1 00:00:04,760 --> 00:00:07,320 You're listening to Weird and Dead, the paleontology podcast 2 00:00:07,320 --> 00:00:09,400 that tells evolution's most embarrassing and bizarre 3 00:00:09,400 --> 00:00:11,040 stories. I'm Megan Wetherell. 4 00:00:11,240 --> 00:00:14,040 And I'm Amy Atwater, and we're two living scientists who are 5 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:15,960 weirdly excited about dead things. 6 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:20,520 In this episode, I surprised Megan with a full hour of 7 00:00:20,520 --> 00:00:24,120 scrotum conversation, and Megan displays a level of expertise in 8 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:26,360 the topic that worries even herself. 9 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:29,240 What is a scrotum, what groups have them, and why do testes 10 00:00:29,240 --> 00:00:32,960 take a multi week odyssey to occupy such a humiliatingly weak 11 00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:35,360 external position? We talk varying theories 12 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:38,240 including heat control, motion of the ocean, and of course, 13 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:40,880 training sperm for their eventual obstacle course and 14 00:00:40,880 --> 00:00:44,640 inhospitable destination. Like always, read the content 15 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:47,120 warnings before continuing, especially if you don't like 16 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:50,680 scrotum jokes or if you are sensitive to the idea of balls 17 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:53,960 falling off, balls punching through things and causing 18 00:00:53,960 --> 00:00:59,480 hernias, etcetera etcetera. OK, I'm going to open up this 19 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,640 scrote pics. Yeah. 20 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:06,720 OK. What are we talking about today, 21 00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:11,440 Amy? Let me open up my scrote notes 22 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:13,840 to get into. Amazing. 23 00:01:14,120 --> 00:01:18,680 To get into this layered discussion we can have about the 24 00:01:18,680 --> 00:01:22,760 evolution of the scrotum. That's really what you have to 25 00:01:22,760 --> 00:01:24,720 take. No wonder you were like, oh, 26 00:01:24,880 --> 00:01:26,600 this might take a Really. Long time. 27 00:01:26,600 --> 00:01:30,240 It didn't start with that. That's where I ended. 28 00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:34,000 I was going, oh, AB you low key just deep dove into that 29 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,880 epidemis into yeah, excellent. I'll tell you how it started, 30 00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:41,240 though, and this is hilarious as well. 31 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:43,360 Is your stuff working? Yeah, just double checking. 32 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:45,160 I heard a scary sound. Giving birth. 33 00:01:45,320 --> 00:01:47,280 Nope, nobody's giving birth. They're all doing this 34 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:49,560 suspicious. Like they do like the band photo 35 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:52,080 thing where they kind of walk off away from one another and 36 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:54,680 they're like emo, but they haven't started actually giving 37 00:01:54,680 --> 00:01:56,680 birth yet. So they're they're leading up to 38 00:01:56,680 --> 00:02:00,080 it, but. Oh, I'm so glad I'm not them. 39 00:02:00,480 --> 00:02:04,760 And instead you're stuck with me talking about some of the 40 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:07,400 equation that goes into making those babies. 41 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:11,320 So at the end of January, I was invited to go to Dino Fest at 42 00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:14,280 the University of Utah Natural History Museum of Utah. 43 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:16,080 Yeah, it was. Anyway, I said it better in the 44 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:20,400 promos. Don't worry, I was invited 45 00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:23,520 mostly to do social media stuff and like, talk to the 46 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:27,040 researchers that they invited, which was a little weird being a 47 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:29,560 researcher myself. And I was like, whatever. 48 00:02:29,560 --> 00:02:32,800 They paid me to go to Salt Lake City, one of my favorite cities 49 00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:34,880 in the entire world, and yeah, it was soup. 50 00:02:34,920 --> 00:02:37,040 It was great. I loved it, had a great time. 51 00:02:37,160 --> 00:02:40,840 Anyway, one of the researchers I met because this year's theme 52 00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:45,520 was Prehistoric Skies, and it wasn't just dinosaurs. 53 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:48,640 My mind is just reeling trying to figure out how prehistoric 54 00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:52,400 skies as a theme goes through scrotums, but I'll be patient. 55 00:02:52,400 --> 00:02:55,480 Megan, yeah, it's me. It's me. 56 00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:57,280 So I got. There, OK. 57 00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:00,320 And. So we had folks talking about 58 00:03:00,320 --> 00:03:04,320 early pterosaurs and all that. Jingmei O'Connor was there doing 59 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:07,000 a keynote one of the days on the Chicago Archaeopteryx. 60 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:10,600 I interviewed her briefly for this, the Utah thing, and I 61 00:03:10,800 --> 00:03:13,480 immediately went to crop milk. I was like, so come on, you're 62 00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:19,840 the bird expert crop milk. She was like, who are you? 63 00:03:20,920 --> 00:03:22,760 So that's how we get to these places. 64 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:27,560 And then I met Doctor Matt Jones, who I had not met before 65 00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:30,120 and a very nice human. He actually is a professor at 66 00:03:30,120 --> 00:03:33,040 Arizona State University. So I. 67 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:37,160 Mean but don't OK. I don't know what. 68 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:40,600 So he studies bats and he was invited to. 69 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:42,440 Do a talk on. Bats. 70 00:03:42,680 --> 00:03:45,320 Yes. And he shared an office in 71 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:49,640 Graduate School with who is now Doctor Rust on that paper that 72 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:50,920 we are you. Yeah. 73 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:54,520 So when I dropped IGMU, he was like, no way. 74 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:58,000 And I was like, what? You know, IGMU And he was like, 75 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:01,960 yeah. And then I started saying land 76 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:04,280 mammal ages to him. And he was like, yeah. 77 00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:05,640 And I was like, this never happens. 