1 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:07,200 You're listening to Weird and Dead, the paleontology podcast 2 00:00:07,200 --> 00:00:09,320 that tells evolutions most embarrassing and bizarre 3 00:00:09,320 --> 00:00:10,880 stories. I'm Megan Weatherill. 4 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:14,080 And I'm Amy Atwater, and we're two living scientists who are 5 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:16,200 weirdly excited about dead things. 6 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:21,400 This episode is all things urine, Fossils, Urine that left 7 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:25,560 a mark on the rocks. Urine that became the rocks and 8 00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:29,280 the rocks that formed in urine. We'll talk about the internet's 9 00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:32,520 fascination with ostrich urination, and Amy defends the 10 00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:34,640 slurritious reason she was Googling. 11 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:38,240 Do crocodiles pee? Like always, our podcast covers 12 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:41,440 some disgusting stuff, especially in this urine soaked 13 00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:43,680 episode. Please pay attention to the 14 00:00:43,680 --> 00:00:45,520 content warnings in the description. 15 00:00:45,560 --> 00:00:49,640 This podcast is not for kids, but my new book is Check it out, 16 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:55,120 please. I mean, this is so fun. 17 00:00:55,120 --> 00:00:59,600 I love this entire journey. And it's like, OK, we've done 18 00:00:59,600 --> 00:01:04,200 lemurs, we've done butt stuff, We've done a lot of butt stuff. 19 00:01:04,239 --> 00:01:08,720 We've done more butt stuff. And today we were like, let's do 20 00:01:08,720 --> 00:01:12,880 pee stuff. Let's do pee hole things and 21 00:01:12,880 --> 00:01:15,880 that we were like, well, I think largely our topic got started 22 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:18,760 because of what you're going to talk about today, which is the 23 00:01:18,760 --> 00:01:22,480 phenomenon that is so cool to me and have experience with just 24 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:25,760 because of life in the desert. But then it got us thinking of, 25 00:01:25,880 --> 00:01:29,520 hey, are there like legit fossil urine specimens? 26 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:34,720 And that's what took us on this route and left me Googling do 27 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:41,880 crocodiles pee? And and looking up Jesus. 28 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:49,320 Yes, it got really bad today. It got real rough today. 29 00:01:49,360 --> 00:01:52,360 And Duke doesn't point out that. You are sick and I have a 30 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:55,480 concussion which I think will. This is a very. 31 00:01:55,800 --> 00:01:59,080 Will make this episode probably. Better that we had. 32 00:01:59,120 --> 00:02:03,760 More info here SO. But no one has to see how poorly 33 00:02:03,760 --> 00:02:05,880 written and spelled our notes are. 34 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:10,479 So there's that. There's that small glimmer of 35 00:02:10,479 --> 00:02:13,040 hope. It turns out I don't know a lot 36 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:16,920 about peeing and other animals and I'm incredibly mammal 37 00:02:16,920 --> 00:02:19,240 centric. Like I had to realize today that 38 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,120 not all reptiles have liquid pee even though I've like had a 39 00:02:23,120 --> 00:02:27,360 snake and I know that it was like a slurry situation of kind 40 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:29,520 of bull milkshake sort. Of. 41 00:02:30,880 --> 00:02:33,920 All the yes, but it was like they're disgusting. 42 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:37,000 It's disgusting and I'm still not quite sure and understand 43 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:39,440 like which ones do and which ones don't. 44 00:02:39,880 --> 00:02:42,600 I apologize. I didn't have time to like go 45 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:45,920 into the details. I do know that a Komodo dragon, 46 00:02:45,920 --> 00:02:48,600 as we were just saying, apparently just like shits and 47 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:51,360 pisses cocaine, like white powdery substances. 48 00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:55,560 Awesome because they consume so much bone that they have to deal 49 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:59,920 with all the extra calcium. So Komodo shit like kissing 50 00:02:59,920 --> 00:03:01,640 bone? Are they pissed? 51 00:03:01,640 --> 00:03:04,800 Cocaine, bone. And then my job today is to talk 52 00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:08,840 about how rats piss poison that becomes rocks. 53 00:03:12,640 --> 00:03:18,200 Oh gosh, season 3 unhinged to begins. 54 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:21,560 I have to pee all the time. So this is just too real in a 55 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:23,840 lot of ways. And I did I got to go down some 56 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:25,800 fun rabbit holes. So the first one that I was 57 00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:27,920 like, hey, are there fossil peas? 58 00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:31,280 And the 1st paper that came up is this paper about late 59 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:35,560 Jurassic site in Brazil that claims to have a uralite. 60 00:03:35,840 --> 00:03:40,280 And a uralite would be like a trace fossil of urine splatter 61 00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:44,560 if you will like evidence of liquid waste elimination. 62 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:48,800 It was first used in like the 1960s to explain the appetite 63 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:52,320 and calcite byproduct produced by some reptiles in the 64 00:03:52,320 --> 00:03:54,640 Cretaceous that they found in Germany. 65 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:57,440 But I couldn't read the paper because it was all in German. 66 00:03:57,600 --> 00:04:00,960 And you'd think that maybe I'd try to learn German by now, but 67 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:03,320 I'm not going to. Translate a German paper for 68 00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:06,120 you. Oh my God, that's. 69 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:09,120 A really good thing it wrote a whole plug in for me for 70 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:15,480 Audacity to export clip by clip, so I feel like maybe that's hot. 71 00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:18,320 Maybe it could read and translate a German paper? 72 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:21,120 It probably wouldn't be any less accurate than you trying to 73 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:25,480 translate it yourself. A lot of the science words are 74 00:04:25,480 --> 00:04:29,040 still science words because science speaks all languages. 75 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:34,520 We're all whatever anyway. So supposedly this term was used 76 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:39,280 to describe more of the non liquid parts of urine and 77 00:04:39,280 --> 00:04:43,040 Cretaceous reptiles. But now this paper is using it 78 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:47,480 to describe like a trace fossil of splatter, essentially P 79 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:51,000 splatter that they're saying because of the sheer size of it 80 00:04:51,280 --> 00:04:54,200 has to be from a dinosaur given the time. 81 00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:57,920 So it's kind of like they would have been the most likely, which 82 00:04:58,320 --> 00:04:59,800 what some questions about that. Why? 83 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:01,720 Not why? Not for a really long time. 84 00:05:02,200 --> 00:05:04,920 Well, I guess what if someone? Yeah, I think their point. 85 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,360 And they did like a whole Austin power level piss. 86 00:05:07,640 --> 00:05:09,400 I don't think it has to be a dinosaur. 87 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:11,640 I think it could be someone to give me problems. 88 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:15,920 Or a pregnant lady. Or a fucking pregnant woman. 89 00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:20,200 OK, feed every 45 minutes. It was volume as I understand 90 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:23,240 it, but you're the expert. Well, and that's my this is my, 91 00:05:23,240 --> 00:05:26,960 this is their point is that it needed to have come from a 92 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:31,520 certain height to be able to produce the scouring that it 93 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:36,760 achieved on the sediment on this sand that if you were a small 94 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:39,960 Organism, even with a chooch and bladder, you wouldn't 95 00:05:39,960 --> 00:05:42,320 necessarily be. Able to. 96 00:05:42,840 --> 00:05:44,760 It's a chooch. Necessity, sorry. 97 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:51,240 Also the combination of science terms and chinch, it was just 98 00:05:51,240 --> 00:05:55,840 great. Oh my God, I just snorted. 99 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:02,320 I just don't. My point is I don't think that 100 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:05,080 they would have been far enough from the ground and big enough 101 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:07,840 to have the the volume that they claim. 102 00:06:07,960 --> 00:06:11,360 So I will say that this paper came out in the Oh yeah, I'm 103 00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:15,360 sorry the ostrich pissing images really sold it for me. 104 00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:19,560 OK this came out and sorry this came up and oh I haven't shared 105 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:22,440 my images. I mean, I see a file labeled 106 00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:26,240 Amy's urine photos so I feel like I could probably guess. 