cambrian. These are technically Middle 314 00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:36,880 Cambrian. OK, OK, because these ones, I'm 315 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:40,200 like a little bit more on board and the top gives me a little 316 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,920 bit better idea of why they even call it an arrow worm. 317 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:46,160 Because I've been like, what about this looks like an arrow 318 00:16:46,160 --> 00:16:48,560 to somebody, you know, or it's common name. 319 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:51,600 And then, yeah, those, it's like the little things in the 320 00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:55,600 artichoke that I scoop out. That's what's making up its 321 00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,720 mouthpieces there. Yeah, see, I'm just craving 322 00:16:58,720 --> 00:17:01,040 artichoke. It does look like an like a 323 00:17:01,040 --> 00:17:04,200 little artichoke flower, like the inside of an artichoke. 324 00:17:04,319 --> 00:17:06,440 Or like a Thistle, any type of Thistle. 325 00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:08,119 It's kind of given me Thistle vibes. 326 00:17:08,119 --> 00:17:14,440 Yeah, this is where we really get into the mermaid lore is 327 00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:16,400 with the reconstruction. That's on the next. 328 00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:24,400 Page Oh, I'm so excited OK, oh wow oh I'm so conflicted like it 329 00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:28,800 has wings like a maxi pad. It's like got a body, but then 330 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:32,200 it's got these like wings on the side that are very menstrual 331 00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:34,800 pad. And then it's got like a fucking 332 00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:39,600 Ankylos or club tail. And then it's got like if you 333 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:42,800 know a guy who's balding, but only like on the top of his 334 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:44,720 head, but he still has the hair around the ring. 335 00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:47,920 And then he got stuck in like a windstorm and it all just blew 336 00:17:47,960 --> 00:17:50,960 up at the same time. Like maybe that's your 337 00:17:50,960 --> 00:17:54,960 Elizabethan collar. I I get like old man with 338 00:17:54,960 --> 00:18:00,280 Skullet in the wind. Or like old man who got 2 339 00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:03,360 extremely large false lashes placed on his face. 340 00:18:03,520 --> 00:18:06,280 Yes, they do kind of look like. Yeah, that's yeah. 341 00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:07,880 Yep, I could see that too. Right. 342 00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:11,920 If your entire hairdo was like a false lash sticking upwards. 343 00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:14,200 Yes. And those are its teeth. 344 00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:16,440 Yep. So they're like, out all the 345 00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:17,080 time. Yeah. 346 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:18,480 Pretty. Oh, I think they can kind of 347 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:21,000 fold down a little bit, but they don't go into it. 348 00:18:21,560 --> 00:18:25,760 I don't know, the other part is definitely still giving penis 349 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:26,760 vibes. I mean. 350 00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:28,840 It's a super penis. See this. 351 00:18:28,840 --> 00:18:31,720 This is like, yeah, this. I mean, it's, it's, it's, it's a 352 00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:34,400 lot. It's, it's taken me all sorts of 353 00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:38,040 places right now. But you know, life is beautiful. 354 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:41,120 Who am I to judge? Yeah, life is beautiful. 355 00:18:41,120 --> 00:18:44,960 And I think even with these two examples, you can kind of tell 356 00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:51,040 why the fossil record of arrow worms is sometimes disputed. 357 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:53,480 I think that these are these two that I've just shown you are 358 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:57,200 like pretty good examples of, like, nice specimens. 359 00:18:57,200 --> 00:18:59,800 But you can see how other less nice specimens would just be 360 00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,120 kind of like a BLOB. Yeah, right. 361 00:19:03,880 --> 00:19:09,000 But it turns out that the fossil record of arrow worms does 362 00:19:09,040 --> 00:19:13,040 probably go back into the idiacrine, and it's not fossils 363 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:16,320 that look quite like this. And initially, they were not 364 00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:19,760 recognized as arrow worms. They were recognized as 365 00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:25,160 ancestors of connodonts because they look very much like 366 00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:27,720 Connodon elements. A connodon, if you're not 367 00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:31,200 familiar, is basically like an eel thing. 368 00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:34,400 We mostly knew it from its teeth, and people didn't know 369 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:36,840 what its teeth actually were because they look fucking 370 00:19:36,840 --> 00:19:40,560 insane. And chaitignath teeth, they look 371 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:44,080 kind of like giant spines. And some of those look sort of 372 00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:48,120 like basic bitch conodont teeth. Like they don't look like 373 00:19:48,120 --> 00:19:50,400 they're the cool crazy conodonts. 374 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,880 They look like a precursor, hence the name protoconodont. 375 00:19:54,280 --> 00:19:57,320 But now paleontologists think that most, if not all 376 00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:00,840 protoconodonts are actually Chedagnas, because I guess 377 00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:05,240 Chedagnath teeth are. Like they're made out of like, I 378 00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:07,600 don't know, like keratin or something Like they're, they're 379 00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:11,240 softer than you might imagine. They're not phosphatized this. 380 00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:14,160 Is an enamel. Yeah, it's not enamel, it's 381 00:20:14,160 --> 00:20:17,360 phosphatized. But there was a research paper 382 00:20:17,360 --> 00:20:19,960 that came out like 10 years ago that said, well, actually if you 383 00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:23,040 cut open the protoconidant teeth, they grow in the same 384 00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:26,040 manner. So we think that probably these 385 00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:29,760 teeth phosphatize as part of the diagenetic process. 