1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:04,880 You're listening to Weird and Dead, the paleontology podcast 2 00:00:04,880 --> 00:00:07,280 that tells evolution's most embarrassing and bizarre 3 00:00:07,280 --> 00:00:09,880 stories. To celebrate one full year of 4 00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:13,040 podcasting, we're releasing one of our Patreon bonus episodes. 5 00:00:13,040 --> 00:00:16,360 Just $5.00 a month gets you exclusive episodes, content that 6 00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:19,560 was cut for time, live stream chats, and early access to 7 00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:21,960 Season 3. And just so you know, you can 8 00:00:21,960 --> 00:00:24,760 buy Patreon subscriptions as gifts for others. 9 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:26,760 Thank you all for a wonderful first year. 10 00:00:26,800 --> 00:00:29,960 Amy is pleased to say that she now knows not only the community 11 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:33,480 aliens are lizards, but also she knows a few other facts about 12 00:00:33,480 --> 00:00:35,280 them too. So here they are. 13 00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:40,680 Hi, are you so excited for my redemption tour? 14 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:45,200 Yes, I am very excited for you to prove that you now know not 15 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:48,160 only what a chameleon is, but a lot more about them. 16 00:00:48,360 --> 00:00:50,000 More. Yeah, a little bit more. 17 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:52,680 Not I I've thought it's funny. I'm not thinking about the 18 00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:54,520 facts. I'm thinking about my feelings, 19 00:00:54,520 --> 00:01:00,360 which is going to go between essentially shame, I can't 20 00:01:00,360 --> 00:01:02,840 believe I didn't know I I can't believe I didn't know what a 21 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:06,960 chameleon was. And also pride as to This is why 22 00:01:06,960 --> 00:01:09,800 I didn't know what a chameleon is, you assholes. 23 00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:16,960 And then also excitement because holy shit I completely obviously 24 00:01:16,960 --> 00:01:25,360 underestimated these lizards. So, OK, we're doing a grand 25 00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:29,240 emotional tour of chameleons. Great. 26 00:01:29,600 --> 00:01:32,760 So essentially chameleons happened to be lizards? 27 00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:36,200 I didn't know if you knew that. I did remarkably, I did. 28 00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:40,640 I just, I want to do what you thought they were like. 29 00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:43,520 I know it was just like a pregnancy brain fart but like. 30 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:47,520 Well, partly it was like we were so deep that I was like, this is 31 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:52,320 going to be real funny if I'm like completely off, which I do 32 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,160 sometimes. And then, like, panicked, you 33 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:57,520 know, anxiety, panic. Yeah. 34 00:01:57,640 --> 00:02:00,520 Yeah, but now, now this is my pride. 35 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:02,800 You know what? I did some reading and I know 36 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:06,360 why my brain said that, questioned that. 37 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:08,960 Because when you one of the first things that you read about 38 00:02:08,960 --> 00:02:12,760 chameleons is that they are old world lizards. 39 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:17,040 And when my brain reads that, it reads old Wizards. 40 00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:24,080 You are really really reaching here, but I love. 41 00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:26,800 That this is the pride. This is the pride and the 42 00:02:26,800 --> 00:02:31,840 Prejudice, I could say. OK, so they're old. 43 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:36,560 Mammalian prejudice they are. They're old world lizards, which 44 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:39,480 just essentially means that today you find them in like 45 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:44,120 Africa, Asia, Europe, places in between like islands and shit. 46 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:46,280 But really I was like, you know what? 47 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:49,120 They are essentially Wizards in a lot of ways. 48 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:51,160 So maybe I thought they were Wizards. 49 00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:53,280 I didn't think that they were lizards. 50 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:57,040 I thought that they were. Why do you think that thinking 51 00:02:57,040 --> 00:02:59,480 Wizards are real and that chameleons are? 52 00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:04,240 That is better, no? No, it's because I learned that 53 00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:08,040 they're fucking Wizards. All of the shit that they do is 54 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:12,040 fucking crazy. It is they're they might be one 55 00:03:12,040 --> 00:03:14,680 of the most derived animals that we have out here. 56 00:03:14,680 --> 00:03:17,160 Like it's not just one trait either. 57 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:20,840 It's literally all of these traits go together and that's 58 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:23,240 we're going to dive in. I just have some literal bullet 59 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:25,920 points right off the bat. Prehensile tail. 60 00:03:26,040 --> 00:03:27,560 Cool. Instantly cool. 61 00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:29,080 Ask Carrie Webber. She agrees. 62 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:30,880 She knows it. Fucking cool. 63 00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:35,160 And when they're not using them as essentially 1/5 limb, they're 64 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:38,240 curled up in the queue. This little curly Q, it's so 65 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,480 cute. It is cute. 66 00:03:40,880 --> 00:03:41,880 I know what you're talking about. 67 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:43,800 Yeah, I've seen a chameleon before. 68 00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:47,520 Yeah. People knowing they were 69 00:03:47,520 --> 00:03:50,000 lizards. More of my shame comes from the 70 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:54,400 fact that I've definitely worked with chameleons before and 71 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,800 didn't remember that they're lizards, as they're Wizards. 