78 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:07,040 This is awesome. Yeah. 79 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:10,160 We very much enjoyed having other mammal people to talk to. 80 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:13,760 And after after we were comfortable, I, of course was 81 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:16,320 like, what's up with bats and their Dick bones, man? 82 00:04:18,959 --> 00:04:22,440 And he was like, yeah, I mean, it's interesting, huh? 83 00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:25,160 Like, so super specialized and they still have that. 84 00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:28,360 And he's like, but you know, Scrotifera and I was like, what 85 00:04:31,280 --> 00:04:33,760 Scroto What? It's like Scrotifera, that 86 00:04:33,840 --> 00:04:37,200 taxonomic group that is used to define mammals. 87 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:40,920 Yes, it's pretty recent because it's done based on the genetic 88 00:04:40,920 --> 00:04:43,280 stuff. But you know, once we realized, 89 00:04:43,440 --> 00:04:47,320 OK, back it up, it's like we had our old trees of life, our old 90 00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:50,640 evolutionary relationships based on just like morphology and 91 00:04:50,640 --> 00:04:52,640 fossils and modern day creatures. 92 00:04:52,840 --> 00:04:55,840 And then modern genetics came along and was like, that's 93 00:04:55,840 --> 00:04:57,640 wrong, that's wrong, you're wrong. 94 00:04:57,640 --> 00:05:00,520 Nope, totally distantly related. And actually those ones are 95 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:02,880 super closely related and they don't look alike at all. 96 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:05,320 And so genetics has helped us understand groups like 97 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:09,040 Aphratheria, which includes things like hyraxes that we just 98 00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:12,760 talked about and elephants and just some like animals that 99 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:14,080 don't look anything like each other. 100 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:18,000 Hyraxes look like rodents. And anyway that manatees. 101 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:22,200 And it's thanks to genetics that we've been able to understand 102 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:26,800 that these different groups or classifications exist. 103 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:32,160 And one of the groups that is used today is Scrotifera. 104 00:05:32,440 --> 00:05:38,080 And it is, Yeah, it is a subgroup to let me find my. 105 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:40,920 I should have put that one first, but I it ruins the 106 00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:42,520 guessing game. So I'm going to still make you 107 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:46,360 play the guessing game before I explain all. 108 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:49,080 But it's like if you have Laurasia theatres, Right. 109 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:52,400 So Laurasia theatres are insectivores, bats, carnivores, 110 00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:54,880 Penguins, ungulates and whales. Yeah. 111 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:58,920 Yes. And then it splits off with the 112 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:03,400 insectivores or the euliptotypha phylia, whatever those guys. 113 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:07,000 Yeah, those guys, yeah. Eulipotyphla are true 114 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:10,000 insectivores, including hedgehogs, moles, true shrews, 115 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:12,720 and a few other weirdos. A little insectivore things, 116 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:16,960 hedgehogs, and then their sister group is Scrotifera. 117 00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:20,880 And that includes a bunch of, as you know, because you just have 118 00:06:20,880 --> 00:06:23,840 them in your brain, a lot of those animals, which is funny. 119 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:25,600 Because people hold up. No, let's back up. 120 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:27,520 Scratch, scratch that from the record. 121 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:30,120 No. You know what a Laurasia theory 122 00:06:30,240 --> 00:06:34,240 there is where none of our listeners have any frame of some 123 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:36,160 some of our. Scrotums. 124 00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:39,080 OK, that's not I know. What a Laurasia dude. 125 00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:45,720 You sent me a picture of a scrotum on the ground of your 126 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:49,040 farm like a month ago. Actually, I was at this 127 00:06:49,040 --> 00:06:55,160 conference sent me the fuzziest, wooliest scrote pic. 128 00:06:55,320 --> 00:06:58,720 You started this, so don't you even. 129 00:06:58,840 --> 00:07:01,160 You've handled way more scrotums than me. 130 00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:04,000 Way more. You're right. 131 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:04,840 I'm sorry. I take it back. 132 00:07:04,840 --> 00:07:06,640 I take it back. You got me pinned. 133 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:11,680 You got me pinned right away. See, and that's like it. 134 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:15,400 Ever since I've talked to Matt, I've just had scrotifera on the 135 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:17,520 brain. So I started just trying to find 136 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:20,000 information on scrotifera. But because it's really just 137 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:24,160 like a relatively recent term taxonomically used, it's not 138 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:26,400 really used in the literature. Like it's not really talked 139 00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:30,240 about even doing a deep dive Google Scholar, like really just 140 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:34,600 different references to it being designated based on genetics to 141 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:38,040 contain these different groups. So I've got more curious than 142 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:42,320 about just scrotums in general. If it earned a name to an entire 143 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:46,000 clade of animals. But some of the animals outside 144 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:49,840 of Scrotifera have scrotums. I mean, we are not Laurasia 145 00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:55,360 theories and male humans tend to have scrotums. 146 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:59,800 I've been, I've been told. I've never seen a fair yourself. 147 00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:04,680 Gave birth to a baby boy? Have no idea. 148 00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:10,280 There's always sheets involved. Sheets and we are Uarkonta, 149 00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:13,440 which is a sister group 2 Laurasiotheres. 