386 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:34,400 So you do get hard teeth eventually, but it's only it's 387 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:35,960 like part of their fossilization. 388 00:20:36,120 --> 00:20:39,640 So not while they're alive. They only have hard teeth as 389 00:20:39,640 --> 00:20:41,680 they're becoming rock. I mean they have hard teeth. 390 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:44,440 So then why are we even talking about that? 391 00:20:44,440 --> 00:20:47,280 Like, is that like it's helping them out now? 392 00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:50,640 It's not like what? People wanted to you had to 393 00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:53,240 cross compare them because it's like this animal has relatively 394 00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:55,200 soft teeth that shouldn't per mineralize. 395 00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,280 How do these hard per mineralize things relate? 396 00:20:58,360 --> 00:21:01,320 And it turns out that they do per mineralize, even though they 397 00:21:01,320 --> 00:21:05,000 are kind of on the border of soft tissue essentially in a 398 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:07,480 living chaitic Nah. So they wouldn't have been, they 399 00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:10,480 would have been fairly like flexible like they would have 400 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:14,840 been not as pokey as I think they might be OK. 401 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:18,160 Yeah, because I mean, they're catching so plankton, so like, 402 00:21:18,640 --> 00:21:21,920 you know, you don't have to. Fair, fair, excellent point. 403 00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:24,640 But my question is how does that process actually happen? 404 00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:27,800 Because it looks kind of cry noidy in that it's like here I 405 00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,560 used to use my feather arms and then I help funnel it down to my 406 00:21:32,080 --> 00:21:35,440 mouth next to my butt hole or like you know, it's like. 407 00:21:35,440 --> 00:21:37,480 Their mouth is next to their. And why do they have a name 408 00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:40,720 about Jaws? Do they ever even open this or 409 00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:43,240 are these just like. I'm just very confused about how 410 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:46,200 food gets in. The spine collar it one of 411 00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:49,480 them's grasping because it helps to grab things, pray and the 412 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:52,160 other ones help to I think tear it up and put it in its mouth. 413 00:21:52,640 --> 00:21:57,240 So like they are like they're like peda pulps, but not sex 414 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:00,320 pedal pulps on spiders, right? Like they're, they're it's a 415 00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:02,520 it's mouth. It's a mouth and they have a 416 00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:07,600 hole that they put the food in and it's functionally what I'm 417 00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:09,480 trying. So they don't even have a true 418 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:12,400 jaw that opens like I traditionally think of. 419 00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:15,360 No. So the jaw is this feather 420 00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:18,720 feathery frill around them that they're oh, see. 421 00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:21,960 OK, so there's so it. Is kind of like rhynoid arms in 422 00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:22,760 a little way. Like. 423 00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:24,840 Right. OK, fucking weirdos. 424 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:30,720 One more content and you don't want to wait, or maybe you don't 425 00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:33,200 want to hear ads like this? Well, head on over to our 426 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:37,320 Patreon for exclusive content, early ad free episodes, and so 427 00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:39,440 much more. For only $5 a month, you can 428 00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,440 hear outtakes, exclusive episodes, and the stuff we cut 429 00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:46,240 for time, and also the stuff we cut because it was just too much 430 00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:50,880 for the general public. Looking for fresh fashion with a 431 00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:53,240 science twist? Be sure to check out Geopedal 432 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:55,040 Fabric, Megan's clothing company. 433 00:22:55,120 --> 00:22:58,200 These geek chic designs look fantastic and make for excellent 434 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,400 conversation starters. Plus, get 10% off using code 435 00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:03,440 weird and dead. Head on over to 436 00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:11,400 geopedalfabric.com now, OK? Yeah, so they have records of 437 00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:15,640 these crazy protoconodont teeth going back into the Ediacrin. 438 00:23:16,160 --> 00:23:20,880 But if you thought that soft bodied ones were hard to see, go 439 00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:23,400 ahead and Scroll down. Well, the next one is pretty 440 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:25,120 easy. They're like you could that's 441 00:23:25,120 --> 00:23:27,440 from the exact same site as one of the soft bodied. 442 00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:33,240 So you can pretty clearly see that they are spikes, although I 443 00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:34,720 don't know that. Edward Scissorhands. 444 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:37,360 Yeah, looks like Edward Scissorhands spikes, but the one 445 00:23:37,360 --> 00:23:40,080 that's down below it is keratinized one or not 446 00:23:40,080 --> 00:23:43,720 keratinized. They're like coal peels, almost 447 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:45,440 like. Oh, OK. 448 00:23:45,480 --> 00:23:47,880 Yeah, yeah. 'Cause to get these and all 449 00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:51,120 contidant elements, they like dissolve things in acids and 450 00:23:51,120 --> 00:23:55,800 crazy different chemicals to get them to float up to the top. 451 00:23:56,160 --> 00:23:59,880 Like they don't sit there and prep out like micro millimeter 452 00:23:59,880 --> 00:24:02,760 sized teeth. They collect them after they 453 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:04,560 float. I know, right? 454 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:09,120 Yeah. Come on, hash is shortcuts, OK? 455 00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:11,200 I mean, you, you use what you got to use. 456 00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:14,560 I still like OK Good for you guys for trying to to answer the 457 00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:16,880 questions that apparently keep some people up at night. 