72 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:01,080 They're Wizards, right? So they're Wizards because of 73 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:02,320 their love. Prehensile tail. 74 00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:05,720 Prehensile tail. Now show me with your fingers 75 00:04:05,720 --> 00:04:08,160 how you think chameleon feet work. 76 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:12,400 You think it's like your T Rex? Oh OK, I see what you're talking 77 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:13,600 about. You're talking about which 78 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:15,400 fingers? Because they've got like 2 79 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:17,440 thumbs, right? Like they've got a thumb and 80 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:19,680 then a pinky. Thumb fucking right, you nerd. 81 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:26,440 Goddamn it. Yeah, they're zygodactylus feet 82 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:28,800 similar. It's hard. 83 00:04:29,280 --> 00:04:31,240 It's hard. OK, So essentially what Megan 84 00:04:31,240 --> 00:04:34,120 and I are doing are taking our pinky fingers and our thumbs 85 00:04:34,120 --> 00:04:37,160 back and then the other three fingers forward. 86 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:40,160 And then they're kind of grouped like that, but almost kind of 87 00:04:40,160 --> 00:04:42,560 sideways. And they use like the finger 88 00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:46,640 part to wrap around a tree limb and then then the other part to 89 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:47,400 kind of grip it. Why? 90 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:49,480 Don't you just pause? I'm going to take you. 91 00:04:49,560 --> 00:04:52,400 You hold that posture. I'm going to take a screenshot. 92 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:57,120 Yeah, this is science. Yeah, that's certainly something 93 00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:00,080 and. Then like they're doing this 94 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:02,800 with it. Yeah, hold on. 95 00:05:03,080 --> 00:05:04,760 Hold that. Wow. 96 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:07,840 Anyway, it's kind of what birds do. 97 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:11,080 I guess it's not quite the same because again, chameleons are 98 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:14,120 cooler than birds. Do birds do double? 99 00:05:14,440 --> 00:05:16,400 Well, they do. They care. 100 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,320 Yeah, right, they're not. Anyway, y'all, it essentially 101 00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:23,560 just means like instead of grabbing things with your thumb 102 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:26,520 around one side and your fingers around one side, they're like 103 00:05:26,520 --> 00:05:29,640 double gripping either way with fingers, which is pretty cool. 104 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:33,880 And I mean actually probably the least exciting thing about a 105 00:05:33,880 --> 00:05:36,920 chameleon. Also cool. 106 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:40,200 OK. All right, eyeballs that can 107 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:42,400 move whichever fucking way they want them to. 108 00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:46,200 Independently Mobile eyeballs, OK. 109 00:05:46,280 --> 00:05:48,120 And their brain can fucking handle it. 110 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:53,200 Their brain just is envisioning the world 360 as they literally 111 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:57,040 synthesize and stitch together totally different images of the 112 00:05:57,040 --> 00:05:59,920 world going on. They must lose some of that 113 00:05:59,920 --> 00:06:02,520 depth perception when they have eyes going the opposite 114 00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:05,240 direction, right? Motherfuckers can do that too. 115 00:06:05,280 --> 00:06:09,160 They can focus in on an object and get both eyes to cooperate 116 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:12,400 at the same time and get that sense of depth perception that 117 00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:15,160 allows them to use their tongue, which we are going to talk a lot 118 00:06:15,160 --> 00:06:19,720 about to get that motherfucker who's like 2 fucking feet away 119 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:21,960 from them by the way, cuz they're anyway that's going into 120 00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:24,640 the tongue. So yeah, their eyes can do all 121 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:26,520 of it. They can do the different ways, 122 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:29,480 like kind of the quintessential chameleon thing, which is all 123 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:32,520 over the place, and they can process all that, and they can 124 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:35,960 also focus them together and use it for better stereoscopic 125 00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:38,840 vision to actually be able to get a sense of depth. 126 00:06:39,200 --> 00:06:40,760 It's fucking crazy. OK, so cool. 127 00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:43,800 And they just look cool. They're also kind of like open 128 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:48,640 just like 1/4 of the way. So they also look old and wise 129 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:52,120 and high in every inter, especially as their eyes go 130 00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:54,680 different directions. Fucking cool. 131 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:57,360 We're going to get more into the tongue, but I'm just going to 132 00:06:57,360 --> 00:07:00,640 say that the projectile tongue, which is technically called 133 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:03,080 ballistic tongue projection, super cool. 134 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:06,040 We're going to go more to that. So tons of them have literal 135 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:09,120 horns and things above their eyebrows and on their nose. 136 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:10,960 Some of them are sexually dimorphic. 