150 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:17,200 Uarkontaglieres includes primates, tree shrews, kalugos, 151 00:08:17,200 --> 00:08:20,040 rodents and lagomorphs which are rabbits and picas. 152 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:24,000 And most Uarkontaglieres have scrotums. 153 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:27,560 And then there's even some I did not know that the name for 154 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:31,000 Afrotheres and xenarthrans is Atlanta Janata. 155 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:35,520 So nice to say Atlanta Janata. Afrotheres include golden moles, 156 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:39,000 aardvarks, elephants, sea cows, hyraxes, tenrax, and other 157 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:42,360 shrews that are not true shrews. Zen arthrans are sloths, 158 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:45,440 anteaters, and armadillos. I mean, I'd rather say that than 159 00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:50,000 Scrotifera. Sure, I guess they it rolls off 160 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,920 the tongue. So that is how I end it rolls 161 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:54,960 off the no comment. Oh God. 162 00:08:55,560 --> 00:08:57,800 So that's how I ended up Googling. 163 00:08:57,800 --> 00:09:01,080 Does this animal have a scrotum? Does this animal have a scrotum? 164 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:04,000 How about this one? Does this one have a scrotum? 165 00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:09,560 Oh, oh, wow. So there was a lot of that. 166 00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:15,160 And it kind of has now unravelled into the evolution of 167 00:09:15,160 --> 00:09:19,640 the scrotum because it is a bit of an evolutionary mystery in 168 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:22,800 some ways if you think about it. So, I mean, I'd love to hear 169 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:26,120 your thoughts just right off the bat of the quandary of the 170 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:28,800 scrotum. I mean, First off, not shocked 171 00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:32,440 that biologists haven't picked up the use of the name 172 00:09:32,440 --> 00:09:35,720 Scrotifera. Shocking that they don't want to 173 00:09:35,720 --> 00:09:39,280 call animals that. Yeah. 174 00:09:39,280 --> 00:09:42,360 I feel like anytime you get into those sorts of bigger 175 00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:45,640 phylogenetic clades, my brain kind of just shuts down and my 176 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:48,400 eyes glaze over because I'm like, well, yeah, great. 177 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,760 OK, We're Loracia theers. That is just another fancy word 178 00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:56,160 for a bigger grouping, which at a certain point those words get 179 00:09:56,160 --> 00:09:59,160 so long and ridiculous it would just be. 180 00:09:59,160 --> 00:10:03,400 Easier. What are you trying to just not 181 00:10:03,400 --> 00:10:04,440 to say? Yeah. 182 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:09,160 Would not just be easier to say, you know, like, you know, 183 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:11,920 Cyrenians and elephants or whatever, Like that's. 184 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:15,800 I mean, that's not yeah, just, you know, sometimes I think we. 185 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:19,560 Could just call them weirdos, which is what would be accurate 186 00:10:19,560 --> 00:10:21,680 for that group anyway. What the fuck? 187 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,160 Like WTF? Their whole group could just be 188 00:10:24,160 --> 00:10:27,560 WTF. Is anyone listening? 189 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:31,160 So that's that's that's my only thoughts thus far. 190 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:37,480 No thoughts on scrotums except that you know not all mammals 191 00:10:37,480 --> 00:10:40,080 have them, and I guess I hadn't really thought about that being 192 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:46,200 a unifying characteristic. I read an article that literally 193 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:51,040 started the first line was while the possession of a scrotum by 194 00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:54,800 most male mammals is considered a hallmark for of mammalian 195 00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:57,680 evolution and I was like. I'm. 196 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:02,160 Sorry, hold the fuck up to all of the three Dicks on this 197 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:06,640 paper. I cannot tell because you are 198 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:09,480 all very European and Eastern European. 199 00:11:09,520 --> 00:11:14,000 I don't know. I shouldn't say that either. 200 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:17,520 That's just not a hallmark that I think of. 201 00:11:17,680 --> 00:11:22,600 Me neither, I think of them as I mean, I'm pretty sure Dan Savage 202 00:11:22,680 --> 00:11:26,080 on the Savage Love cast is the one who said that we shouldn't 203 00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:28,480 be calling people pussies, right? 204 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:30,640 Pussies are strong. They can take a beating and push 205 00:11:30,640 --> 00:11:34,440 a baby out, which is his quote. But I've used it many times and 206 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:36,840 it's like call, call him something that's actually weak, 207 00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:42,200 like a scrotum, because they're these sad little dangly very 208 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:46,080 exposed, which you would think when holding on to something 209 00:11:46,080 --> 00:11:50,200 that is necessary for the survival of your species, you 210 00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:52,880 wouldn't. Like take like a shell. 211 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:57,160 It's like when they dangle the dead chickens over the 212 00:11:57,160 --> 00:12:01,400 crocodiles to make them, like, jump up and try to like, why are 213 00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:02,880 you? Yeah, exactly. 214 00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:06,720 Why are you taunting us? Scrotum I'm assuming applies to 215 00:12:06,720 --> 00:12:11,800 the external like sack right? Like a hippo has balls but it 216 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:14,640 does not have scrotums. And I know this because that one 217 00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,040 time for the blog I had to read the paper about how if you want 218 00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:18,920 to. Get to hippos. 219 00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:22,000 Castrate a hippo. You have to. 220 00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:24,920 They had to do like a whole bunch of like replicatable 221 00:12:24,920 --> 00:12:27,840 surgeries where to tell you which angle to hold the hippo 222 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:30,160 leg at because they don't have internal balls. 