458 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:21,120 This also just gave me like squid beak kind of vibes right 459 00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:23,680 off the bat too. Yeah, I don't know that even if 460 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:27,120 I did manage to separate that from the sediment, I would go, 461 00:24:27,120 --> 00:24:30,840 hey animal as opposed to hey, weird mineral. 462 00:24:31,120 --> 00:24:37,560 Yeah, yeah, No, completely. I and that's how lucky are we in 463 00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:40,360 paleontology that there's so many different weird places that 464 00:24:40,360 --> 00:24:43,960 you can find your home. You know, I'm so proud of the. 465 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:45,320 Cosmopolitan. Really. 466 00:24:45,840 --> 00:24:48,160 Yeah, Yes. Well, I mean, it's like great 467 00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:49,920 for me. I don't know what I've even 468 00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:51,960 saying. It's not like I have published 469 00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:54,960 anything recently, but I have just like, this is fucking 470 00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:56,040 great. And it's true. 471 00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:58,480 It's like when I tell people when they're like, well, why did 472 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:00,880 dinosaurs matter? Which is a question I get a lot. 473 00:25:01,120 --> 00:25:03,920 And I'm like, they don't, but I think they do. 474 00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:07,640 And I'm like, most of the kids who start out being jazzed on 475 00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:11,120 dinosaurs don't end up being dinosaur paleontologists. 476 00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:15,040 Like, some folks find another weird niche in paleontology, or 477 00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:17,920 they go and become like, normal scientists and healthcare 478 00:25:17,920 --> 00:25:21,160 providers and things like that. And all of those things are 479 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:23,240 good. Because, I mean, I'm assuming 480 00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:26,160 that this is some cool shit about just, like, life origins. 481 00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:29,320 Because if they're that fucking old, that just means that and 482 00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:31,080 they're still alive. That's fucking cool. 483 00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:36,480 Like, that's very interesting to just be able to, yeah, dissect 484 00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:40,560 some of these oldest life forms. The the discovery that 485 00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:44,480 Chaedeknaths were protoconidons and that Chaedeknaths existed in 486 00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:49,360 the Cambrian was pretty exciting because Chaedeknaths are 487 00:25:49,360 --> 00:25:52,080 predators. So that meant that there was a 488 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:56,440 whole other trophic level in the Cambrian and maybe in the 489 00:25:56,440 --> 00:26:00,000 Ediacaran as well. Basically beyond kind of what 490 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:03,640 we, we thought of it as being like their general level. 491 00:26:04,320 --> 00:26:08,440 So it's predation. Predation definitely existed. 492 00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:14,280 We have arrow worms. Oh, see, everyone, you it's 493 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:18,360 normal and natural to you Attack other things. 494 00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:22,840 That sounded weird, but right. I mean, like that. 495 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:25,360 That is a very cool Earth story too, of that. 496 00:26:25,360 --> 00:26:27,920 Yeah. As soon as there was life, there 497 00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:29,400 was something trying to eat it. Eat it. 498 00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:32,320 Yeah, so. Pain. 499 00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:36,160 There are some wrinkles with this theory, right So. 500 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:40,600 Wow, it's a worm. It's indeed indeed a wrinkly 501 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,440 little worm. The the one that the paper 502 00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:46,920 mentioned is that they weren't sure what the shaded Naths were 503 00:26:46,920 --> 00:26:50,440 eating because if they were pelagic like most shaded Naths 504 00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:54,720 are the only things that they've ever found fossil records of 505 00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:57,520 were too big for a Chaicnath to take on. 506 00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:03,960 So like Anomalicaris, like like a centimeter long Chaicnath is 507 00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:07,160 not taking on Anomalicaris. Right, even a trilobite is too 508 00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:07,840 big. Right. 509 00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:11,800 Either that they were taking on things that were living on the 510 00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:17,360 ocean floor, so dipping down for a snack, or they were eating 511 00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:20,720 arthropod babies just like they kind of do today. 512 00:27:20,720 --> 00:27:24,080 So little little baby killers, they're eating zooplankton. 513 00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:28,200 Cute, right? I also just kind of love this 514 00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:30,200 too, where we're like, we don't know what they were eating and 515 00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:31,960 I'm like, well, they were eating something. 516 00:27:32,240 --> 00:27:37,800 Yes, they existed, so they ate something just because we you 517 00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:39,840 know, I love it sometimes how it's like, well, how did they 518 00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:41,040 like? Well, would just. 519 00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:44,440 Have to. Have more to know yet They they 520 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:47,280 definitely ate like otherwise we wouldn't have enough to 521 00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:49,840 fossilize. So they're there. 522 00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:54,560 The other wrinkle is that it turns out not all chaitignats 523 00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:59,600 are actually predatory. So chaitignats live in tropical 524 00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:02,400 waters up near the like, up near the sun. 525 00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,800 They live all the way down in the deep sea. 526 00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:07,640 They live in the Arctic. They live kind of all over the 527 00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:11,120 place, even though there's only 130 living species of them. 528 00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:16,120 But they did an analysis on the chaitignats that live in the 529 00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:17,880 Arctic. They looked at 2 specific 530 00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:22,720 species and they found that one of them was full of algae pretty 531 00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:27,840 much all year round, so it was definitely an omnivore. 