137 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:13,880 It's not across the board. One of them has some like skull 138 00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:17,680 ornamentation that allows them to collect dew in the desert 139 00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:22,520 morning that drips perfectly into their mouths like cool. 140 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:24,440 Funnel face. OK, cute. 141 00:07:24,440 --> 00:07:27,960 Yes. And OK, they're crazy colorful, 142 00:07:27,960 --> 00:07:30,320 right? And part of that coloration, not 143 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:31,760 all of them, some of them are boring colored. 144 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:36,240 Part of the cool color thing is what we probably all think about 145 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:39,680 with chameleons is their ability to camouflage and to change, 146 00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:42,160 literally change. So that's going to lead us into 147 00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:46,560 the first use of your Word doc there, because I want you to 148 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,160 take the test of can you spot the chameleon? 149 00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:51,160 OK, so I can scroll to the first page. 150 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:55,000 Let's I just want to also do a shout out to Afro herper who 151 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:58,160 does way cooler spot that lizard challenges. 152 00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:02,600 This is like a total take on that shout out cuz amazing shit. 153 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:05,320 But this is a similar idea. So go ahead and Scroll down to 154 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:06,600 the first one. This is a warm up. 155 00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:10,040 Can you spot that chameleon? Are we talking about the big 156 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:12,080 thing that's in the middle? It's very clearly a lizard. 157 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:13,360 Or is there a different one in there? 158 00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:18,480 That's good job you got it. I told you it was a warm up. 159 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:21,160 It's a warm up, OK? Scroll down to the. 160 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:23,920 All right, moving down. Yep, I see it Spot. 161 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:27,680 You see it? OK, we're going to put these 162 00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:29,560 online, but that's a warm up too. 163 00:08:29,720 --> 00:08:33,159 OK, scroll. Down calling them warmups until 164 00:08:33,159 --> 00:08:37,159 it's harder for me to get one. There's only one really hard 1 165 00:08:37,159 --> 00:08:39,720 and it took me a minute. This one is still kind of warm 166 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:40,960 up territory. It's harder though. 167 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:43,120 OK. It's in the bottom right corner 168 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:44,159 there we. Go. 169 00:08:44,280 --> 00:08:45,680 That one's harder, though, right? 170 00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:47,000 Harder. Impressive. 171 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:49,960 A little. Bit yeah, yeah, if you work job 172 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,480 of being a lichen, I love it. I thought of you. 173 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:56,160 I know you love lichen, I do. But if you weren't looking for a 174 00:08:56,160 --> 00:08:59,240 lizard and you just looked at that tree, I don't think I would 175 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:01,840 have even registered. It I don't know, I've spent a 176 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:04,880 lot of time looking for lizards. Damn it, I should have thought 177 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:06,680 about my audience. More this is. 178 00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:10,000 This is not working. I was like, wow. 179 00:09:10,120 --> 00:09:13,320 She's like. Nah and I'm like this is so easy 180 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:17,000 What are you talking about Amy? Like now catching that lizard 181 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:19,680 That might be. Although chameleons are not that 182 00:09:19,680 --> 00:09:21,400 fast. The only lizard I can 183 00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:24,280 consistently catch with no problems are the little horny 184 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:28,480 toads like the little round fat lizards they can't run. 185 00:09:28,760 --> 00:09:29,880 Very fast. Those are cute. 186 00:09:30,040 --> 00:09:32,160 Yeah, I love them because I can catch them. 187 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:34,480 Everybody else is a little bit a little bit difficult for me, 188 00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:36,760 although I've lassoed a lot of lizards in my day. 189 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:38,560 I know you probably taught me how to do that. 190 00:09:38,560 --> 00:09:41,040 OK, we'll go down to the one that I thought was hard, that 191 00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:43,480 you're going to be like, it's right there, you dumb dummy, 192 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:47,000 Dumb wizard. I mean, I can see its body, 193 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:48,440 where is its head? Yeah. 194 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:50,960 Thank you. OK, OK, I'm going to scroll in a 195 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:52,440 little bit. Yeah, OK. 196 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:55,000 Zoom on all up. In I couldn't see its eyeball 197 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:57,280 until I scrolled in. So you're right, that one tech. 198 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:00,360 I still definitely knew there was a lizard there, but I didn't 199 00:10:00,360 --> 00:10:01,880 know if it said was behind the stick. 200 00:10:02,040 --> 00:10:09,160 So good job, Amy. All right, let's all just let's 201 00:10:09,280 --> 00:10:12,440 state for the matter that Megan is much better at spotting 202 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:14,720 lizards than Amy. Amy doesn't know what a lizard 203 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:17,800 is, so. OK, should I go down or is? 204 00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:21,080 That the hard one? No, you, you, you passed. 205 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:26,880 You did way better than I did. OK, well that wasn't as fun as I 206 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:31,160 thought it was going to be. Sorry, sorry, I got to say like, 207 00:10:31,200 --> 00:10:34,040 I've got like a couple skills in this world and finding lizards 208 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:37,320 is one of them. So he really speaking into my 209 00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:38,520 skill set. Yeah. 210 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:40,360 This is true. This is true. 211 00:10:40,680 --> 00:10:42,960 OK, well, forget that. Let's just talk a little bit 212 00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:46,800 about their evolution because they rafted. 