223 00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:34,440 So they can kind of just wiggly wobbly around like just get lost 224 00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:36,240 I guess in there. So if you want to have a real 225 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:38,320 fast in and out castration, but they. 226 00:12:38,320 --> 00:12:41,080 Don't hold. The leg in the exact right spot. 227 00:12:41,080 --> 00:12:43,680 Well that's my thought is I guess they would not have a 228 00:12:43,680 --> 00:12:46,160 scrotum, right? They don't have the balls and 229 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:48,600 we're yes. And so you, Oh yeah, you can 230 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:50,800 have internal testes. That's called. 231 00:12:51,440 --> 00:12:53,720 There's a term for it that also made me laugh. 232 00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:56,480 It is called Testicondyle. What? 233 00:12:56,840 --> 00:13:01,200 Testicondyle. No testicondi. 234 00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:03,680 That's it. By the way, long time listener 235 00:13:03,680 --> 00:13:07,200 BFF of ours Carrie Weber thought of her the whole time I 236 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,880 researched this. I know I'm saying this wrong. 237 00:13:09,880 --> 00:13:12,520 I look forward to you correcting me in a few weeks. 238 00:13:12,520 --> 00:13:18,280 But yes, testicondi, it's testicondi is what it means if 239 00:13:18,280 --> 00:13:24,120 they are internal testes versus going there descent, which is 240 00:13:24,120 --> 00:13:28,000 called the something hilarious as well. 241 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:31,880 Descentus tester Caloria. Nope, that's still wrong. 242 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:33,840 Yeah, yeah. Testicularum. 243 00:13:33,880 --> 00:13:35,440 Descentis. Testicularum. 244 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:37,840 Yeah, there we go. There's a lot of fancy words 245 00:13:37,840 --> 00:13:39,760 used here for when your balls drop. 246 00:13:39,760 --> 00:13:44,560 That's what that means. But essentially, yes, the 247 00:13:44,560 --> 00:13:47,960 scrotum itself only exists because of the testicles. 248 00:13:47,960 --> 00:13:51,400 It is there only to be the SAC that contains the balls. 249 00:13:51,760 --> 00:13:55,280 And this is something the whole balls drop. 250 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:58,680 Like, have your balls dropped? Your balls usually drop well 251 00:13:58,680 --> 00:14:02,600 before you're born if everything goes as evolution intended, 252 00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:04,920 which, by the way, evolutions drunk. 253 00:14:04,920 --> 00:14:09,200 So we don't really know how that's going to go. 254 00:14:09,680 --> 00:14:11,600 OK, Yeah. But essentially at 8 weeks of 255 00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:15,640 development, the human fetus has structures that either become 256 00:14:15,640 --> 00:14:19,680 testicles or ovaries for females, For those of us who 257 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:22,720 have ovaries, they stay, they move a little bit, they have 258 00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:26,520 their own journey. We have also some soft tissue 259 00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:28,480 stuff. Round ligament is the term I'm 260 00:14:28,480 --> 00:14:31,120 thinking of that can cause some issues for us. 261 00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:35,520 But for boys or for people with testicles, they it's a seven 262 00:14:35,520 --> 00:14:40,440 week voyage from the abdomen. They, they form near the kidneys 263 00:14:40,840 --> 00:14:45,520 and it's quite literally like a marionette like pulley system of 264 00:14:45,520 --> 00:14:50,200 these different muscles and ligaments that are like forcing 265 00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:54,680 them into the sack. And one of those ligaments are 266 00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:57,640 the one that kind of marks the path or sometimes called the 267 00:14:57,640 --> 00:14:59,720 rudder of it is the gubernaculum. 268 00:14:59,720 --> 00:15:01,680 Did you ever have to learn that one in high school? 269 00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:04,560 I missed it on a high school IB biology test. 270 00:15:04,560 --> 00:15:07,640 I've never forgiven myself. Anyway, I think it's hilarious. 271 00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:09,400 It's called the gubernaculum. It's your Dick. 272 00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:10,360 It's winter. Balls. 273 00:15:10,840 --> 00:15:11,920 OK, OK, I. Don't know. 274 00:15:11,920 --> 00:15:13,280 I always thought it was really funny. 275 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:17,040 OK. So sometimes the testicles stay 276 00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:21,320 up by the kidneys and they don't go anywhere at all sometimes? 277 00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:24,120 They work that you're doing right now with your hands is 278 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:26,800 really making this whole thing so much. 279 00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:28,720 Better Internet works better again. 280 00:15:28,720 --> 00:15:31,120 One day we'll try. We'll try one day videos. 281 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:37,160 So actually, you know, I think I've got a decent way to depict 282 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:38,440 this. I'm going to change up. 283 00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:40,800 Don't go to the images. I'm going to change the one. 284 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:44,760 Actually, no, you can just go ahead and scroll. 285 00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:46,480 Sorry, OK. But go ahead. 286 00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:50,600 Just Oh no. Sorry, it's just a cross section 287 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,920 of a male reproductive system. OK, Yep. 288 00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:56,360 Oh, I'm at the doctor's office. OK. 289 00:15:56,440 --> 00:15:58,880 Do I need to keep going or am I staying in the doctor's? 290 00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:00,880 Office. So that second one, the black 291 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:02,720 and white picture is the old. Document. 292 00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:05,160 Do this. Yeah, that is showing you 293 00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:09,040 essentially your desensus testicularum. 294 00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:11,440 That is this journey that I'm talking about. 295 00:16:11,640 --> 00:16:17,480 So where the testes start up by the kidneys, then they drop down 296 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,800 thanks to the gubernaculum and the caudal genital ligament. 