532 00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:30,280 I think the other one they found a little bit of algae in, so it 533 00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:34,920 was maybe more predatory but shaded maths just by themselves. 534 00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:38,120 It turns out that those grasping those grasping arms probably 535 00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:41,040 could grasp more than just prey, right? 536 00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:43,960 Like if you have teeth, you can probably use those teeth to 537 00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:47,280 funnel algae into your face too. And in the Arctic you don't have 538 00:28:47,280 --> 00:28:50,160 copepods year round because it's the fucking Arctic. 539 00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:53,240 So it makes sense that some of these animals would adapt to 540 00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:57,680 become less carnivorous. Yeah, and I just thinking about 541 00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:00,360 that one, it looks like they'd be, you know, using it for other 542 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:01,800 things. I think they'd be great at 543 00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:05,120 butterfly kisses to each other, you know, with your eyelashes. 544 00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:08,120 Like they've got the perfect equipment. 545 00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:11,320 What if their mating thing or like, saying hi was to just 546 00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:15,400 like, flutter their cute little jaw face tingly whisker things? 547 00:29:16,440 --> 00:29:19,200 You know, just because it's used for one thing doesn't mean it 548 00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,360 can't be fun for something else. You should see Amy's little 549 00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:27,840 smirk that she has right now. I just always love it when we're 550 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:30,120 like, was it for this or that? It's like it was both. 551 00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:32,400 It's always both. It's it's it's. 552 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:34,320 Personal. Or all of it. 553 00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:37,840 It's always a Swiss Army knife. Yeah, like it's just so weird. 554 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:41,720 Like, I don't know in what thing in our normal lives is that this 555 00:29:41,720 --> 00:29:45,200 or that. So, OK, so some of them were, 556 00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,160 some of them are omnivores, some of them were right. 557 00:29:48,160 --> 00:29:49,800 I mean that that makes sense too. 558 00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:52,520 Everybody's got to be different. Can't go with the flow. 559 00:29:52,880 --> 00:29:58,880 Yeah, so my last set of crazy aeroworm facts, this is where 560 00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:04,400 things really went kind of sideways in my research today is 561 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:08,880 so Chaitaknath these terrifying ambush predators. 562 00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:14,600 They noticed as these animals are ambushing copepods, which as 563 00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:17,680 we've discussed, probably means, oh, there's a copepod bite. 564 00:30:18,400 --> 00:30:21,600 Not like sort of lurking in the bushes. 565 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:23,920 It's the ocean jumping off from a boulder. 566 00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:28,040 They noticed that sometimes the Chadig Nath would strike out 567 00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:31,800 basically at a copepod but not eat it for whatever reason. 568 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:34,680 Like maybe it would fumble it or maybe the IT would just choose 569 00:30:34,680 --> 00:30:38,120 not to eat that copepod. Who knows why they noticed that 570 00:30:38,120 --> 00:30:42,320 the copepods acted weird after they got struck. 571 00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:48,480 Oh, as in like their circulatory system started to slow down and 572 00:30:48,480 --> 00:30:52,920 they acted paralyzed so. Yeah, OK. 573 00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:54,120 What do you think's going on there? 574 00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:56,960 Oh, exciting. Oh, so they've got some freaky 575 00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,720 deaky juices coming out of their weird comb face jaw things and 576 00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:06,400 they're oh which then talks about being able to do paralysis 577 00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:08,840 and super deep time if that's OK. 578 00:31:08,840 --> 00:31:14,680 Yes, shaded naffs are venomous and the venom, so they one of 579 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:17,000 the studies I looked at looked at six different species of 580 00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:21,240 chaotic Nats, found that all of them had signs of the venom 581 00:31:21,280 --> 00:31:23,400 tetrotoxin. Have you? 582 00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:26,040 You've heard of Tetrotoxin before, right? 583 00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:29,400 Yeah, that sounds fancy. Tell me. 584 00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:33,160 More so it is, it is actually the least fancy toxin because as 585 00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:36,320 we will discuss, it's fucking everywhere and every year we 586 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:40,760 find more of it somewhere else. So totrotoxin is the same toxin 587 00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:43,920 that's in Japanese puffer fish. So if you eat a Japanese puffer 588 00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:45,360 fish, you get sick. It's that stuff. 589 00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:47,680 Because of this, it's a it's a neurotoxin. 590 00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:50,520 Just straight up kill you. Yep, it's a neurotoxin. 591 00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:54,560 It's it affects your sodium channels and it it causes 592 00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:57,560 paralysis and muscle spasms and it's it's nasty. 593 00:31:57,960 --> 00:32:03,360 It is also present in newts, rough skinned newts, those 594 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:04,920 things that crawl all. Over Oregon. 