213 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:52,360 If you didn't know about it, that's how we got into this mess 214 00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:56,040 in the 1st place. So it's very argued about the 215 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,640 first fossil chameleon. Like straight up, it's been 216 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,400 debated. I'm impressed with the the 217 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:05,120 lizard world out there. So essentially the only ones 218 00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:08,520 that are like not debatable about being chameleons are from 219 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:11,160 the Miocene. And I mean the Miocene is pretty 220 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:13,600 long. So like 1 is like 26,000,000 221 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:16,280 years old and one is like 6,000,000 years old or something 222 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:18,840 like that. And yeah, so those are like the 223 00:11:18,840 --> 00:11:21,920 only ones that across the board folks are like, yes, these are 224 00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:24,200 legit chameleons. And one of them is the one that 225 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:26,920 I talked about in the rafting episode. 226 00:11:26,920 --> 00:11:29,920 That's from mainland Africa. It's from the Kenya area, 227 00:11:29,920 --> 00:11:32,480 Resinga island area. And it's, it's the one that's 228 00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:34,920 younger. It's maybe like 5 to 13 million 229 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:37,480 years old. And then the older one is from 230 00:11:37,480 --> 00:11:39,560 the Czech Republic. And I guess there's another one 231 00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:41,880 from Germany. So we're talking like European 232 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:45,720 chameleons that are about like, I guess 20 to 26,000,000 years 233 00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:48,160 old, old probably. And those ones, again, those are 234 00:11:48,160 --> 00:11:51,360 like all that are true Camilio for like their genius name. 235 00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:55,440 But if we go deeper, right, like Madagascar is already an island 236 00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:58,640 in the Maya scene. But before that, it's hotly 237 00:11:58,640 --> 00:12:01,000 debated. So there's this one from the 238 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:05,360 Paleocene of China. And go ahead and Scroll down to 239 00:12:05,360 --> 00:12:09,080 your next image because this is the material that they have and 240 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:11,440 I have made. I've talked a lot of shit about 241 00:12:11,440 --> 00:12:13,840 how scanty some fossil records are. 242 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:17,920 And yet this fossil is, yeah, like humans, but this one is, 243 00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:20,880 like, gross. Like, no offense, but it's not a 244 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:22,720 whole lot. It's just not. 245 00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:25,640 That's a part of the skull. That's the. 246 00:12:25,720 --> 00:12:26,840 Fucking Skull. Yeah. 247 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:29,720 And this is them CT scanning. Like this is them being like 248 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:32,240 please. This is just a bone of the 249 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:35,080 skull, or is this the whole? That's just a no. 250 00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:37,440 We've got a maxilla and a mandible, so it's got to be the 251 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:40,440 whole. Skull, I think it's, I mean I 252 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:43,680 don't think it's complete by any means, but it's also very just 253 00:12:43,680 --> 00:12:45,840 eroded and degraded as. Far as the. 254 00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:47,880 Skull goes it. Looks like a thank. 255 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:49,800 You like, right? I could see why they're 256 00:12:49,840 --> 00:12:52,480 debating. I would debate if this was a 257 00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:55,600 lizard or if this was a fossil at all. 258 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:59,160 If someone would pick up. I'm so pictures up and handed it 259 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:01,080 to me. I'd be like oh that's a really 260 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:03,680 good try and I see how you're looking for weird shapes but 261 00:13:03,680 --> 00:13:06,920 that is a rock so no. Interesting. 262 00:13:07,240 --> 00:13:10,040 But they were literally able to take enough from this to 263 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:13,640 understand that it had accredond teeth, deep skull, large 264 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:17,040 prefrontal, rough sculpture in the absence of a retro articular 265 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:19,040 process. And I'm like what? 266 00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:22,040 Where the fuck are you getting? I've worked on tiny animals 267 00:13:22,040 --> 00:13:23,880 guys. I've worked on itty bitty things 268 00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:26,240 and I am like, wow, that's impressive. 269 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:29,080 But then this other group, group that actually did the CT 270 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:32,720 scanning came back and was like, yeah, no, this doesn't have any 271 00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:36,360 of like the derived definitive characteristics of chameleons. 272 00:13:36,480 --> 00:13:39,600 And so they actually do insert a Setis with a, you know, like 273 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:41,440 being like, yeah, I know, I know. 274 00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:43,600 Mostly because it's a piece of shit fossil. 275 00:13:43,680 --> 00:13:47,120 OK, so like this is like supposedly the oldest chameleon, 276 00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:49,480 but people don't agree that it is a chameleon. 