297 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:23,640 And those are what's essentially pulling it down. 298 00:16:23,640 --> 00:16:27,440 And you'll see in the upper right quadrant, it's chilling in 299 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:30,080 the abdominal cavity. Sometimes that's where it stops, 300 00:16:30,680 --> 00:16:32,480 right? So if they do half the journey, 301 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:36,720 they make it here. It's closer to the genitals, but 302 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,200 it is not external. It is still in the abdominal 303 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,680 cavity. Then the fucking crazy shit 304 00:16:42,680 --> 00:16:47,240 about the true nut sack is that it busts the fuck through your 305 00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:51,960 abdominal wall, through these inguinal canals and yeah, it and 306 00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:56,120 it takes layers of muscles and abdominal lining with it. 307 00:16:56,320 --> 00:16:59,880 It just goes bloop, like a little lava lamp bloop into your 308 00:16:59,880 --> 00:17:06,920 scrotum and that and that. It gets worse, It gets worse, it 309 00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:10,040 gets worse. That little jump that it takes 310 00:17:10,040 --> 00:17:13,800 that the gubernaculum is setting the track for is why people with 311 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:17,920 testicles get hernias so much. That's a weakness. 312 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:22,400 It's a forever weakness in your abdominal wall because you 313 00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:24,920 fucking sucker punched your nuts through it. 314 00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:29,920 And now there's always like a slightly weaker point there. 315 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:32,720 And that's why I don't know if you've had this experience. 316 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:35,440 We have multiple friends who have stories of being little 317 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:38,360 boys and like trying to pick up their family dogs when they were 318 00:17:38,360 --> 00:17:41,240 little and like getting hernias. We have multiple friends with 319 00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:44,440 this story. They like if you pick up 320 00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:46,520 something too heavy and especially if you're still 321 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:50,240 Pretty Little, sometimes part of your intestines will just back 322 00:17:51,080 --> 00:17:54,600 through this weakness in the abdom. 323 00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:58,160 Like really it's in an unpleasant place if it happens. 324 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:02,600 And that is because of this early descent of your testicles 325 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,720 while you were in your Mama. And now that's why men get 326 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:08,920 hernias. Women can still get hernias too. 327 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:12,840 Like I was saying, ovaries go on a slightly similar journey and 328 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:15,440 we have some similar tendons and what not. 329 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:19,760 So ours is the round ligament. And so that is a weakness too. 330 00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:22,960 And it is where women, if you get a hernia, are likely to get 331 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:25,200 one. Not nearly as common as it is 332 00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:29,120 with men, partly because of this, this pilgrimage that 333 00:18:29,120 --> 00:18:31,200 they're going on to get to the SAC. 334 00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:34,480 Is there a correlation between size of the testes and 335 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:37,840 likelihood of hernia? Oh, that's a great. 336 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:40,720 Who's got big balls and an intestinal hernia? 337 00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:45,280 Yes, right into the balls. How much do they? 338 00:18:45,280 --> 00:18:49,640 Because as I also read sometime there's there's the occasional 339 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:53,080 scrotum apparently with some mammals like it only comes out 340 00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:57,600 during mating season. So, yeah, So how much scrotum? 341 00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:03,320 Yes, I got a goodbye. See, little scrotum, it's pretty 342 00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:06,760 cold. And then it makes its way home 343 00:19:06,760 --> 00:19:10,080 so that if it's in that scrotal sack, that's kind of this 344 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:13,360 furthest stage of journey that it can take. 345 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,600 And if you Scroll down, you can see this demonstrated these 346 00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:21,200 three different takes in three different mammalian species. 347 00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:24,000 Would you like to describe what you see? 348 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:28,640 So the artist from My Little Pony. 349 00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:38,920 A. Beautiful line drawing of are 350 00:19:38,920 --> 00:19:40,680 the. Perfect kidneys. 351 00:19:40,680 --> 00:19:45,600 Kidneys. Of the kidney to testicle ratio 352 00:19:46,280 --> 00:19:50,080 and relation. And seriously, that fucking 353 00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:53,760 horse. My Little Pony Feet 1000%. 354 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:58,680 Yeah, it's Lisa Frank realness. Yeah, you could put a Unicorn 355 00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:00,720 horn on there and I'd believe it for sure. 356 00:20:01,120 --> 00:20:04,000 Also love that they're both as big as the elephant, the seal, 357 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:06,440 and the horse. Yeah, well, they really wanted 358 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:09,120 you to see how big those nuts are. 359 00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:13,920 So we are seeing the three different conditions here. 360 00:20:13,920 --> 00:20:16,960 So an elephant or an Afrothere which is going to represent 361 00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:20,640 Afrotheres here does not have any part of it. 362 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:23,760 It's it's testes have stayed near the kidneys where they 363 00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:26,800 first developed. Zero journey, not move, zero 364 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:29,400 journey. They were like fuck that, not 365 00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,600 going to do that. This is a seal and the second 366 00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:36,200 photo and a seal has made again the first part of our journey 367 00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:40,200 that we talked about, but has not gone as so far to pop on out 368 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:42,960 that abdominal, the wall and go into a true scrotum. 