595 00:32:04,920 --> 00:32:07,520 Pay for it. Yeah, I crawl all over you. 596 00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:09,640 Yeah, I love them. I've seen it. 597 00:32:10,920 --> 00:32:15,360 So Newts have a ton of tetrodotoxin inside of them, 598 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:18,400 which means that if you eat them, and then, and this is 599 00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:21,600 important, don't puke. You can die. 600 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:23,880 If you puke, usually you're fine. 601 00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:27,520 And we know this because drunk men have done that both ways. 602 00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:30,400 Well, thank you for taking one for the tea. 603 00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:33,960 That's how science on venomous poisonous animals happens, is 604 00:32:34,320 --> 00:32:38,120 some drunk man gets dared to eat a Newt and sure enough then we 605 00:32:38,120 --> 00:32:41,280 get science done so. Right, because there are some 606 00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:45,240 studies you cannot set up safely or ethically to do. 607 00:32:45,240 --> 00:32:47,880 I remember when I was reading all my pregnancy books that were 608 00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:52,040 just like, well, we can't have women just drinking shit tons of 609 00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:55,040 booze for science their entire pregnancy. 610 00:32:55,040 --> 00:32:59,640 Like, but you can talk to case studies in which people did. 611 00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:01,160 Maybe they didn't know they're pregnant or something. 612 00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,800 Yeah. So it's just thank you all for 613 00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:09,920 taking one for the team. So tetrodotoxin, it's present in 614 00:33:09,920 --> 00:33:12,680 Japanese puffer fish, it's present in Newts and it is 615 00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:16,960 present in the mouth of Chaedeknaths, which is those are 616 00:33:17,120 --> 00:33:20,280 three very, very different sources, right? 617 00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:24,280 Like those are three animals that are not at all related. 618 00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:29,280 And so tetrodotoxin, like I swear every year we find it in 619 00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:32,240 something else. It's the blue ringed octopus. 620 00:33:33,160 --> 00:33:35,880 That venom is to trototoxin. Yep. 621 00:33:36,080 --> 00:33:39,120 That's because the ladies will eat them and so they're like 622 00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:41,120 whoop. But partly, I think partly 623 00:33:41,120 --> 00:33:43,440 there's some. I was going to go down that road 624 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,720 with Dick hands and then again, as I said, I get too much so. 625 00:33:47,120 --> 00:33:47,520 Right. Yeah. 626 00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,400 We'll bring it back. Octopi have it, fish have it, 627 00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:53,600 newts have it. Lots of different salamanders 628 00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:55,200 actually have it. They're not related to one 629 00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:59,840 another whatsoever. And with most of those animals, 630 00:33:59,840 --> 00:34:01,880 it's like embedded in their tissues. 631 00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:05,000 And it turns out it's embedded at like different levels, right? 632 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:08,639 Like if you ate just a Newt stomach you'd probably be fine 633 00:34:08,639 --> 00:34:10,920 because most newts don't really have to try to stop. 634 00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:18,360 Thank God I love Newt Haggis. Roast just the tiniest little 635 00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:20,040 haggis just. It's the. 636 00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:23,920 Tiniest little, I don't know, there's some big fucking newts. 637 00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:28,400 But don't eat their gonads, because their gonads are. 638 00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:32,880 Full Oh God damn it, Megan, it's got to take everything I love in 639 00:34:32,880 --> 00:34:35,320 this world from that's. The same with puffer fish, man, 640 00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:38,159 puffer fish gonads just well, it's a it's. 641 00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:39,800 The gonads. It's the nads, huh? 642 00:34:40,239 --> 00:34:43,560 Oh my nads. So you might notice a little bit 643 00:34:43,560 --> 00:34:46,800 of a trend there you don't see. Oh, is that where they are in 644 00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:50,719 the? You don't see tetrodotoxin in 645 00:34:50,719 --> 00:34:53,360 like the stomach. You don't see it anywhere in the 646 00:34:53,360 --> 00:34:57,600 digestive tract. You see it in places where it's 647 00:34:57,600 --> 00:34:59,520 not getting put into the digestive tract. 648 00:34:59,520 --> 00:35:02,440 You see it in the skin, you see it in the gonads, you see it in 649 00:35:02,440 --> 00:35:06,560 places where it can't affect that animal because most animals 650 00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:09,760 are susceptible to to trottotoxin, even the ones that 651 00:35:09,760 --> 00:35:12,000 have it. So you have to not have it in 652 00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:12,440 your. Stomach. 653 00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:17,480 But why? If you have it in your nads, how 654 00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:21,600 are you using it? How are you deploying it for? 655 00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,960 It's just to make you poisonous. Well, it's just so that no one 656 00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:28,080 tries to eat your gonads. Yeah, it's just to not get 657 00:35:28,080 --> 00:35:29,080 eaten. Generally. 658 00:35:29,080 --> 00:35:31,880 It's not like they expect to survive if it gets their. 659 00:35:31,960 --> 00:35:36,040 OK, OK, so it's like where can I put this where it's not going to 660 00:35:36,040 --> 00:35:39,120 get fucked up with the rest of my system and Take Me Out? 661 00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:43,120 Oh, these worthless? Yes, OK, I'm just like what are 662 00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:45,120 they doing? Like just like Pew Pew with 663 00:35:45,120 --> 00:35:46,280 their dads. I don't know. 664 00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:48,120 It's fun. They're not shooting eggs, 665 00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:54,400 poison, not of venom for most of these animals, OK, right. 666 00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:58,760 So it's accumulating in spots where it can't be something that 667 00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:00,800 also effects that animal, right? So. 668 00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:02,640 OK, fair. OK, there's that. 669 00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:07,840 And then it's also accumulating. It's not one organ that is the 670 00:36:07,840 --> 00:36:10,160 poison organ. It's not like sloths or not 671 00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:11,760 sloths. It's not like Slaloris's, right, 672 00:36:11,760 --> 00:36:13,640 where they have like the glands that use it. 673 00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:17,320 It seems to be kind of throughout their bodies. 