107 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:29,440 No, no, don't. That's something else. 108 00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:34,800 All right, back to science. Back to science. 109 00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:38,360 We are talking about this 2004 paper claiming to have a 110 00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:43,880 dinosaur Uralite from Brazil. And essentially it's like where 111 00:06:43,880 --> 00:06:47,680 the P stream hit and the displacement of sediment or they 112 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:51,960 say like kind of like carved out as opposed to an impression like 113 00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:55,800 a track which would compress it the sediment, not literally 114 00:06:55,800 --> 00:06:59,040 remove the sediment. So there's an element of that 115 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:03,080 scouring again that they're claiming is coming from a, you 116 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:07,240 know, direct large source of quick stream of water in a very 117 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:10,720 small area. Are you looking at it? 118 00:07:10,720 --> 00:07:12,960 No. Just the idea that these people 119 00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:16,280 are like studying the physics of piss is. 120 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:20,480 Oh yeah, I mean, they're like literally these are their the 121 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:31,280 the 2. OK so the top two I'm assuming 122 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:37,120 are the fossil and the bottom 2. So actually AB and C are fossils 123 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:41,480 and D is the experiment which let me read to you the 124 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:46,920 experiment that they, OK, they took 2 liters of water, were 125 00:07:46,920 --> 00:07:50,880 poured from 80cm height into a sloped area of loose sand. 126 00:07:51,040 --> 00:07:55,520 And that's picture D That's their simulation of a dinosaur 127 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:57,760 pissing on loose. OK, I'm gonna. 128 00:07:57,960 --> 00:07:58,960 I'm gonna go ahead. I'm. 129 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:00,880 Like, why didn't you get out and piss? 130 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:04,240 Yeah, I mean, there's if. Like if this does fossilize, I 131 00:08:04,240 --> 00:08:08,200 pee everywhere when I'm outside. I hope that this is something 132 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:12,040 I've left behind. I just like so OK, so look, it's 133 00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:13,200 usually. Flooded my shoe. 134 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:17,520 Fossils if I again, and this is the case with I think almost all 135 00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:22,480 trace fossils for me, if I saw this in the wild, would just 136 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:25,880 think, oh, someone hit a rock with a hammer really hard 137 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:27,320 because there's a big dent in it. 138 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:32,120 At no point in my life would I look at that and be like, that's 139 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:34,840 pissed. Like I can see looking at their 140 00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,880 their experimental piss fossil, why they say that. 141 00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:43,080 But like at the same time, I will never recognize a pea 142 00:08:43,080 --> 00:08:44,880 fossil. Like I know that about myself. 143 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:48,480 I will never see one in the field and know that that is not 144 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:50,720 just a weird rock. Like, hands down. 145 00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:54,160 They write. So this area is there's a lot of 146 00:08:54,160 --> 00:08:56,320 fossils in the area. I think there's quite a few 147 00:08:56,320 --> 00:08:58,720 copper lights. Like, I think part of it is like 148 00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:02,920 the association and how again, when you have a copper light and 149 00:09:02,920 --> 00:09:04,800 you're a reptile and you got 1 hole. 150 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:07,760 And often time again, I literally found in a scientific 151 00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:10,600 paper it described as a slurry. So that is why I'm going to 152 00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:18,360 continue to use that phrase. But a slurry of urine and feces. 153 00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:21,920 So I think that there's some of that reasoning going on, too. 154 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:23,800 But they describe it. OK. 155 00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:26,120 So for everyone, we'll post. I mean, I say I'll post a 156 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:27,760 picture, but I always forget. It is. 157 00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:30,680 Yeah, It does look like Megan said, like they split a rock and 158 00:09:30,680 --> 00:09:32,720 like, a hammer took a chunk out of the middle. 159 00:09:32,920 --> 00:09:36,120 And it maybe has a little bit of a concentric vibe to it. 160 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:41,520 But like, I would never pause to look at that ever. 161 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:45,520 At all, ever, actually. Like, yeah, no, no. 162 00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:47,040 OK. So what they write is this 163 00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:49,360 structure is found in the sedimentary rocks associated 164 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:53,360 dinosaur fossils. So the sediment has been removed 165 00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:58,360 and the sand was removed with a by a fluidization formed by a 166 00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:03,120 gravitational stream of 34 centimeters in length and that 167 00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:06,000 they have this concave negative relief. 168 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:09,200 The one of them has a positive relief and inner concentric 169 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:13,560 delineations with corresponding sedimentary layers that work 170 00:10:13,560 --> 00:10:17,160 with like the surrounding rock, like it got carved out in kind 171 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:21,040 of got a little window into your fellow layers up in there. 172 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:26,120 So then they did their very expensive experiment of taking 2 173 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:28,800 liters of water and spraying it on the ground. 174 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:32,480 From 80 centimeters valid. Amy, when we're describing this 175 00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:36,120 as a slurry, should they not have been dumping a milkshake? 176 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:40,560 I don't, but their point is, is that if OK, so then they go into 177 00:10:40,560 --> 00:10:44,720 the ostriches. So the a lot of the comparative 178 00:10:44,720 --> 00:10:47,320 that like maybe it's a slurry, but their point is that maybe 179 00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:51,080 it's more like an ostrich, which, OK, let me see if I can 180 00:10:51,080 --> 00:10:52,280 get through this. I'm not going to be able to 181 00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:55,920 pronounce any of this. OK Ostriches have a euro duum 182 00:10:55,920 --> 00:11:02,720 duum deum or uridum where the urine is stored, which then 183 00:11:02,720 --> 00:11:07,480 exits through the cloaca. And they have a Copro denim 184 00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:11,800 denim that stores solid waste so they can, even though that's the 185 00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:16,720 one cloaca again, they can have a strong liquid urine flow that 186 00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:21,320 is separate from the butthole spraying of waste, solid waste. 187 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:24,640 And then they post, you can scroll to their next image which 188 00:11:24,640 --> 00:11:26,640 is this experiment. Oh my God. 189 00:11:27,080 --> 00:11:30,680 Please describe what you see. OK, I'm going to zoom in. 190 00:11:30,680 --> 00:11:33,800 I'm going to pull it in front of my face so I can be looking 191 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:38,960 directly at the microscope or microphone for this one I am 192 00:11:38,960 --> 00:11:42,680 seeing. All I can think of a is just 193 00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:46,080 what it would feel like to be a Komodo dragon pissing sand. 194 00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:49,920 But also in the moments where I'm not thinking about that, 195 00:11:50,360 --> 00:11:55,280 just the idea that someone sat there and watched explicitly to 196 00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:59,480 catch ostrich piss. So this ostrich. 197 00:11:59,480 --> 00:12:02,760 According to YouTube that happens a lot, so I don't know 198 00:12:02,760 --> 00:12:04,480 ostriches why else people are doing. 199 00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:07,880 That people watch me. Yeah, or like literally my just 200 00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:12,720 a lot of I there was, there was no short amount of sources for 201 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:13,800 this one. OK. 202 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,120 All right. So we've got an ABC panel of a 203 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:22,000 frankly kind of elongated looking ostrich that is like, I 204 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:24,440 feel like usually I, I kind of assume that they're a little 205 00:12:24,640 --> 00:12:30,680 water than that, but standing in a barnyard with just a thick 206 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:33,520 stream, thick that trickles healthy. 