369 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:47,200 So it is still located in the groin region and it's just like 370 00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,880 above the skin? Kind of, yeah. 371 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:51,440 Meanwhile, the marks. Out. 372 00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:55,760 Because they wanted the leg to demurely cover the testicles and 373 00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:57,400 I guess couldn't figure out how to get the leg. 374 00:20:58,160 --> 00:21:01,120 It looks like the testes decided into the thigh like. 375 00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:07,520 I know, I know of like just have it not have that leg That's OK. 376 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:13,440 Or have it like sticking his leg super far back. 377 00:21:13,440 --> 00:21:16,360 Or I don't know, kicking. Kicking to show the balls. 378 00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:18,200 But. Right. 379 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:22,080 So then the question, of course there are controversies right in 380 00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:26,200 everything that we start to dig into, but the question ends up 381 00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:30,680 going so mammals, some of them have them, some of them don't. 382 00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:33,120 What's the deal? Did all ancestral? 383 00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:37,720 Did the ancestral did the first ever mammal slap that sack 384 00:21:37,880 --> 00:21:44,360 around like, or has it been, was it at did all placental mammals 385 00:21:44,360 --> 00:21:46,480 start with this? Did all Mediterraneans like we 386 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:50,000 just aren't quite sure. And then the question is also so 387 00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:53,720 with the times that it has been, has it been lost or has it, was 388 00:21:53,720 --> 00:21:54,640 it never there? Right. 389 00:21:54,640 --> 00:21:57,120 These sorts of questions on timing that we're not quite 390 00:21:57,120 --> 00:22:00,120 sure. So if we for me makes kind of 391 00:22:00,120 --> 00:22:04,720 sense to just go through that evolutionary tree of mammals and 392 00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:08,760 chat about. Yeah, just who has, you know, 393 00:22:08,760 --> 00:22:11,400 external testicles? They're gonna fix so monotremes. 394 00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:13,960 Monotremes. Oh would. 395 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:17,040 Your guests be for a platypus nut sack. 396 00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:21,360 Oh God. I mean echidna. 397 00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:25,320 I'm just thinking of the echidna demon hand penis, and I'm really 398 00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:28,560 hoping that they're not adding testicles to that and that that 399 00:22:28,560 --> 00:22:31,720 at least they have some like sense of restraint and that they 400 00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:35,080 have them on the inside. But I'm guessing they have 401 00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:38,120 monstrous, terrible testicles. That would be my guess. 402 00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:42,000 No, they do not have a scrotum. No, my God. 403 00:22:42,120 --> 00:22:44,000 Restraint. Yes, restraint. 404 00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:46,760 Thank you. Which also tells us that it's 405 00:22:46,760 --> 00:22:52,640 unlikely that the the ancestor of all living mammals today had 406 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:54,800 a scrotum. It's unlikely considering they 407 00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:58,040 are the oldest and the most basal mammals today. 408 00:22:58,040 --> 00:22:59,800 The mom dreams. So no. 409 00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:03,200 And they've now done gene studies and seen that. 410 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,760 Seen that the platypus, instead of having a duplicate gene in a 411 00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:10,520 certain place, it's just a single gene. 412 00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:15,160 And it's that later that gene being duplicated in subsequent 413 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:19,360 mammals allowed one to go towards testicular descent and 414 00:23:19,360 --> 00:23:21,840 the other towards nipple development, interestingly 415 00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:25,760 enough. So they did not start the party 416 00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:27,080 and they don't have nipples, right? 417 00:23:27,080 --> 00:23:31,920 So it was they were so early to the mammal party that they 418 00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:34,840 missed out. Their gene then mutated in a way 419 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:37,280 that led to nut sacks and nipples. 420 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:41,880 And they, they, they themselves have never, have never enjoyed 421 00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:48,400 such such treats. Such a sad life, the monotrem. 422 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:52,560 So we now, yeah, we know that monotremes. 423 00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:55,200 No ball sack. Wonderful. 424 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:58,680 So then our next group of mammals is gonna be our 425 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:02,760 marsupials, our pouched mammals. So what do you think? 426 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:07,360 Do you think a kangaroo has? I have seen kangaroo ball 427 00:24:07,360 --> 00:24:10,200 pictures. I remember them being on the 428 00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:15,080 wrong side of the penis. Yeah. 429 00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:17,960 Why is it is? It because they're upside down 430 00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:19,200 it. Doesn't come up, huh? 431 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:21,600 I need. Scrotum trivia. 432 00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:27,320 Okay. Okay, so go ahead and scroll 433 00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:30,160 because now you have to see they're upside down because 434 00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:33,920 they're in Australia. They're also very pendulous, 435 00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:37,600 they've got quite the swing to them and they are essentially 436 00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:41,520 each in their true own sack, like it's a bifurcated sack like 437 00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:43,040 these. Everything about them is 438 00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:44,040 bifurcated. Huh. 439 00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:50,840 Yes, yes, yes, yeah. So they they hang pretty low and 440 00:24:50,840 --> 00:24:54,600 they are in front of the penis. That is correct. 441 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:59,120 Do they really like? I don't, I don't know. 442 00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:03,120 I'm not a I'm not a cake guru. Amy, you didn't look up if the 443 00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:06,560 low hanging balls that are in front of the penis ever block? 444 00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:07,760 Come on. I don't know. 445 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:10,880 You're right, You're right. Bonus episode. 