674 00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:21,400 There's a clam that has an increasing amount of it in 675 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,560 Australia and they mostly notice it in like the siphon. 676 00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:28,800 So like it's, it seems to be bioaccumulating. 677 00:36:29,080 --> 00:36:34,720 So a lot of people have wondered if perhaps it is not internally 678 00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:39,040 made, it is externally made and that they are accumulating it 679 00:36:39,040 --> 00:36:43,960 specifically with bacteria. And it's complicated because 680 00:36:43,960 --> 00:36:48,240 some animals like newts, the way you can test this, the, you 681 00:36:48,240 --> 00:36:52,680 know, the test is if you do you make this yourself or does 682 00:36:52,680 --> 00:36:56,000 something else make it and you eat that thing and right, right. 683 00:36:56,000 --> 00:37:00,000 So they took newts, baby Newts, I think they even hatched them 684 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:03,000 themselves and they put them in a tank and they controlled their 685 00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:05,600 diet to make sure there was nothing that had to try to 686 00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:07,880 toxin. Yeah, like the poison dart 687 00:37:07,880 --> 00:37:10,720 frogs. Yeah, and they found that Newts 688 00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:15,000 stayed poisonous, so newts make it themselves. 689 00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:18,720 So they are, they're auto generating their poison. 690 00:37:18,720 --> 00:37:22,400 They've like we've got an easy bake toxin oven. 691 00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:26,440 Yes, OK. Whereas a lot of other animals 692 00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:30,200 don't seem to be doing that. And other animals like clams and 693 00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:32,800 things, those seem to be accumulating it. 694 00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:36,120 And when they looked at Chaiteknaths, they were like, 695 00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:39,200 well, we don't see like they don't have hollow fangs. 696 00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:41,680 Those are not hollow. Those spines, they don't have 697 00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:45,240 venom glands. Where are chaotic Nats getting 698 00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:50,400 this tetrado toxin? And they looked at I think 4 699 00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:52,520 different species of chaotic Nats and they did all of these 700 00:37:52,520 --> 00:37:57,000 like bio SA, like, I don't know, dumb weird biology shit that I 701 00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:03,080 don't fully understand. And they found evidence for this 702 00:38:03,080 --> 00:38:07,400 one bacteria, which I have the name of somewhere, this one 703 00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:15,080 bacteria, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio something, something. 704 00:38:15,240 --> 00:38:18,800 So there's a bacteria, and that bacteria produces tetrodotoxin. 705 00:38:19,080 --> 00:38:21,960 And it turns out it's associated with a lot of different animals, 706 00:38:21,960 --> 00:38:25,000 but not all animals. And it's also not the only 707 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,160 bacteria that can make tetrodotoxin. 708 00:38:27,480 --> 00:38:31,360 So it seems like in a lot of cases it might be bacteria that 709 00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,040 is creating the tetratotoxin that then the animal is 710 00:38:34,040 --> 00:38:39,040 monopolizing to use as a defense or to use as like a predatory 711 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:44,840 thing, which is insane to me. The other insane thing is that 712 00:38:44,840 --> 00:38:48,080 it's not just that we're discovering more animals that 713 00:38:48,080 --> 00:38:51,720 have tetratotoxin. We are discovering tetratotoxin 714 00:38:51,880 --> 00:38:55,880 in animals that did not have it before because it. 715 00:38:55,880 --> 00:39:00,720 Is spreading. It's contagious. 716 00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:04,280 Maybe. I mean, like, OK, that's that's 717 00:39:04,360 --> 00:39:06,480 what the fuck? That's terrifying, honestly. 718 00:39:06,480 --> 00:39:11,600 Yes, and it's climate change related because as the climate 719 00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:15,520 warms, this bacteria Vibrio, a lot of the animals that it's 720 00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:18,600 already, we don't know if it's living in symbiosis with or 721 00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:20,840 these animals have like the ability to bio accumulate it 722 00:39:20,840 --> 00:39:23,000 without being affected by it. So maybe they're eating it. 723 00:39:23,360 --> 00:39:26,200 It's not entirely clear and it's probably going to be different 724 00:39:26,240 --> 00:39:28,840 for different animals. But this bacteria seems to be 725 00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:33,120 kind of linked to warmer waters. And tetrotoxin itself is more 726 00:39:33,120 --> 00:39:36,600 stable chemically in acidified waters. 727 00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:39,720 So as warmer, as water gets warmer and it has more carbon 728 00:39:39,720 --> 00:39:43,560 dioxide dissolved in it and becomes more acidic, tetrotoxin 729 00:39:43,560 --> 00:39:48,480 itself is more stable, which is important because tetrodotoxin 730 00:39:48,480 --> 00:39:54,440 isn't just used as a poison. It's used by like algae as a 731 00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:57,600 communication thing, like as like a pheromone. 732 00:39:58,040 --> 00:39:59,760 Dinoflagellates use it as a pheromone. 733 00:39:59,760 --> 00:40:03,640 So they're pushing this juice out into the water and now the 734 00:40:03,640 --> 00:40:06,840 water is warmer and more acidic. So it's sticking around for 735 00:40:06,840 --> 00:40:10,040 longer. So there have been now cases of 736 00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:16,040 tetrodotoxin poisoning in. Written in Spain and Europe that 737 00:40:16,040 --> 00:40:17,920 are not associated with puffer fish. 738 00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:21,000 They are associated with clams that are now beginning to 739 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:24,880 bioaccumulate, and they see these clams that are in more 740 00:40:24,880 --> 00:40:27,800 southerly waters, that are in warmer waters are more likely to 741 00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,800 bioaccumulate dangerous levels of titratotoxin. 742 00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:35,520 Oh my God, is that like what is the the paralytic shellfish 743 00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:37,400 stuff? Is that similar or is that? 744 00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:39,400 I think it is. I think it's the same thing. 745 00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:42,160 Because that, yeah, I've known that. 746 00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:44,640 I've heard, you know, with Kelly's from Alaska and. 747 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:46,680 Yeah, Alaska has a. Couple of gears. 