207 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:35,160 Yeah. Well, I don't know if that's 208 00:12:35,160 --> 00:12:38,520 healthy. I mean, sure would not be for 209 00:12:38,520 --> 00:12:43,200 us. No, it looks like a stick in 210 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,200 consistency. Like I know it's not. 211 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:46,640 Clear. You can tell. 212 00:12:46,640 --> 00:12:50,000 Even though the picture is black and white, you can tell it's not 213 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:52,160 clear. Yeah, I think it's black and 214 00:12:52,160 --> 00:12:54,520 white. For our sanity, you don't want 215 00:12:54,520 --> 00:12:55,960 to know what color that actually is. 216 00:12:57,480 --> 00:12:59,560 OK, OK. And then it forms a little 217 00:12:59,560 --> 00:13:00,760 puddle on the ground. Great. 218 00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:04,560 So their point is that if dinosaurs had a system like an 219 00:13:04,560 --> 00:13:07,040 ostrich and not like a Komodo dragon, which they should 220 00:13:07,360 --> 00:13:10,360 hypothetically because of phylogenetics have a system more 221 00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:13,320 like a bird than something like a lizard like a Komodo dragon. 222 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:16,720 Which is why I was going into like crocodile P2, which they 223 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:20,680 seem to do the slurry, but they technically have the capacity to 224 00:13:20,680 --> 00:13:23,200 do either. But it was this. 225 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:25,600 Where did I write down the quote on this? 226 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:28,320 It was really funny. Well has been reported that 227 00:13:28,320 --> 00:13:31,480 urine and feces are stored and can be excreted separately from 228 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:35,560 a cloaca in a crocodiliform. Our experience is that saltwater 229 00:13:35,560 --> 00:13:38,840 crocodiles in the present study excreted a slurry of combined 230 00:13:38,840 --> 00:13:42,960 feces and urine. I wasn't kidding. 231 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,920 So if you ever read a meta analysis of papers, which is an 232 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:50,600 analysis of a whole bunch of papers to kind of come up with 233 00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:53,520 what everybody is saying a lot more common in like Health 234 00:13:53,520 --> 00:13:55,080 Science that it is in paleontology. 235 00:13:55,080 --> 00:13:59,880 But they have to say things like here are the Google Scholar 236 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:03,440 search terms that I use. Here are XY and Z terms. 237 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:06,400 Here's how long I looked. Here's how many pages I went 238 00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:08,440 through. I want to see that sort of 239 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:10,800 information. I want to know how many 240 00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:13,560 saltwater crocodiles you watched go to the bathroom. 241 00:14:13,760 --> 00:14:17,520 And I want to know how long you waited before you gave up. 242 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:23,600 Are you doing some sort of like, are you recording them and then 243 00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:26,960 you're going through footage with like, Fast forward? 244 00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:33,360 Yeah, there's there's a lot. Probably they probably covered 245 00:14:33,360 --> 00:14:36,320 that I didn't read the paper, so it's fine. 246 00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:39,680 I mean, I skimmed it well enough and then I got to slurry, was 247 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:43,480 totally amused, laughed to myself for 5 minutes, probably 248 00:14:43,480 --> 00:14:46,600 got up for a Lacroix and never went back to that paper ever 249 00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:50,760 again because that's my life these days and that's fine. 250 00:14:50,760 --> 00:14:52,680 That's, that's how it, that's how it goes. 251 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:55,440 So we don't entirely know for sure. 252 00:14:55,480 --> 00:14:57,200 We don't really know if it's a dinosaur. 253 00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,480 There were other animals that existed in the Mesozoic. 254 00:15:01,040 --> 00:15:03,760 I love that people kind of like to pretend there weren't. 255 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:06,960 So I mean, do I buy it's a a urine spray? 256 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:10,360 I mean, I want it to be true. I love a world where we have 257 00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:13,600 preserved urine fossils. I will say that there's been 258 00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:17,560 another site that's been claimed to also have a scour from a 259 00:15:17,560 --> 00:15:20,080 sauropod pissing. And it's here in Colorado at the 260 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:22,840 purgatory site that I've still not been to famous track site. 261 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:26,560 And there's this like strange bathtub sized depression that 262 00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:28,360 everyone's been like, I wonder what this is. 263 00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:31,440 And finally, a student was like, it's from a sauropod missing 264 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:36,600 1500 liters of a full bladder. And I was just like, OK, they 265 00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:39,360 never published it. So it's just an abstract. 266 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:42,000 And even Martin Lockley was skeptical on that one. 267 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:43,960 And I don't buy half of what he wrote. 268 00:15:43,960 --> 00:15:48,640 So it's fun to get curious. That's like what the quote was, 269 00:15:48,640 --> 00:15:52,280 was this is an imaginative explanation, but it's just like, 270 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:55,080 it's really, you know. And of course as I talked to my 271 00:15:55,080 --> 00:15:57,720 geologist husband about this, as his eyes get stuck in the back 272 00:15:57,720 --> 00:16:00,520 of his head from rolling his eyes so hard at like again, like 273 00:16:00,520 --> 00:16:03,880 this fall of the paleontologists like assuming that every 274 00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:07,560 structure found in geologic layers can be explained by some 275 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:10,240 biogenetic process. And maybe it is, maybe it 276 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:12,200 wasn't. I wasn't there so I don't know. 277 00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:15,400 So tell me about some fucking poison piss please. 278 00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:19,760 Golden shower hour all over me prehistorically. 279 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:23,920 Are you looking for the best possible dinosaur or fossil 280 00:16:23,920 --> 00:16:25,480 related book for a kid in your life? 281 00:16:25,640 --> 00:16:27,760 Amy wrote one. It's got these amazing touchable 282 00:16:27,760 --> 00:16:31,080 illustrations and while it is completely child friendly, some 283 00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:33,720 of our favorite not so appropriate animals are hidden 284 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:35,200 throughout. Get your copy of The Fossil 285 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:37,720 Keepers Treasure today wherever you buy books. 286 00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:42,480 Looking for fresh fashion with a science twist? 287 00:16:42,480 --> 00:16:45,200 Be sure to check out Geopedal Fabric, Megan's clothing 288 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:47,240 company. These geek chic designs look 289 00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:49,960 fantastic and make for excellent conversation starters. 290 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:53,120 Plus, get 10% off using code weird and dead. 291 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:56,160 Head on over to geopedalfabric.com now. 292 00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:02,920 It's going to be a little less golden. 293 00:17:03,280 --> 00:17:06,160 It's going to be a little bit more brown and black and glossy, 294 00:17:06,520 --> 00:17:12,800 I'm afraid. All right, so we are going to 295 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:18,240 talk about primarily pack rat piss because pack rat piss a we 296 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:20,280 know how they piss like they're around. 297 00:17:20,319 --> 00:17:21,920 You can watch them if you want. They're still here. 298 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:24,359 They're still here, but they're piss. 299 00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:25,880 Wonder if I could find that video. 300 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:29,480 Probably. The Internet is a weird place 301 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:34,840 these days. Pack rat piss is a expanding 302 00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:38,880 field of science with unlimited potential. 303 00:17:39,240 --> 00:17:43,760 You can do amazing things by studying pack rat piss because 304 00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:50,240 pack rat piss is also called Amber Rat because of Rat Dobie. 305 00:17:50,320 --> 00:17:52,000 Rat Dobie is one of my favorites as well. 306 00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:54,520 I like that. Because it's hard as hell. 307 00:17:54,760 --> 00:17:58,160 It's unbelievably hard. Like every paper that I read on 308 00:17:58,160 --> 00:18:01,520 it had to like describe Oh yes, I had to chisel it out with a 309 00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:06,000 rock hammer or oh, I had to take a Dremel with a diamond drilled. 310 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:07,760 Wow. Ticket. 