446 00:25:13,360 --> 00:25:16,000 Oh, I forgot what I was gonna. I thought I forgot what I was 447 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:17,600 gonna. Talking about this, Oh my God, 448 00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:19,480 those do dangle. Jesus Christ. 449 00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:22,920 They dangle, yeah, quite a bit. And then, yeah. 450 00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:25,280 And it looks like it is a pouch, which is funny. 451 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:27,400 It's just their, it's just their junk. 452 00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:29,640 But I think they can retract it in a bit. 453 00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:33,840 So I think that there is some control about that dangle not 454 00:25:33,840 --> 00:25:36,640 getting in the way, but I don't know. 455 00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:42,600 I wasn't there. You went to Australia and this 456 00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:44,320 wasn't something you investigated? 457 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,520 You know, I probably probably did, probably did. 458 00:25:47,720 --> 00:25:49,800 Oh man, I was going to say something and I forgot it, so 459 00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:51,400 that's OK. I'll see if it comes back. 460 00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:53,800 Also, I should probably forget some of the things we're talking 461 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:55,280 about because this. Is disgusting. 462 00:25:55,440 --> 00:25:59,000 Yeah, you won't. This is going to take place with 463 00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:01,200 some really important information in your brain, but 464 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:03,120 such is life. I think you were talking about 465 00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:07,040 bifurcated pouches. Oh, I think that was Yeah, I 466 00:26:07,040 --> 00:26:09,360 think that's all that I was going to say. 467 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:11,880 I was going to say something. I read this really interesting 468 00:26:11,880 --> 00:26:17,920 piece by a guy named Liam Drew, really hilarious piece that was 469 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:21,720 called The Scrotum is Nuts, which is absolutely quite 470 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:25,040 beautifully done there poetry. Well, what's interesting about 471 00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:29,400 it is it does seem to mean that the scrotum is evolving 472 00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:33,360 independently here on the kangaroo lineage and their point 473 00:26:33,360 --> 00:26:36,160 of well it's different because it's run of the Dick. 474 00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:38,200 And I was. Yeah, I mean. 475 00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:40,560 I mean, it's your. Testicles a common. 476 00:26:40,560 --> 00:26:44,920 Going on a journey to stab out of your body, like sometimes I 477 00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:47,840 feel like it's stabbing in a slightly different direction is 478 00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,200 not that far of a stress. Right, Because it is kind of 479 00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:54,120 this question if marsupials have a scrotum and a lot of mammals 480 00:26:54,120 --> 00:26:57,680 do, but not some of the most primitive mammals in some ways, 481 00:26:57,680 --> 00:27:00,560 if we're talking about zenarthrans and afrotheres. 482 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:04,360 So is it that that common ancestor had a scrotum and 483 00:27:04,360 --> 00:27:07,560 Afrotheres lost it, or is it that they didn't have one from 484 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:11,200 their monitoring relative and marsupials gained it 485 00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:14,240 independently and then Laurasia theories gained it 486 00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:16,920 independently. Like that's kind of part of 487 00:27:16,920 --> 00:27:19,840 that, or should I say Scrotifera gained it independently. 488 00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:23,760 So these are the questions. These are still the questions 489 00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:26,760 that haunt my mind. So once we get into our 490 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:29,200 mammalian group, we've already talked about this after 491 00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:30,960 theories. You saw that beautiful drawing 492 00:27:30,960 --> 00:27:34,000 of an elephant, No movement in their testes. 493 00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:38,440 And then with Xenarthra, they are no scrotum. 494 00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:40,520 So these are our sloths, anteaters. 495 00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:42,520 But I think most of them are in position too. 496 00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:44,000 They make the first part of the journey. 497 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,240 They're just just what lies beneath. 498 00:27:46,640 --> 00:27:49,400 I mean right there, they just don't live long enough because 499 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:51,240 sloths are so slow. You know? 500 00:27:51,360 --> 00:27:54,040 Maybe if they live like another 100 years, eventually those 501 00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:56,840 slowly descending balls would become a sack. 502 00:27:56,880 --> 00:27:58,520 Yes. Yeah, yeah. 503 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:01,480 And then they really should say that it's the scrotums are in 504 00:28:01,480 --> 00:28:05,320 Boreoetheria, which is the group that contains us. 505 00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:07,920 You are Conte glaries and Laurasia theories. 506 00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:10,640 You are Conte glories. This is stuff that I get geeked 507 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:13,200 on. So these are US primates, Tree 508 00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:15,960 shoes, Kalugos. Yes, they all have scrotums, 509 00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:17,720 squirrels, rabbits. Yes. 510 00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:21,080 And some of these, again, are quite dynamic in some ways, like 511 00:28:21,080 --> 00:28:23,720 squirrel testes. Size changes dramatically during 512 00:28:23,720 --> 00:28:25,560 the year based on what? Mating season. 513 00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:29,640 And then rabbits had kind of like they're nuts, could be kind 514 00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:33,480 of weird too, like on either side in their own kind of sack. 515 00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:36,720 So again, if we're saying that having a Dick just in front 516 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:39,960 means it's a different trajectory, I'm going, I think 517 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:44,080 there's quite a bit of plasticity in where it swings 518 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:49,200 just based on who's got it. Wait, hold on back up. 519 00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:53,120 So animals that have a bifurcated sack, does that mean 520 00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:56,440 that they're getting punched through on two sides like 521 00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:59,480 they've got 2 balls? Or is it something that 522 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:02,400 bifurcates afterwards? Can you have one ball? 523 00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:03,640 Not great. Question. 