277 00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:51,440 But people all think it's a bone. 278 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:54,200 Because I could see that they did the CT scan and you see some 279 00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:57,200 spongy tissue. OK, OK, but it could just be a 280 00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:00,720 lizard. And the authors of the 2014 281 00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:04,720 publication compared to when it was named in 1976 are saying 282 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:08,400 like, no, it's clearly not a chameleonoid or a stem 283 00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:11,720 chameleonoid, which I'm again, just like, how do you know? 284 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:15,240 But again, experts in their expertise know what's up. 285 00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:18,960 So this one has been like, you axed, you're out, you're no 286 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:22,440 longer a part of the plan. And then they're there has been 287 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:25,440 some discussion about there's a small. 288 00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:28,760 Lizard. Just a lizard, not a wizard. 289 00:14:29,920 --> 00:14:33,840 So. Just just a lizard, not a 290 00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:37,920 pisser. Amy got confused. 291 00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:44,040 OK, OK. Man, OK, so then they, like push 292 00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:46,000 it back even further. They're like, OK, but where did 293 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:48,320 this, like chameleon come from? Like we've got like true 294 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:51,040 chameleons in the Miocene, but like, what led up to them? 295 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:54,560 It's still, it's still blurry, unlike their beautiful vision. 296 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,400 And there's 1A controversial one, if you will. 297 00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:00,400 This is the Cretaceous one. I misspoke last time. 298 00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:05,320 This one is from Amber. Can you guess where this Amber's 299 00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:07,080 from? Myanmar amber. 300 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:09,400 Bernie's Amber. Yes, it is. 301 00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:11,600 Yeah. So if you're wondering. 302 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:14,560 Blood Amber. Yeah, making those sounds is 303 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:19,440 because now that amber mine is controlled by a genocidal 304 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,240 fascist government. And so when you purchase pieces 305 00:15:22,240 --> 00:15:27,640 of that amber, you are funding genocide and that does it. 306 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:29,880 Stop. And when you publish on it, 307 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,080 yeah, publishing on it is also not great. 308 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:35,920 So this obviously got published in, well, 2016. 309 00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:39,000 Ding, Ding, Ding. Before a lot of societies were 310 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,760 like, we're not going to accept publications based on this stuff 311 00:15:41,760 --> 00:15:44,800 because, again, it's a lot of lot of human suffering. 312 00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:47,680 But if you want to talk about the chameleon aspect, it's 313 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:54,280 depressing. They did get a small neonatal 314 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,600 lizard skull preserved. It's. 315 00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:59,920 Fucking cool, which is why I understand people want to 316 00:15:59,920 --> 00:16:03,080 publish on it, but I shouldn't anyway. 317 00:16:03,080 --> 00:16:07,280 They know that it had a short and wide skull like a chameleon, 318 00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:11,880 big old eye sockets like a chameleon, a very elongated and 319 00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:15,760 robust lingual process which is all about that tongue. 320 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,320 And then some other features of the skull that's like again, 321 00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:26,400 short faced, strong tongue, big eyes, which is a chameleon and 322 00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:29,920 it had supposedly an extremely short curled tail. 323 00:16:30,320 --> 00:16:35,760 So these are all considered to be traits of a chameleon and not 324 00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:39,160 a day. OK, I'm sorry, what? 325 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:41,040 Chameleon? Not a day. 326 00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:45,400 Let me see Chameleon on a day. No, I don't know if I'm doing 327 00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:47,320 that right. Camellia on a day. 328 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:51,880 You are just. You're just slurring your way to 329 00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:56,000 consonants at the end there. OK, it's Chameleon today. 330 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:58,680 Chameleon today, Yeah. Perfect. 331 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:04,359 OK, some folks consider this one to be a stem chameleon as well. 332 00:17:04,359 --> 00:17:06,960 But again and again, this author was on the other paper that was 333 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:13,480 like, no, in 2018, they instead actually interpreted it to be an 334 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:17,920 amphibian, which I'm like, what? But that it had convergent 335 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:22,000 chameleon like characteristics, which man, I just like want to 336 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:24,640 see that amphibian. I mean, that's, that's an 337 00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:27,400 amphibian. So see, again, valid mistake. 