311 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:13,800 Sample the power of piss. Wow, yes, so stand in 312 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:17,160 admiration. And rodents kind of in general, 313 00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:21,760 they have some somewhat toxic piss, but mostly the studies 314 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:25,600 have been on pack rats because pack rats will. 315 00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:29,640 They don't just pee, they pee in one spot, and they pee on an 316 00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:33,920 accumulation of what they probably think is treasure and 317 00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:36,800 what most people would think is garbage and what scientists 318 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:39,320 also. Or your eye treasure, like your 319 00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:43,160 personal belongings, like you're just like all of your shit on 320 00:18:43,160 --> 00:18:44,720 your camping trip and in your cabin. 321 00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,240 Like, yeah, especially shiny things I hear. 322 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:48,920 Yeah. Yeah, so pack rats. 323 00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:51,800 Aren't like apparently? Out pissing just kind of 324 00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:55,080 everywhere they are concentrating that in what is 325 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:57,400 known as their midden. So a. 326 00:18:57,400 --> 00:18:59,440 Through. Oh, right, Midden. 327 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:04,000 I mean, a midden is it's, it's garbage. 328 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:05,960 That's what the the word midden means. 329 00:19:05,960 --> 00:19:08,720 So if you're like studying middens archaeologically, you're 330 00:19:08,720 --> 00:19:11,640 usually talking about trash. Miles but garbage. 331 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:14,640 So rude. I know it's in the we. 332 00:19:14,920 --> 00:19:17,960 Call your we call your home garbage. 333 00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:23,200 Okay, but you piss and shit all over it, so I don't know, maybe 334 00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:24,760 that's on the pack rat, you know? 335 00:19:27,920 --> 00:19:32,560 That right I fair but like I mean if it's to ones culture who 336 00:19:32,560 --> 00:19:35,880 am I to judge? I'll tell the pack rats that you 337 00:19:35,880 --> 00:19:39,120 are on their side. Just not in my house. 338 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:43,680 Get out. So a rodent midden is somewhat 339 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:46,440 different from like an archaeological midden because 340 00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:50,800 rodents accumulate piles of bullshit for a variety of 341 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:53,120 reasons. Some of them are building actual 342 00:19:53,120 --> 00:19:56,560 nests so they will have like their whole lives lived out in 343 00:19:56,560 --> 00:19:59,880 their weird little garbage pile. Some of them are accumulating 344 00:19:59,880 --> 00:20:04,000 things specifically to eat. So like a pica will accumulate a 345 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:07,920 midden of plants on top of its little home that. 346 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:11,200 That eats throughout the winter, so it's been is a little bit 347 00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:13,240 different than a pack rat midden. 348 00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:16,880 It's like all of those pigs and they're different houses that 349 00:20:16,880 --> 00:20:19,240 the big wolf. Oh my God, the pack rats were 350 00:20:19,240 --> 00:20:21,280 like blow this fucking house down. 351 00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:27,840 Try me, try me. Evolutionary arms race, bitch. 352 00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:30,320 Bow down. Be humble. 353 00:20:31,120 --> 00:20:32,200 So right. Sorry. 354 00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:36,880 Lots, lots and lots of rodents to build middens, but literally 355 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:42,000 not all of them kiss on their own middens to create concrete. 356 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:46,320 So the pack rat is the. Very effective, very efficient. 357 00:20:46,720 --> 00:20:52,040 It is. How long do you think a pack rat 358 00:20:52,040 --> 00:20:54,920 midden can last without decosing? 359 00:20:55,160 --> 00:20:58,280 So my whole my one of my experiences with Pack Rat Midden 360 00:20:58,360 --> 00:21:01,840 is that I gave tours at Arches when I worked there and on the 361 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:05,120 Fiery Furnace, one of my stops, my whole tour was about the 362 00:21:05,120 --> 00:21:08,320 superheroes of the fiery furnace and it was all about different 363 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:11,440 cool shit and animals. And it ended with and you who's 364 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:16,080 going to protect it? But the midway, the midway stop 365 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:19,720 was the pack rat midden stop. So I'm sure I knew this number 366 00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:24,120 at one point in time because my whole gag was like, how long do 367 00:21:24,120 --> 00:21:26,560 you think it could be? And they were all like 200 368 00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:28,600 years. And I was like 50,000 years. 369 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,400 So I'm going to go 50,000 years. Yeah, the answer is we don't 370 00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:35,680 know because 50,000 years is beyond the limit of radiocarbon 371 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:39,720 dating. So they can get up into 4550 372 00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:42,560 thousand, which means they could also be 100,000, they could be 373 00:21:42,560 --> 00:21:45,520 200,000. They could be 500,000 because 374 00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:49,600 pack rat piss in addition to like coating everything and 375 00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:53,320 turning it into concrete, it also like it desiccates things a 376 00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:55,920 little bit very similar to actual amber. 377 00:21:56,320 --> 00:21:59,840 So it full on preserves the entire nest. 378 00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:04,480 Which is why scientists get really excited about pack rat 379 00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:08,960 bittens because they are little time capsules that can do things 380 00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,280 like First off, they are often pack rats are often preserving 381 00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:15,840 things in desert environments, which deserts are great at 382 00:22:15,840 --> 00:22:17,920 preserving bone. They're not very good at 383 00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:21,800 preserving plants because plants kind of dissolve in that level 384 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:25,200 of alkalinity. So it's hard to find 385 00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:29,200 paleontological records of plant life in deserts because they 386 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:32,920 decompose unless they have been picked up by a pack rat and 387 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:34,800 tossed into their nest and pissed on. 388 00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:38,480 So they basically take the place of like pollen analysis. 389 00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:44,720 So great. It's just so, it's just like 390 00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:48,280 such a humiliating thing. And here it is being such an 391 00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:51,000 incredible tool. Like that's why the world is 392 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,320 amazing. It gets it gets better. 393 00:22:54,720 --> 00:22:57,600 I mean, I yeah, I mean, they're really into water sports. 394 00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:01,960 I am picking up on that they. Are and so pack rat urine, it's 395 00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:06,640 composed of calcite oxalate, calcium carbonate, silicates, 396 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:10,560 something called styruvate and wedalite and it's basically a 397 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:13,480 whole bunch of brown minerals and it is poison. 398 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:16,520 Oxalate is one of the bigger components and oxalate is a 399 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:19,600 poison that doesn't really impact rodents, but it's from 400 00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:21,280 like prickly pear. So they're one of the few things 401 00:23:21,280 --> 00:23:23,080 that can really eat prickly pear without having. 402 00:23:23,480 --> 00:23:27,200 That was my my question is how are they generating all of the 403 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,240 shit to be in their urine? I'm sorry, all of this urine to 404 00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:33,080 be in their urine. It's not shit. 405 00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:34,920 That's their houses, that's their. 406 00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:36,600 Medicines. Well, pack rats. 407 00:23:36,600 --> 00:23:40,200 In addition to being able to pass oxalate, which can then, 408 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:44,520 you know, solidify their piss, they can also eat creosote 409 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,600 resin. They can eat oak tannins and 410 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:51,120 they can eat juniper terpenes, so they literally are garbage 411 00:23:51,120 --> 00:23:53,760 dumps themselves and they can eat all of these poisonous 412 00:23:53,760 --> 00:23:55,960 things. So in addition to just being 413 00:23:55,960 --> 00:23:59,120 coated in super hard pack rat piss, a lot of that stuff is 414 00:23:59,120 --> 00:24:03,160 also poisonous to other animals. It's like so accumulated, yes. 415 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,200 So even if you were really motivated, for whatever reason, 416 00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:10,120 to go digging around in a pack rat nest, it's poison and hard. 417 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:14,560 Except Amy, for when it's not hard, because it turns out if 418 00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:18,480 you get it wet, it gets sticky and it turns into a fucking glue 419 00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:23,560 trap just like so. In addition to preserving 420 00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:27,320 plants, which are probably put there by the pack rat as part of 421 00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:32,000 their midden, it also preserves lots of bones of small reptiles 422 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,360 and amphibians, some of which might have actually been 423 00:24:34,360 --> 00:24:36,680 collected by the pack rat. I guess the pack rats sometimes 424 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:39,320 were like little paleontologist. They did like little bones to 425 00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:43,240 add to their pot but sometimes it's literally stuck. 