748 00:40:46,680 --> 00:40:49,200 It's like, yeah, there's like these big and it's really bad 749 00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:53,720 for the dogs that go and like that's yeah, definitely can 750 00:40:53,760 --> 00:40:55,640 yeah. I mean, I have someone who used 751 00:40:55,640 --> 00:40:58,320 to be a marine biologist up there who was just like bucking 752 00:40:58,320 --> 00:41:02,000 up all of her crabs. So you know, yeah, that's. 753 00:41:02,240 --> 00:41:03,640 Oh shit. Yeah, because. 754 00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:08,600 Well, I don't eat seafood because I'm such a good person 755 00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:11,400 and not because I'm incredibly picky, actually, and it's 756 00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:13,920 disgusting. So I'm good. 757 00:41:14,360 --> 00:41:16,240 But that is freaky. That is. 758 00:41:16,240 --> 00:41:17,240 That is. That's. 759 00:41:17,720 --> 00:41:19,120 Yeah. Fascinating though, too. 760 00:41:19,720 --> 00:41:23,440 Yeah, it's pretty cool. So my last fact about aeroworms 761 00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:28,120 is that in this paper in the 80s, there was just kind of this 762 00:41:28,120 --> 00:41:32,160 throwaway comment that is just fucking insane to me, which is 763 00:41:32,160 --> 00:41:37,760 that chaitignaths, there's 130 species, They're pelagic and 764 00:41:37,760 --> 00:41:39,720 they get tossed around by ocean currents. 765 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:43,400 So they're very widespread, which is probably part of why 766 00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:45,560 they don't have that many species because there's a lot of 767 00:41:45,560 --> 00:41:48,880 mixing across the globe because they're part of the ocean 768 00:41:48,880 --> 00:41:51,080 zooplankton and they get moved around quite a lot. 769 00:41:52,120 --> 00:41:58,040 This paper theorized, well, they have this bacteria, they go 770 00:41:58,240 --> 00:42:03,040 everywhere. Are they acting as vectors for 771 00:42:03,240 --> 00:42:05,640 to trototoxin producing bacteria? 772 00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:09,080 Which it sounds like there's some evidence that part of the 773 00:42:09,080 --> 00:42:12,400 problem in Britain is because there are introduced puffer 774 00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:16,040 fish, I guess. Too many kids were like, I I let 775 00:42:16,040 --> 00:42:18,840 my puffer fish go, Yeah. Reverse Nemo. 776 00:42:19,080 --> 00:42:22,280 Mummy, Mummy, what did you do with my puffer fish? 777 00:42:22,280 --> 00:42:25,240 Mummy? Yeah, flushed. 778 00:42:25,240 --> 00:42:29,640 It flushed. It maybe like puffer fish are 779 00:42:29,640 --> 00:42:32,280 vectors for spreading tetrodotoxin. 780 00:42:32,320 --> 00:42:34,240 They're like climate change revenge. 781 00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:37,600 Is basically, yeah, life finds a way. 782 00:42:37,600 --> 00:42:40,200 I mean, because I I was also wondering because you were like, 783 00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:42,040 oh, it's this bacteria. Because I was also wondering 784 00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:43,680 like if it's a bio accumulation thing. 785 00:42:43,680 --> 00:42:47,160 Well, something's got to eat these arrow worms too, even 786 00:42:47,160 --> 00:42:48,440 though they're predators, they're teeny. 787 00:42:48,440 --> 00:42:50,720 They must be eaten. So can they cause. 788 00:42:50,720 --> 00:42:52,680 And is that kind of what you mean by being a vector? 789 00:42:52,680 --> 00:42:55,360 Is like they can help with the bio accumulation process as 790 00:42:55,360 --> 00:42:58,080 they're as. Literally like a contagion 791 00:42:58,080 --> 00:43:02,120 spreader, like the bacteria rides on them to other places, 792 00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:05,200 so it doesn't even have to go into an animal that eats it. 793 00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,000 It's way scarier. Yeah, it's that. 794 00:43:07,040 --> 00:43:09,280 It's like, yeah, it's. Just hitch and a ride. 795 00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,240 Just hitch and a ride. See, that is way scarier than 796 00:43:12,240 --> 00:43:14,040 World War Z. Not for you. 797 00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:16,920 You don't eat seafood. No, it's disgusting. 798 00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:20,360 I just find that. Really. 799 00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:22,160 Yeah. But then I I, I still wonder. 800 00:43:22,160 --> 00:43:24,480 I mean, something's got to eat these guys too, right? 801 00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:26,800 They have to be eaten. I'm sure they're eaten by 802 00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:27,520 something. What? 803 00:43:27,520 --> 00:43:28,560 What eats, though? Plankton. 804 00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:30,920 Besides them. So, EW, that's gross. 805 00:43:30,920 --> 00:43:36,160 OK, so they're just making their own weird bacterial cloak that 806 00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:39,000 they take on their travels and they just start like Johnny 807 00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:42,920 Appleseed of maybe toxins. Yeah, OK. 808 00:43:43,160 --> 00:43:46,480 Because they have A and like the theory was basically like a lot 809 00:43:46,480 --> 00:43:49,880 of animals have this. Also, Vibrio does infect people. 810 00:43:49,880 --> 00:43:52,720 So like if you go and you get a cut and you get exposed to this 811 00:43:52,720 --> 00:43:56,200 bacteria, it can cause like just like general wound infections. 812 00:43:56,200 --> 00:43:58,680 Vibrio is one of the bacteria that can cause that. 813 00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:03,240 So like Vibrio seems to be real good at doing a lot of different 814 00:44:03,240 --> 00:44:04,680 things. And I also wonder if that's 815 00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:08,400 maybe part of how like some of these relationships developed is 816 00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:11,880 that if the bacteria is infecting you and then you just 817 00:44:11,880 --> 00:44:15,000 don't happen to die, but you just incorporate it sort of like 818 00:44:15,320 --> 00:44:19,400 what we did with like, you know, other chloroplasts and 819 00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:23,000 mitochondria. I wonder if if that's how some 820 00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:24,400 of these relationships are starting. 821 00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:26,400 For sure. Right, OK, right. 822 00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:29,840 They just like Co opted they're like, well, actually now that 823 00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:32,640 we've recovered, we're going to borrow some of us for some of 824 00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:35,960 our genetic code 0 actually, it's kind of handy for things 825 00:44:35,960 --> 00:44:38,760 here and there. Oh, that's yeah. 826 00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:41,120 And I was also like, right. And then they are also could 827 00:44:41,120 --> 00:44:43,520 continue to spread it. If you don't kill them, then 828 00:44:43,520 --> 00:44:46,360 you're also good at spreading. Because I was just at some 829 00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:50,040 fucking castle in the UK. And of course there are all 830 00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:53,760 these things about the trebuchet which I was like, OK, I mean, 831 00:44:53,760 --> 00:44:56,760 like how they'd take like, you know, plague ridden bodies. 