338 00:17:27,599 --> 00:17:31,000 Valid mistake. I mean, it does sound like at 339 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,720 least if you don't know if it's a lizard, you are in line with 340 00:17:35,120 --> 00:17:38,560 aleontological research. I would never have guessed that 341 00:17:38,560 --> 00:17:43,800 chameleons were so controversial, but also wished 342 00:17:43,880 --> 00:17:46,400 that they're. Blending into their evolutionary 343 00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:49,440 tree. Yeah, also how derived is a 344 00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:53,000 chameleon if really an amphibian just randomly did the same 345 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,520 thing? Treat that, treat that. 346 00:17:55,960 --> 00:17:58,960 And it says it includes adaptations for this ballistic 347 00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:00,960 feeding, but I couldn't find too much. 348 00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:07,760 I didn't look that hard other animals with ballistic feeding. 349 00:18:07,760 --> 00:18:11,320 So maybe there is an amphibian. Well, I guess like frogs, right? 350 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:13,280 Frogs are pretty good at the like, but. 351 00:18:13,280 --> 00:18:15,440 Frogs have that. I've definitely seen salamanders 352 00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:20,200 like go, but their tongue only goes out like a little tiny bit 353 00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:24,680 so it's not as impressive. Yeah, these guys are impressive. 354 00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:27,920 OK, so like we'll get to that. And just one last thing on their 355 00:18:27,920 --> 00:18:30,120 evolution, which is that we still don't know. 356 00:18:30,120 --> 00:18:33,680 So go find more chameleons, but please not in Myanmar. 357 00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:39,680 And also fun fact of their closest group, their sister 358 00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:42,800 Taksa to gammid lizards, so dragon lizards. 359 00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:45,800 So things like bearded Dragons or water Dragons, they're a 360 00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:48,040 really diverse group. And so that's a lot of the 361 00:18:48,040 --> 00:18:51,080 issues too, is a lot of these fossils are like old fossils are 362 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:56,000 just actually attributed to an agammid instead of to chameleons 363 00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:58,720 for whatever reason. So I mean, that happens. 364 00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:00,840 It can be hard when you're closely related to tell where 365 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:03,400 the split is fossil in the fossil record, so. 366 00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:06,640 I mean do agammids they don't have the tail right? 367 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:09,560 Like I can't think of a single agammid that that has like the 368 00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,640 little prehensile tail. I don't think so, but the group 369 00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:16,440 is like way, I mean, chameleons are super diverse in terms of 370 00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:19,680 environments that they can live in and adaptations and traits 371 00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:23,480 and stuff and ornamentation. But like the Agamas are just 372 00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:25,560 like really, really, you know, chameleons. 373 00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:27,480 You see a chameleon, you know, it's a fucking chameleon. 374 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:31,240 Whereas that family is a little to me, a lot like harder to 375 00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:34,080 pinpoint some of those definitive features. 376 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:37,320 So I maybe there's just more diverse, I don't know, but a 377 00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:39,480 sick lizard. Bitch lizard. 378 00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:41,880 She said it. Not me. 379 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:45,320 These are other ones that I have definitely. 380 00:19:45,320 --> 00:19:47,920 Yeah. So and then I just really want 381 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:51,440 to end on their fucking insane tongue. 382 00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:54,880 So I was trying to understand. I read a couple like Nature 383 00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:56,840 article. OK, so the tongue of the 384 00:19:56,840 --> 00:20:01,160 chameleon can go up to like two 2 1/2 lengths of the chameleon's 385 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:03,880 body itself. And it seems I read this in this 386 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:07,520 Nature pub that smaller chameleons get more bang for 387 00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:10,080 their buck and. Relatively, they can actually 388 00:20:10,080 --> 00:20:13,840 project their tongue further and stronger than a larger 389 00:20:13,840 --> 00:20:16,000 chameleon. Chameleons, by the way, vary in 390 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,920 size from the smallest one. As a baby, it can like fit on 391 00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:23,800 your fucking fingernail and they grow to be like 10 mil. 392 00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:26,400 No, I don't know, like 10 centimeters or something like 393 00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:27,720 that. Like adorable, probably even 394 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:29,920 smaller than that. And then the big boys can be 395 00:20:29,920 --> 00:20:33,160 like over a foot long, I think. I don't know, I didn't look. 396 00:20:33,160 --> 00:20:36,400 I got more distracted by the cute ones so. 397 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,600 OK, so big size range. They can all do this ballistic 398 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:44,880 projection of their tongue, which is not a muscle 399 00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:49,840 contraction motion like if you were to punch somebody or like 400 00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:52,840 an animal bite something or like take off in flight. 401 00:20:53,080 --> 00:20:57,720 So this is like 10 times stronger and faster by 402 00:20:57,720 --> 00:21:03,080 essentially just using it as a spring and its face that it then 403 00:21:03,080 --> 00:21:06,680 just uses the simple machine mechanism to just and the 404 00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:10,520 elasticity of its tongue ligaments and shit to just like 405 00:21:10,640 --> 00:21:14,760 fucking fling it out. Like if you were to use a 406 00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:19,160 slingshot, but that it came back, you know, I don't know, 407 00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:20,960 something like that. And they can do it with their 408 00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:23,240 tongue. So go ahead and Scroll down to 409 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:28,000 see a picture of the bones involved in this the bones and 410 00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:29,200 ligaments. What? 411 00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:32,600 They have bones in their tongue. They have a tongue baculum. 