426 00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:45,400 So like there's bugs that have been. 427 00:24:45,440 --> 00:24:46,840 Right. It's like a dam. 428 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:48,200 Yeah, right. Yeah. 429 00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:51,560 It's creating this literal net of urine. 430 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:54,000 A urine net. Get Imagine guys getting stuck 431 00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:57,520 in a sticky net made of piss of rats. 432 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:03,040 So like, these are incredible repositories of small animals, 433 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:05,280 which can often be kind of hard to find. 434 00:25:05,640 --> 00:25:11,160 And they are so well preserved that in, I think 2021, someone 435 00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:15,560 did an ancient DNA study on a beetle and found that it still 436 00:25:15,560 --> 00:25:19,400 had enough DNA for them to realize it was a darkling 437 00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:22,640 beetle, which is less impressive when you realize it was a whole 438 00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:24,920 darkling beetle. So they could tell from looking 439 00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:28,480 at it, but it was a darkling beetle. 440 00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:34,680 But they don't really represent. It Oh my God, that's so funny. 441 00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:35,680 Oh my God. Oh my God. 442 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:37,840 What is it? I'll close my. 443 00:25:37,960 --> 00:25:39,920 Eyes don't. Don't look. 444 00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:41,720 We can't. We can't be biased. 445 00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:43,960 Don't look at it. Don't even look at it. 446 00:25:45,160 --> 00:25:49,640 Yeah, so they've done ancient DNA on things in pack rat piss 447 00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:51,920 and I keep saying pack rat because pack rat is the most 448 00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:56,840 common, but rock hyraxes in Africa also do this, so. 449 00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:59,000 Wait, but they're not rodents. I mean they're. 450 00:25:59,240 --> 00:26:01,520 Completely. Different, but that's 451 00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:03,800 interesting. But like, it's interesting that 452 00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:06,160 it's like, right. They feel a similar niche, but 453 00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:10,600 like they're nowhere. They're no fucking near related 454 00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:12,880 to each other. Yeah, they're Afro theories. 455 00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:16,880 So yeah, they're fucking weird. And so it's just like that's 456 00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:19,040 curious to see convergence with that. 457 00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:20,400 Yeah. If you don't know what a rock 458 00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:25,440 Kyrax looks like, imagine kind of a rabbit with like weirdly 459 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:28,560 visible toes that is somehow related to an elephant. 460 00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:32,160 Yeah, yeah. Yeah, that's that's what those 461 00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:34,720 are. So yeah, Rock Kyraxes also will 462 00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:37,280 do stuff like this, which is great because pack rats don't 463 00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:40,920 live in Africa. So we can use Rock Kyraxes and 464 00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:43,440 then porcupines in North America will also do this. 465 00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:45,120 So you can sometimes use porcupines. 466 00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:49,520 They're not, as I think, consistent about the course. 467 00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:53,680 Not so. Fucking lazy assholes, but all 468 00:26:53,680 --> 00:26:57,520 they're doing is gnawing on the bottom of my cabin like I I 469 00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:00,680 hate, I hate you. And because they're collecting 470 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:02,880 all of this like they're collecting bones, they're 471 00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:05,920 collecting sticks, they are also pooping out plant products. 472 00:27:06,120 --> 00:27:07,680 All of those things have carbon in them. 473 00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:12,960 So you can do radiocarbon dating on these rodent nests, which I 474 00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:16,880 have also done. So my first expense, right, with 475 00:27:17,120 --> 00:27:20,840 Amber Rat was at the Paisley Caves, which is an 476 00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:23,880 archaeological site with some paleontology there too. 477 00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,080 And that does mean that I'm muddling the waters by kind of 478 00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:29,440 being both an archaeologist and a paleontologist. 479 00:27:29,760 --> 00:27:32,560 Sorry, guys. And my job has always just been 480 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,400 doing math to tell us how old the dirt is. 481 00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:38,480 So people will give me all of these radiocarbon dates. 482 00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:41,320 And when we were first doing it, I was really concerned about the 483 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:44,480 Pack Rat Mittens because when you go to these caves, you can 484 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:47,360 see Pack Rat Mittens and they're up on the side of The Cave. 485 00:27:47,360 --> 00:27:51,920 Like they're very clearly out of time paired to the floor of The 486 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:54,680 Cave, but weirdly, they actually turned out to be very, very 487 00:27:54,680 --> 00:27:56,920 stable. So I think that the pack rat 488 00:27:56,920 --> 00:28:00,400 mins that we've been sampling in Paisley caves are the ones that 489 00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,880 are the pack rats that were too lazy to climb like that. 490 00:28:03,880 --> 00:28:06,200 They were digging kind of down and into the side walls. 491 00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:09,480 But they've been a really great repository for radiocarbon 492 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:12,160 dates. So yeah, I'm a pack rat person I 493 00:28:12,160 --> 00:28:13,400 guess. I see. 494 00:28:13,440 --> 00:28:16,920 Deal with pack rat this. You deal with pack rat piss. 495 00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:19,400 I think that you should just change your tagline on 496 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:23,920 everything to just be. Will you be upset if I change 497 00:28:23,920 --> 00:28:27,280 the name of my personal Instagram account to Amber Rat 498 00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:29,360 Amy? No, you can do. 499 00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:31,720 You can describe yourself however you want. 500 00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:34,480 I will not be a Geopedal. Pack rat piss. 501 00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:37,760 Pack rat piss. Paleontologist. 502 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:41,440 That's a good handle. Somebody. 503 00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:46,280 Not me, but someone, someone out there and with the age thing, 504 00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:49,600 because that's just in that window of awful time where it's 505 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:54,000 between our different tools to be able to really, but aren't 506 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,720 there up and coming Geo time methods to be able to get. 507 00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:02,360 Yeah, there's a lot of, I never remember the set of letters. 508 00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:03,880 I've used these things all the time. 509 00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:08,240 It's like ILSRISLI have a concussion, so I'm not going to 510 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:09,520 remember it correctly regardless. 511 00:29:09,520 --> 00:29:13,640 But there's ones where you you have to like, I've never 512 00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:14,960 actually gone out and collected these. 513 00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,840 But from my understanding, you go out in the dead of night and 514 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:23,000 you take a big tube and you shove it into the dirt because 515 00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:26,520 you have to collect the dirt grains without them seeing the 516 00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:29,560 light because you can tell the last time that they saw a light. 517 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:32,120 So there's those. Oh, right. 518 00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:34,040 Which are the ones really more popular? 519 00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:38,240 Yeah. I do think you have to be quiet. 520 00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:39,840 Yes. Isn't that all the cosmogenic 521 00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:42,080 stuff? Yeah, yes, yes. 522 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:44,240 They're like very demure, very mindful. 