832 00:44:56,760 --> 00:44:59,400 And like fucking. Shoot them into the castle so 833 00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:03,160 that they would spread. Spread the plague around anyone. 834 00:45:03,280 --> 00:45:05,600 It's like, because if you walled yourself off and no one got in, 835 00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:07,520 then you wouldn't get plagued, so they would just take 836 00:45:07,600 --> 00:45:10,560 disgusting plague bodies and like plague cows and things like 837 00:45:10,560 --> 00:45:14,680 that and trebuchet them, catapult them into these castles 838 00:45:14,680 --> 00:45:17,040 to cause everyone to get the plague and die. 839 00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:21,680 Huh, Yeah, it's nice. I'm glad I didn't live then. 840 00:45:21,720 --> 00:45:24,120 Thanks ancestors for getting on through though. 841 00:45:24,160 --> 00:45:27,520 Thank you. I mean, isn't that the plague 842 00:45:27,520 --> 00:45:30,520 kind of why people have autoimmune disorders? 843 00:45:30,520 --> 00:45:34,120 Isn't that one of the theories? Is that your immune system is 844 00:45:34,120 --> 00:45:36,840 overreacted because you're a descendant of someone who was 845 00:45:37,280 --> 00:45:38,960 able to survive the plague. You know what? 846 00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:42,080 I kind of like that better than what I hear all the time from my 847 00:45:42,080 --> 00:45:45,000 mental health stuff, that it's women, your lives suck. 848 00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:49,200 You're, we just hate women. Well, you have 3 because it 849 00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:51,840 does, it does affect women way more than it effects men. 850 00:45:51,840 --> 00:45:55,040 And I have autoimmune diseases, so it's great. 851 00:45:55,040 --> 00:45:58,280 And I'm like, cool. So I'd actually prefer thinking 852 00:45:58,280 --> 00:46:00,920 it's because some ancestor of mine survived by the flag and 853 00:46:00,920 --> 00:46:05,880 that's why I have psoriasis, not because of generational trauma. 854 00:46:05,920 --> 00:46:08,480 That's it is still generational trauma. 855 00:46:08,600 --> 00:46:12,800 It's very, very. Strong bottlenecking situation. 856 00:46:14,680 --> 00:46:17,320 Oh, God, yeah. I think that's really freaking 857 00:46:17,320 --> 00:46:19,720 cool. And on a microscopic level, too, 858 00:46:19,720 --> 00:46:22,920 that it can affect literally globally, even if it's teeny 859 00:46:22,920 --> 00:46:25,160 tiny. That's right, everybody. 860 00:46:26,040 --> 00:46:28,040 Climate changes. Yeah. 861 00:46:28,160 --> 00:46:30,880 Going to destroy your seafood, you sick fox. 862 00:46:33,960 --> 00:46:37,760 I say with a partner who just, like, loves seafood, but he was 863 00:46:37,760 --> 00:46:40,680 raised on the ocean. I was born in a landlocked 864 00:46:40,680 --> 00:46:41,400 state. That's my. 865 00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:43,640 Excuse. Yep, Yep. 866 00:46:44,080 --> 00:46:47,720 So yeah, that's what I have for you on Aeroworms and Chaitignavs 867 00:46:47,720 --> 00:46:49,440 is they've been around for a long time. 868 00:46:49,760 --> 00:46:53,720 No idea when they got to trototoxin, but a lot of the 869 00:46:53,720 --> 00:46:56,840 species now have it and maybe you're spreading it to other 870 00:46:56,840 --> 00:46:58,400 things in other places, who knows. 871 00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:03,640 Do you think the ones in the like Burgess and even Ediacran 872 00:47:03,640 --> 00:47:07,880 would have had those toxins? You know what I saw? 873 00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:09,880 Do we know? Was they looked at four 874 00:47:09,880 --> 00:47:13,400 different species? I don't know when this 875 00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:17,040 particular bacteria evolved. There are other bacteria that 876 00:47:17,040 --> 00:47:23,040 also produce tetrodotoxin. So it's super possible, but I 877 00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:26,480 don't know how we would necessarily tell because as far 878 00:47:26,480 --> 00:47:29,720 as I know, there's not like a really stable by product long 879 00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:33,280 term of tetrodotoxin. So it's not like you could look 880 00:47:33,280 --> 00:47:36,160 for a specific chemical in the rock and be like a signature, 881 00:47:36,720 --> 00:47:38,640 right? Yeah, but maybe there is, I 882 00:47:38,680 --> 00:47:41,120 don't know. But you just have to wonder if 883 00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:43,600 they are. And if they are, you know, 884 00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:45,360 obviously there's quite a bit of diversification. 885 00:47:45,360 --> 00:47:47,960 And obviously they have evolved because they're alive and things 886 00:47:47,960 --> 00:47:50,120 change. But it is like, well, they have 887 00:47:50,120 --> 00:47:52,760 persisted. And a lot of things seem like 888 00:47:52,760 --> 00:47:54,960 they're kind of the same as they were. 889 00:47:54,960 --> 00:47:58,400 And it does make me wonder if even some of that behavior was 890 00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:02,040 incredibly ancestral to to arrow worms as a whole. 891 00:48:02,720 --> 00:48:05,680 I mean, yeah, as soon as there was life, there was a way to 892 00:48:05,920 --> 00:48:08,360 fucking be a toxin. Just. 893 00:48:08,800 --> 00:48:12,400 And there are other worms that do it, flatworms. 894 00:48:12,840 --> 00:48:15,800 There's a couple species of flatworms that I guess also use 895 00:48:15,880 --> 00:48:20,880 to trototoxin as like a venom, but they're terrestrial so it's 896 00:48:20,880 --> 00:48:23,640 fucking everywhere guys. Worms are wow, okay, so we just 897 00:48:23,640 --> 00:48:26,880 got I mean, yeah, it's like some we could just have worms in 898 00:48:26,880 --> 00:48:28,880 dead. You could do a whole show worms 899 00:48:28,960 --> 00:48:29,640 in. Dead. 900 00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:33,160 There's a lot of other philetic cover, that's for fucking sure. 901 00:48:33,320 --> 00:48:39,320 Dear God. Yeah, thank you for listening. 902 00:48:39,360 --> 00:48:42,280 If you like the podcast, be sure to rate and review us on your 903 00:48:42,280 --> 00:48:45,640 listening platform of choice. We really, really, really 904 00:48:45,640 --> 00:48:47,800 appreciate it. If you'd like to hear more and 905 00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:51,440 support the show, you can follow us on Patreon for some exclusive 906 00:48:51,440 --> 00:48:53,760 bits or on our various social media platforms. 907 00:48:53,960 --> 00:48:57,000 You can follow me Ink on Instagram at Mary Adding 908 00:48:57,080 --> 00:48:59,680 Revenge. And Megan on Instagram and 909 00:48:59,680 --> 00:49:03,840 TikTok as Geo pedal fabric or both of us at weird and dead on 910 00:49:03,840 --> 00:49:07,000 Instagram and TikTok. Our theme song is unlocked Me by 911 00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:09,400 Praz Kanal. Cover art was provided by Chris 912 00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:12,160 Spencer and the host. And this has been posted and 913 00:49:12,160 --> 00:49:15,440 researched by us in the Atwater. And Megan Weatherall, thank you 914 00:49:15,440 --> 00:49:20,240 for listening. Just having a stroke on 915 00:49:20,240 --> 00:49:23,920 microphone, it's fine. Sounded nice to me. 916 00:49:24,640 --> 00:49:29,280 It's good ASMR. Megan has a stroke.