412 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:38,160 They have what is this is the ENT, which is the entoglossal 413 00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:44,200 process, which a lot of them are like tough tissue or literal 414 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:49,120 actual extension of these lingual processes, which again 415 00:21:49,120 --> 00:21:52,600 is all about that tongue. And it's all a crazy modified 416 00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:56,200 hyoid bone. And so the hyoid, we have one as 417 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:57,160 well. Yeah. 418 00:21:57,360 --> 00:22:00,960 So the part OK, so you have image A&B there and the stuff 419 00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:03,640 that's all crazy looking to the right is closer to where the 420 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:07,360 hyoid would be in the back of the throat and the ACT there is 421 00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:09,000 at like more of the tip of the tongue. 422 00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:12,800 So hyoids are responsible for a lot of weird animal noises out 423 00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:15,720 there like howler monkeys, which I'm personally afraid of. 424 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:19,600 They make all of their weird noises thanks to their hyoid 425 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:22,800 bone is super highly modified as well and looks fucking weird 426 00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:25,560 just like them. And that's how they make their 427 00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:28,520 their singing noises. And then if you Scroll down, I 428 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:32,160 was like, yeah, but what does this look like in the chameleon? 429 00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:37,280 So I found this paper and I was like, wow, oh shit, what the 430 00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:40,440 fuck is going on here? But you got your dead chameleon 431 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:42,560 up top. And then below they show you 432 00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:44,080 what's kind of hidden in the jaw. 433 00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:47,640 Yeah, uh huh. And again, so to the now to the 434 00:22:47,760 --> 00:22:51,840 left this time is more of the modified hyoid process part. 435 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:56,360 And to the right is more of this like elastic fun bridge. 436 00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,440 And that's kind of what they extend from their mouth. 437 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:02,520 And then from that they whiplash out the tongue. 438 00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:07,280 So if you watch a video of them eating, like the the first 439 00:23:07,280 --> 00:23:12,880 couple inches of it are this rigid line and then the tongue 440 00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:17,920 is flapping off of that. And then they have this crazy 441 00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:20,640 essentially like suction cup tongue. 442 00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:24,520 I read a paper that was also like, amazingly, they can do 443 00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:27,400 this even when they're cold, like like other muscles aren't 444 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:30,320 able to move that quickly. But with them, they're like, we 445 00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:31,560 don't care how fucking cold we are. 446 00:23:31,560 --> 00:23:34,320 We could shoot this stick stuff out and it'll stick to whatever. 447 00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:37,960 So yeah, it's crazy. They've got a suction cup like 448 00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:41,200 antifreeze, super go go gadget tongue. 449 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:44,160 And we don't know where they originated. 450 00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:47,800 OK, that's because they're fucking Wizards and made a valid 451 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,520 mistake. And maybe I confused it with an 452 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:53,880 amphibian. So not so much a redemption to 453 00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:56,920 her as it is like a reclamation to her. 454 00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:00,000 Is that what this is? I told you there were a lot of 455 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,840 emotions involved. OK, so when it's. 456 00:24:03,840 --> 00:24:06,440 Shame and pride. So when this chameleon is 457 00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:09,240 sticking out his tongue, is that, like you said, that it's a 458 00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:12,560 modified hyoid bone? Is it actually like a Bony 459 00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:14,880 projection that's coming out at first and then it whips. 460 00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:17,800 So it's like a, if you had like a bull whip, you've got the like 461 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:20,200 hard part, then you've got the whip, and then there's just a 462 00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:22,040 random fucking suction cup at the end. 463 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:23,520 That's what we're talking about here. 464 00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:26,080 Yeah, yeah, I'd say that's pretty accurate. 465 00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:27,960 And I don't think all of it's just Hyoid. 466 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:32,760 They just do really weird things with the stuff going on in their 467 00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:34,760 throat and have highly modified it. 468 00:24:34,760 --> 00:24:38,200 And I'm still unclear if some of these are Bony or if they're 469 00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:40,280 just like firm cartilage. That's what I. 470 00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:43,320 Want to do the same thing? Bone. 471 00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:46,040 If this is a bone, a tongue boner. 