523 00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:47,920 Indeed. It's like so late on that. 524 00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:51,320 Sorry everyone. Yeah, but that's exciting. 525 00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:54,400 Also, haven't we discussed? I know it's not necessarily 526 00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:57,680 fossilized, but I feel like you, me and Carrie are #1 fan. 527 00:29:57,680 --> 00:30:02,720 That's right, David, Carrie, still #1 you'll be you're equal. 528 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:05,200 You guys are Co #1. Didn't we have a whole 529 00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:08,200 discussion on kangaroo rats and how they piss like little 530 00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:11,200 crystals? How they're just like so water 531 00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:15,480 efficient that they just like, they're just like peep peep? 532 00:30:15,960 --> 00:30:19,240 How I do remember that. Yeah, they yeah, they also piss. 533 00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:20,720 They piss diamonds. Yeah. 534 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:22,040 God. Yeah, yeah. 535 00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:25,240 Now I remember, I just remember thinking that was so painful 536 00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:28,640 every time that I would talk about it, like just I it's like 537 00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:31,400 how men talking about getting kicked in the polls, I would 538 00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:35,080 just kind of wince every time that I thought about it, Yeah. 539 00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:38,760 Yeah. I mean, it's basically. 540 00:30:38,840 --> 00:30:42,080 Like bladder stones 24/7, right? Like they must. 541 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:45,120 Have kind of I was going to say it's like it wasn't necessarily 542 00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:47,360 meaning that to be a segue because if we've got, you know, 543 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:49,640 more Amber Rat, but. Oh I do, but. 544 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:51,520 It's related. It's related. 545 00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:55,280 Do you think that that's evolutionarily why they started 546 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:58,360 retaining their piss is because it started hurting so bad to go 547 00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:01,200 pee that they just kind of stopped peeing and then they 548 00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,000 just adapted to take out more liquid? 549 00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:06,600 Someone look at that. Definitely, definitely. 550 00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:08,880 It was actually. I think it's more likely that 551 00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:11,520 they were like, wow, look how beautiful these crystals are. 552 00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:13,040 I'm going to decorate my house with them. 553 00:31:13,720 --> 00:31:16,560 Yay, I'm a I'm an independent woman. 554 00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:21,360 I can decorate my own house with my own my own peak results. 555 00:31:21,960 --> 00:31:26,960 Speaking of piss diamonds. Excellent look at this only on 556 00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:32,880 the your favorite. So I have used rat middens to do 557 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:36,920 radiometric dating, but some people wanted to know if you 558 00:31:36,920 --> 00:31:41,080 could just straight up do analysis on the piss. 559 00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:46,400 So like, there's a pretty recent master's thesis on someone whose 560 00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:53,200 master's thesis was taking pack rat hardened piss, putting it in 561 00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:59,000 a hot bath of acid, drying it, super heating it to get CO2 gas, 562 00:31:59,480 --> 00:32:03,080 converting that CO2 gas to graphite, and then looking at it 563 00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:06,040 under a mass spectrometer because you could do isotopic 564 00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:09,160 analysis on the carbon. Wow. 565 00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:13,840 It's a long process. I was going to say no time to 566 00:32:13,840 --> 00:32:18,280 introduce any errors in any of that, but I mean a lot of 567 00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:23,720 sciences, a lot of. From rock to acid to dust to gas 568 00:32:23,720 --> 00:32:26,800 to rock again. That's the process. 569 00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:30,160 That's the dream. That's the best. 570 00:32:35,280 --> 00:32:39,400 I forgot to tell you the coolest thing that has ever been found 571 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:41,400 in Pack Rat Mittens. Well, that's fine. 572 00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:44,840 Oh my God, Yeah. Besides my future body, yeah. 573 00:32:45,440 --> 00:32:48,200 Well, beside your future body and a beetle that they just 574 00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:51,520 pretended they didn't know what. It was. 575 00:32:54,040 --> 00:32:59,120 They found a chunk of sloth poop in a pack rat bin and they ran 576 00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:02,000 adna analysis on it and they realized that it was a species 577 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:03,600 of sloth that we've never actually found. 578 00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:06,720 So there's a new species of sloth described from DNA that 579 00:33:06,720 --> 00:33:10,560 was in pack rat bin. That is so cool, I just took 580 00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:13,200 adna test. Turns out I'm 100% that sloth 581 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:15,120 you didn't know existed. But thank God I did, because 582 00:33:15,280 --> 00:33:19,160 pack rats pissed all over my shit and now you know that I am 583 00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:20,880 here and isn't it a great new day? 584 00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:23,440 That's how the song should have gone. 585 00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:26,080 Amazing. Obviously. 586 00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:31,280 Wow. That's that's just so cool. 587 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:35,960 Yeah, that's I I can't, I I I look forward to meeting that 588 00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:39,800 sloth. I don't know why that means I 589 00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:41,320 just. That's cool. 590 00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,000 I had to only be known from your DNA. 591 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:47,280 Yeah, that's cool. DNA in a shit but a pack rat? 592 00:33:47,280 --> 00:33:50,560 DNA in a shit in a piss. They did describe it as a. 593 00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:53,040 God. Chosen by the pack rat. 594 00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:54,800 Like the pack rat was like that poop. 595 00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:57,440 Yeah, you're coming with me. You're going to my house. 596 00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:02,400 OK so season 1 was the Sturge duck in Is this the. 597 00:34:03,080 --> 00:34:10,960 Slot. Slot rat Amberin might be like 598 00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:13,760 how many layers of shit? This is amazing. 599 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:23,440 Inside all of the garbage piss. I found poop and it was great. 600 00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:26,199 It was. From a special animal. 601 00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:29,360 It's like that Ratlin box song from camp. 602 00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:35,199 Yeah, the DNA and the poop and the and the baby and the Adobe. 603 00:34:38,040 --> 00:34:44,560 And the Adobe and the shame. Oh my gosh. 604 00:34:44,560 --> 00:34:48,159 I can't wait till we find, you know, I yeah, I can't wait to 605 00:34:48,159 --> 00:34:50,639 find out what weird shit we find in back rat middens. 606 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:53,000 And they're still alive. They're still they're doing 607 00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:55,320 their thing. But what's creepy is they're 608 00:34:55,320 --> 00:34:59,080 doing it in your attic. Like they love a good attic. 609 00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:02,680 And So what is going to stop them from making a nice little 610 00:35:02,680 --> 00:35:04,240 midden? Yeah, it's going to. 611 00:35:04,240 --> 00:35:06,080 We're going to find some. It's exciting. 612 00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:11,800 World is so much potential. So that's piss that became a 613 00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,240 rock and then sometimes. People that became a. 614 00:35:14,240 --> 00:35:16,560 Rock. Let's talk about rocks that form 615 00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:18,360 in piss. OK, that's right. 616 00:35:18,360 --> 00:35:21,840 We've already talked about rocks that preserves traces of piss, 617 00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:24,520 piss that turns to rock. Now we're talking about rocks 618 00:35:24,520 --> 00:35:27,080 that form. OK, so this one. 619 00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:31,800 OK, so the first part of mine, I don't know, I think amber, I 620 00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,480 think amber rat would probably be called a Uralite, which is a 621 00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:41,680 urine stone to describe like a in this the coke butt and the 622 00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,840 all the other things we talked about the yeah, the impression 623 00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:47,640 fossils. Whereas now Euro lifts, which 624 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:49,760 honestly mean the same fucking thing everybody. 625 00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:54,200 So uro lifts are bladder stones versus uro lights are urine 626 00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:57,960 stones. So uro lights are the same shit 627 00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:02,960 that are any type of stone that your body can produce, as some 628 00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:06,560 of us have experienced. I had a salivary stone because I 629 00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:09,760 take meds and it was very unpleasant. 630 00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:12,000 And then I had this dentist who was like, I think you have a 631 00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:13,680 salivary stone. And then I spent a lot of money 632 00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:17,920 getting that little motherfucker out, but I got like X-rays of my 633 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:21,520 face, which was so cool. And I still have it somewhere 634 00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,200 very small, maybe like a millimeter in diameter. 635 00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,640 So essentially that's what calculi in the scientific world, 636 00:36:27,640 --> 00:36:31,520 that's what we refer to. That is it's just solid objects 637 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:35,080 that are frequently made of some type of calcium carbonate, 638 00:36:35,120 --> 00:36:37,600 calcium phosphate, something like that. 639 00:36:37,920 --> 00:36:41,960 And they naturally are formed in the bodies of animals. 640 00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:45,080 As I said, you can get them in your salivary system, which is 641 00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:46,720 rare. More people people are used to 642 00:36:46,720 --> 00:36:49,880 them as kidney stones or you know, bladder stones or 643 00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:52,480 something like that, gallstones as well. 644 00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:55,040 So it just to kind of depends on where they are. 645 00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:58,120 Sometimes they form a little differently and depending on 646 00:36:58,120 --> 00:36:59,800 where they are, they get different names. 647 00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:04,640 So an entero lift is more that's in the intestinal wall that can 648 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:10,440 happen, whereas our uro lifts are calculi of the urinary 649 00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,240 tract. Now the oldest calculi, just 650 00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:18,240 generally, not necessarily Urelith is from the Jurassic. 651 00:37:18,240 --> 00:37:21,160 It's from some marine stuff. They hypothesize that it's a 652 00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:24,760 marine reptile, like an ichthyosaur, and it's determined 653 00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:29,080 by kind of these concentric rings, these rounded objects 654 00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:31,920 that look like what we find in modern animals. 655 00:37:32,240 --> 00:37:35,640 So everybody who has found a concretion and tried to tell me 656 00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:38,400 it was a dinosaur egg, you should be trying to tell me it's 657 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:41,760 a dinosaur. Urelith yes, actually a lot of 658 00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:46,720 these papers had to show that the stone wasn't an egg because 659 00:37:46,720 --> 00:37:50,720 the first hypothesis was that these structures were eggs. 660 00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:54,320 But because these things forms over time, it does form like 661 00:37:54,320 --> 00:37:56,640 layers and different layers of like almost a shell. 662 00:37:56,640 --> 00:37:59,240 And even when you cut through them they will Spall in those 663 00:37:59,240 --> 00:38:04,160 layers as well. So with the oldest calculi is 664 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:10,680 like the Jurassic now the oldest claimed true euro lift. 665 00:38:10,880 --> 00:38:15,240 So bladder stone is claimed from the Oligocene White River 666 00:38:15,240 --> 00:38:21,520 formation of a archaic ungulate, which I think is code for Orion. 667 00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:27,480 Yes, it's fucking oriental. Yes. 668 00:38:28,720 --> 00:38:31,560 Yeah, essentially. I really, I really wanted them 669 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:34,800 to say Oridan, but they didn't. It's fine because this paper is 670 00:38:35,720 --> 00:38:39,240 unquestionable in a lot of ways. So you can go ahead and scroll 671 00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:44,200 to my final picture, which is an image of A is the Oligocene 672 00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:49,200 bladder stone and then B is contrasted when it like it cut 673 00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:53,240 in half. C is a human version, D is a 674 00:38:53,240 --> 00:38:57,840 hog. We're looking at a urolith, A 675 00:38:57,840 --> 00:39:03,480 about 35 to 39 year million year old urolith. 676 00:39:03,480 --> 00:39:09,440 And so A is the spheroid that they found in the White River 677 00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:14,920 Formation of Colorado. It is an unassociated calcium 678 00:39:14,920 --> 00:39:18,840 containing spheroid 3 centimeters in diameter that was 679 00:39:18,840 --> 00:39:22,360 found in a massive Gray mudstone in the Cedar Creek Formation. 680 00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:24,080 OK, so maybe not the White River Formation. 681 00:39:24,080 --> 00:39:25,960 Maybe it's the White River group and that's the formation. 682 00:39:25,960 --> 00:39:28,920 I really know my primates are all dead by then. 683 00:39:29,160 --> 00:39:32,560 Early Illicacine 30 to 35,000,000 years old. 684 00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:36,720 They talk about why it is because the layers tend to 685 00:39:36,720 --> 00:39:39,880 separate and fall off, which is similar to human and animal 686 00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:42,400 bladder stones. They compared it to a lot of 687 00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:46,200 stuff from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, which 688 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,720 sounds both terrifying and really fucking cool. 689 00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:55,320 Like very like. And so yeah, you know, they, the 690 00:39:55,320 --> 00:39:58,720 reason that they really come back to it being a urolith is 691 00:39:58,720 --> 00:40:03,200 that, oh God, compared to inorganic concretions, this 692 00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:07,840 feature results in part of in form from the decay of organic 693 00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:11,520 material that had once bonded in the layers of the urolith. 694 00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:14,440 So as you can tell from my voice, I'm not really fucking 695 00:40:14,440 --> 00:40:17,600 all that convinced that it's a urolith versus just a calculi. 696 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:22,000 And so one of their features is like, again, they're like the 697 00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:24,360 external. Surface lacks evidence of linear 698 00:40:24,360 --> 00:40:28,760 structures, so it's not a bezoir like hair or plant fibers, but 699 00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:32,080 it is called. It is covered by small bumps, 700 00:40:32,200 --> 00:40:37,040 giving it a mammary appearance. Megan look at part A. 701 00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:40,800 Would you ever use the word mammary to describe? 702 00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:44,520 Baby is that your mammary glands look like this. 703 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:48,040 Go to the doctor. I will tell you that. 704 00:40:48,280 --> 00:40:52,200 Oh, it's breastfeeding, They do. Reminiscent of breastfeeding for 705 00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:56,760 sure, but that is not normal and it was bad and it took a 706 00:40:57,320 --> 00:41:01,160 ointment of both steroids, antibiotics, and antifungals to 707 00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:02,800 clear that shit up. So this is. 708 00:41:02,920 --> 00:41:08,800 Not, not mammary. Tissue So who and the lead 709 00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:11,960 author, I'm just like OK, so who looks at that and is like that 710 00:41:11,960 --> 00:41:13,560 looks like it's covered in nipples. 711 00:41:14,560 --> 00:41:18,800 Nipple rock. Therefore it is like a urolith, 712 00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:22,360 so it has a composed of crystals that are oriented perpendicular 713 00:41:22,360 --> 00:41:25,480 to the surface of the mass and arrangement characteristic of 714 00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:28,640 uroliths. When sectioned it, it showed a 715 00:41:28,640 --> 00:41:32,760 hollow center with a small phosphatic pillar extending into 716 00:41:32,760 --> 00:41:35,320 the cavity. This is consistent with bladder 717 00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:38,080 stones, some of which have a fluid filled center. 718 00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:40,600 So they compared a lot to bladder stones. 719 00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:43,840 But I mean, I am happy that I don't know what all of these 720 00:41:43,840 --> 00:41:48,000 weird calculi can look like, but it's just like again, it just 721 00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:53,520 maybe cool. Sure, literally when you open 722 00:41:53,520 --> 00:41:57,680 with it's unassociated I you just lose me by many steps. 723 00:41:57,960 --> 00:41:58,600 Many. Steps. 724 00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:02,280 It's going to be hard to approve that it's something if it's 725 00:42:02,280 --> 00:42:05,440 unassociated, especially since like the White River group has 726 00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:09,880 lots of weird concretions and nodules and I don't know what 727 00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:13,040 would convince me that it was a urinary stone other than finding 728 00:42:13,040 --> 00:42:14,600 it in an animal. Yes. 729 00:42:14,680 --> 00:42:17,520 But that's what I need. Or for some animal to have 730 00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:21,080 carved in and wearing it on a necklace, as this is my Uralith, 731 00:42:21,080 --> 00:42:23,480 which is what I'm planning on doing with my salivary stone. 