472 00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:50,360 Yes, and yes, and even more. Yeah. 473 00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,240 And here's the other reality. This involves all those bones in 474 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:57,640 the skull that I am not good at because they're all those inner 475 00:24:57,640 --> 00:25:00,640 weird ones that you don't really see unless you break it open. 476 00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:04,480 And so I'm like, I don't know, like the Bulmer and the Sphenoid 477 00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:06,360 and shit. Like, I don't understand those 478 00:25:06,360 --> 00:25:09,640 weird butterfly bones. Oh, yeah, So they're hard. 479 00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:11,440 Those are hard. Sure, we got to know more. 480 00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:14,320 Hopefully people tell me how wrong I am because I'm sure I 481 00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:17,160 got a lot of this wrong too. That's crazy though. 482 00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:20,320 I didn't know that they had like that sort of suction cup thing. 483 00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,480 I was kind of thinking it was like the the Corkscrew duck 484 00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,560 Dicks where they like rapidly inflate and it's like a vascular 485 00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:30,400 thing. But it sounds like no, it's more 486 00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:33,480 weird. It's more of a simple machine 487 00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:35,600 thing. OK, yeah, it's more of like a 488 00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:37,640 lever lever mechanism. So strange. 489 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:40,760 And that's one of the reasons why I guess it can still work 490 00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:41,880 when it's cold. I don't know. 491 00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:45,360 But the paper I read would just like emphasize that it was so 492 00:25:45,360 --> 00:25:51,600 much faster in terms of that release than what any animal can 493 00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:54,480 do with just like muscle contraction alone. 494 00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:58,080 Like they compared it to like a bird taking off and that it's 495 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:02,080 still like a that's a fraction of the energy that they release 496 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:05,400 with their tongue and that they have like the strongest elastic 497 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:08,160 muscles in all of the animal Kingdom because of that. 498 00:26:08,480 --> 00:26:10,800 Crazy chameleons. Chameleons there. 499 00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:12,360 Old world Wizards. Wizards. 500 00:26:15,320 --> 00:26:17,480 She said it. I got it. 501 00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:22,400 Yeah, but Megan found all of them, so we'll see if you guys 502 00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:24,600 pass the test when we put these pictures and go. 503 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:26,120 Yes, Amy, those are pretty basic. 504 00:26:26,160 --> 00:26:28,520 Someone should really consult with me on those really shitty 505 00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:31,440 chameleon fossils. I can clearly find chameleons 506 00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:34,160 really easily and good to know that I have that skill set. 507 00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,000 I really wouldn't. Yeah, I guess that's what I 508 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:40,360 could, yeah. I would not have guessed that 509 00:26:40,360 --> 00:26:42,200 any of those were fossils. Those look like rocks. 510 00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:44,920 Straight up rocks. They look like weird Pebble 511 00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:47,120 things. Yeah, for sure. 512 00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:50,800 And to bring it back to the rafting, like now, the highest 513 00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:54,280 diversity of chameleons is found on Madagascar. 514 00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:57,520 Like over 50% of all chameleon species in the world are found 515 00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:00,160 on Madagascar. And this paper emphasized again, 516 00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:02,120 that's not because they evolved there. 517 00:27:02,120 --> 00:27:04,720 They most likely evolved in mainland Africa or maybe 518 00:27:04,720 --> 00:27:10,120 somewhere in Asia, and then they migrated to Madagascar and then 519 00:27:10,120 --> 00:27:13,400 died out elsewhere but continued to thrive very well on 520 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:16,080 Madagascar. Similar to the lemurs, but they 521 00:27:16,080 --> 00:27:18,920 did not evolve there, and they also did not get there by 522 00:27:18,920 --> 00:27:21,600 choice, as that article I read wants to emphasize. 523 00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:24,960 When they rafted there from mainland Africa, it was not 524 00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:26,880 consensual. They were forced. 525 00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:30,840 It wasn't a pleasure cruise, it was a land raft situation. 526 00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:32,640 Involuntary. Yes. 527 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:34,520 Exactly. All right. 528 00:27:34,520 --> 00:27:37,760 Well, thank you very much for your redemption slash 529 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:42,160 reclamation slash retribution tour of chameleons here. 530 00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:46,320 Revenge. I'm definitely willing to 531 00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:49,080 concede that they're pretty fucking weird, and I also 532 00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:50,880 wouldn't know that they were lizards just from looking at 533 00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:52,400 their bones. I mean, I would know they're 534 00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:54,560 lizards just generally because I know what a lizard is. 535 00:27:54,560 --> 00:27:56,840 But like looking at their bones, Amy. 536 00:27:57,120 --> 00:27:59,520 Wow, I would be. Just fancy. 537 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:05,800 OK. I think that's it you. 538 00:28:05,960 --> 00:28:09,560 Do you know the lizards? Thank you so much for supporting 539 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:11,200 us. If you have an animal or topic 540 00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:13,720 you'd like us to cover, use the survey link that is pinned to 541 00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:15,680 the top of the page on Patreon.