732 00:42:23,480 --> 00:42:30,280 So, you know, maybe, but no, I need to like, you know, the like 733 00:42:30,280 --> 00:42:32,360 we talked about copper lights. Part of the reason that Mary 734 00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:35,280 Anning was convinced is she always found them consistently 735 00:42:35,280 --> 00:42:39,320 within the pelvic and abdominal region of these ichthyosaurs. 736 00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:42,880 So I'm like, you need to show me some oriadons that have died 737 00:42:42,880 --> 00:42:48,400 screaming and pain, rigamorous style from there from their 738 00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:50,520 kidney stones that they're trying to pass. 739 00:42:50,720 --> 00:42:55,560 By the way, they kept mentioning staghorn calculi, which is the 740 00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:57,600 worst sounding of the kidney stones. 741 00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:00,960 It's a kidney stone that forms like if you take a cross section 742 00:43:00,960 --> 00:43:03,680 of a kidney and you know how it kind of looks like cauliflower, 743 00:43:03,680 --> 00:43:07,120 like a little tree in there. Well, the stone itself forms in 744 00:43:07,120 --> 00:43:10,320 that shape and you have to pass or have it surgically removed 745 00:43:10,320 --> 00:43:12,720 because you have like cauliflower stones in your 746 00:43:12,760 --> 00:43:15,880 kidneys. I've been on a fucking journey 747 00:43:15,880 --> 00:43:21,960 today of ostrich pee, crocodile pee, staghorn calculi. 748 00:43:22,080 --> 00:43:26,200 Do I have staghorn calculi? How do I avoid ever getting 749 00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:31,200 staghorn calculi? And then Megan and then and then 750 00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:35,480 and then the Internet told me that there is a type of turtle 751 00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:39,040 that can pee through its mouth. And I just like, literally died. 752 00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:45,760 Yes, we might have to like, dedicate a whole bonus episode 753 00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:46,800 because we don't really have time. 754 00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:48,640 Or maybe this will be, yeah, an excess. 755 00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:51,760 But the Chinese soft shelled turtle has been shown and 756 00:43:51,760 --> 00:43:55,200 published to urinate through its mouth. 757 00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:59,000 And you know, the classic way of studying this, they put a bunch 758 00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:02,440 of them into a tank. They covered up their butts and 759 00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:05,800 they were able to measure exactly how much uric acid was 760 00:44:05,800 --> 00:44:09,120 coming out of their assholes. And it was like nothing compared 761 00:44:09,120 --> 00:44:12,000 to the concentration of uric acid in the whole tank. 762 00:44:12,120 --> 00:44:13,800 OK. And they have these extra, as 763 00:44:13,800 --> 00:44:17,640 they're described, like mouth fingers to help them expand the 764 00:44:17,640 --> 00:44:21,600 surface area of receptors for oxygen and carbon dioxide 765 00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:24,600 passage so that they can breathe better underwater. 766 00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:27,160 And part of the benefits of this is that they can also piss 767 00:44:27,160 --> 00:44:30,000 through their mouth. So we've gone from piss sniffers 768 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:32,520 to piss spitters in this episode. 769 00:44:32,720 --> 00:44:35,640 Piss spitters like they prefer. They have this really weird 770 00:44:35,640 --> 00:44:37,920 quote in the article where they're like, and then we put 771 00:44:37,920 --> 00:44:40,760 them in front of a bucket of water in which they plunge their 772 00:44:40,760 --> 00:44:44,520 heads in for 20 to 100 minutes and afterwards there was a high 773 00:44:44,520 --> 00:44:46,520 concentration of uric acid in the bucket. 774 00:44:46,680 --> 00:44:48,120 What the fuck? Why? 775 00:44:49,960 --> 00:44:52,600 So they can like, fully breathe underwater, they've got weird 776 00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:56,360 mouth fingers, and they can pee through their fucking mouths. 777 00:44:56,360 --> 00:45:01,040 I just, I don't understand what in the Pokémon evolution decided 778 00:45:01,160 --> 00:45:04,360 that that was going to be something meaning like that 779 00:45:04,360 --> 00:45:06,200 doesn't make. Why? 780 00:45:06,760 --> 00:45:09,800 Why do you want to do that? Why is it inadequate to piss 781 00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:15,600 through The Reg tape? That's boring, Megan, God of 782 00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:22,720 God's plan, apparently a lot of Apparently a lot of. 783 00:45:24,320 --> 00:45:27,880 OK, now we're invoking God. Wow, where the fuck am I? 784 00:45:29,840 --> 00:45:31,880 But why not? Life is boring. 785 00:45:33,840 --> 00:45:36,320 OK, let me get weedy. Placed a bucket of water in 786 00:45:36,320 --> 00:45:38,040 front of them. The turtles plunge their head in 787 00:45:38,040 --> 00:45:41,240 from between 20 to 100 minutes. They held their water in the 788 00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:43,920 mouth for a while, then spat it out, at which the urea 789 00:45:43,920 --> 00:45:46,040 concentration in the water increased. 790 00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:49,640 Yeah, so they can excrete urea through their mouth. 791 00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:54,640 Though there are other animals like some fish and some or some 792 00:45:54,640 --> 00:45:58,240 fish can excrete it through their gills, some amphibians and 793 00:45:58,240 --> 00:46:01,960 lung fish do it through their skin and they think it might 794 00:46:01,960 --> 00:46:06,480 have helped them deal with brackish water to excrete urea 795 00:46:06,480 --> 00:46:08,360 through their cloaca via their kidneys. 796 00:46:08,360 --> 00:46:10,920 The turtles wouldn't need to drink a lot of water to flush it 797 00:46:10,920 --> 00:46:12,880 through. That would mean taking it a lot 798 00:46:12,880 --> 00:46:14,840 of salt, which would be difficult to get rid of. 799 00:46:15,080 --> 00:46:17,280 Rather than drinking the brackish water, the turtles 800 00:46:17,280 --> 00:46:20,120 habits allow them to simply rinse their mouths with it. 801 00:46:22,520 --> 00:46:23,160 I. Don't. 802 00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:28,480 OK, I mean that feels like a solid fucked up reason, but it 803 00:46:28,480 --> 00:46:33,640 is a reason. The lead author thinks turtles 804 00:46:33,640 --> 00:46:36,040 only started breathing underwater to make it easier to 805 00:46:36,040 --> 00:46:41,280 urinate through their mouths. Like there was a consciousness. 806 00:46:42,040 --> 00:46:44,560 There's like the they were all like this year. 807 00:46:44,560 --> 00:46:47,880 We're going to do it. This year is our year. 808 00:46:48,160 --> 00:46:50,520 You know, I'm going to dedicate. Through our mouths. 809 00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:53,680 More time to pissing through my mouth so that I can. 810 00:46:54,040 --> 00:46:55,800 And you know, while I'm down here, why don't I breathe 811 00:46:55,800 --> 00:46:59,000 through my ass? Yeah, and why don't I breathe 812 00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:01,840 through my butt hole and just do nothing, Right? 813 00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:06,600 Yes. So I only scratched the surface 814 00:47:06,600 --> 00:47:09,040 because I quite literally discovered this in the 11th 815 00:47:09,080 --> 00:47:11,320 hour. But apparently there's something 816 00:47:11,320 --> 00:47:15,120 to be said for maybe we just, yeah, need to do a whole thing 817 00:47:15,120 --> 00:47:18,760 on animals that do things through unexpected holes. 818 00:47:18,840 --> 00:47:25,320 I don't know, I need to read the paper in depth. 819 00:47:25,320 --> 00:47:29,360 I've only skimmed so. Or just one on why turtles are 820 00:47:29,680 --> 00:47:33,200 fucking epic. Yeah, yeah, yeah. 821 00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:37,400 Because then this like young child tugs at me and cries a lot 822 00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:40,760 and I get distracted. The only reason you're not 823 00:47:40,760 --> 00:47:42,680 dedicating full time to reading about. 824 00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:44,080 Soft. It's true. 825 00:47:46,440 --> 00:47:47,600 It's. True. 826 00:47:49,160 --> 00:47:50,920 Why? This is why the only reason I 827 00:47:50,920 --> 00:47:54,200 haven't flown to China to catch me some soft shell turtles to 828 00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:59,040 watch them piss out their mouths, which still does not 829 00:47:59,040 --> 00:48:02,640 really make sense to me. So piss man, it's all around us. 830 00:48:06,040 --> 00:48:08,560 Thank you for listening. If you liked the podcast, be 831 00:48:08,560 --> 00:48:11,480 sure to rate and review us on your listening platform of 832 00:48:11,480 --> 00:48:13,520 choice. We really, really, really 833 00:48:13,520 --> 00:48:15,720 appreciate it if. You'd like to hear more and 834 00:48:15,720 --> 00:48:18,160 support the show? You can follow us on Patreon for 835 00:48:18,160 --> 00:48:21,840 some exclusive bits or on our various social media platforms. 836 00:48:21,840 --> 00:48:25,560 You can follow Amy on Instagram at Mary Anning's Revenge. 837 00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:29,720 And Megan on Instagram and TikTok as geopedal fabric or 838 00:48:29,720 --> 00:48:33,040 both of us at weird and dead on Instagram and TikTok. 839 00:48:33,120 --> 00:48:35,640 Our theme song is Unlock Me by Praz Canal. 840 00:48:35,640 --> 00:48:38,400 Cover art was provided by Chris Spencer and the hosts. 841 00:48:38,560 --> 00:48:41,880 And this has been posted and researched by us, Amy Atwater 842 00:48:41,880 --> 00:48:43,840 and may the weather welcome. Thank you for listening. 843 00:48:48,560 --> 00:48:51,120 I'm going to have to sit with that knowledge for a long time 844 00:48:51,280 --> 00:48:53,760 to really incorporate that one. I sent. 845 00:48:53,760 --> 00:48:55,480 You the paper. I knew all the gross things that 846 00:48:55,480 --> 00:48:58,400 turtles could do, and I haven't even scratched the surface.