524 00:29:03,640 --> 00:29:07,360 Oh, Ouch. Probably, probably. 525 00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:09,720 But does that ball, does the other ball exist? 526 00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:11,840 I think would be. Schrodinger's Ball. 527 00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:16,560 Schrodinger's ball. OK but no I think they make this 528 00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:18,880 journey together. I would hope that you only have 529 00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:22,600 to get pushed through that inguinal canal once, but no. 530 00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:25,960 I mean, do they go at the same time or do they go one first? 531 00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:29,680 Is their twin one born 3 minutes before the anyway? 532 00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:30,880 I don't know. I don't know. 533 00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:33,680 See, I told you this is just to whet the appetite. 534 00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:41,080 So we can't make lurasiatheres all scrote bearing and and 535 00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:44,800 therefore scrotifera because of the stupid insectivores. 536 00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,480 So these are our shrews and hedgehogs. 537 00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:51,440 They don't have a true scrotum. And I couldn't quite tell from 538 00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:56,160 my reading and looking at grainy photos if it's by the kidneys or 539 00:29:56,160 --> 00:29:59,600 by the junk, but not out of the body for those. 540 00:29:59,920 --> 00:30:02,480 And then what's interesting is, OK, so now we've determined that 541 00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:05,800 there's already quite a few mammals that have scrotum, not 542 00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:10,360 in scrotum, not in it at all. Yeah, now we're in scrotifera. 543 00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:13,440 And OK, so some of the animal groups that we have left, let's 544 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:15,120 see what's the next one for you to guess. 545 00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:18,200 Do you think that bats have a scrotum? 546 00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:21,600 Again, This is why this should be a category at trivia. 547 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:24,280 I know that they do, in fact have grotoms. 548 00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,960 And that is why if you see pictures of bats and you're not 549 00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:31,320 horrified, that's a girl. Because bats have really wild, 550 00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:34,680 like, external genitalia, it seems like it should slow them 551 00:30:34,680 --> 00:30:36,760 down, right? Yep. 552 00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:38,560 Yep. That's not its head. 553 00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:41,640 It's just a set of balls approximately the same size. 554 00:30:42,120 --> 00:30:45,040 Awesome. But what I read is that they're 555 00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:47,880 very good at having them like very close to the body. 556 00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:51,800 Like there's none of the pendulous swing that we see with 557 00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:57,440 these other keeping them close. They keep it tucked, yes, as 558 00:30:57,440 --> 00:31:00,760 much as possible. So yes, bats have bats have 559 00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:03,520 them. Most ardeodactyls have them. 560 00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:06,760 Ardeodactyls are even toed ungulates like cows, deer, 561 00:31:06,760 --> 00:31:10,320 bison, pigs, giraffes, sheep, goats, and many, many more as 562 00:31:10,320 --> 00:31:13,080 well as whales and dolphins. You definitely. 563 00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:14,800 We know more about that than I do. 564 00:31:14,880 --> 00:31:18,560 I do now. The ones that go to the ocean 565 00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:21,800 don't. So whales and dolphins, they 566 00:31:22,240 --> 00:31:27,600 mostly thought to be for streamline reasons, have tucked 567 00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:30,480 this the junk and everything is internal. 568 00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:33,160 We're going to talk also about the theories as to why or the 569 00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:37,760 hypothesis as to why mammals do this, because it's actually not 570 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:40,120 as simple as I thought it was. So, yeah. 571 00:31:40,120 --> 00:31:42,080 OK. And then presidactyls man, get 572 00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:45,960 kind of weird since we've just determined have a scrotum thanks 573 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:47,720 to that. Beautiful drawing. 574 00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:51,720 Yep, gorgeous. Rhinos and rhinos and tapirs do 575 00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:55,360 not. No, no ball sacks on rhinos and 576 00:31:55,360 --> 00:31:56,320 tapirs. I don't know. 577 00:31:56,320 --> 00:31:59,080 We were so distracted, always looking at the prehensile Dick 578 00:31:59,080 --> 00:32:01,520 of a tapir. We never noticed that there's no 579 00:32:01,520 --> 00:32:06,080 balls. Well, again, you know, they're 580 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:10,160 not picking up their leg to display their balls absence so 581 00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:13,160 but that third leg is pretty obvious. 582 00:32:13,160 --> 00:32:16,720 So yeah. OK, so perisodactyls, some have 583 00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:18,600 balls, some don't. Well, I mean they all have 584 00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:20,400 balls, but some have external balls, some don't. 585 00:32:20,440 --> 00:32:23,520 Interesting. I can't Missy now I'm now I'm 586 00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:26,560 reading it again. I'm like, do they have a do they 587 00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:29,320 have a scrotum? I don't think they do, but 588 00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:32,680 anyway I may have gotten I know rhinos do not, so it makes me 589 00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:39,040 wonder about my broader fears. Did you guys have a scrot or no 590 00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:39,880 scroter? Note. 591 00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:44,720 Scroter note scrotum. I'm doing a new Instagram quiz. 592 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:51,160 Scroter OK, And then we get into our last group, ferre, which is 593 00:32:51,160 --> 00:32:55,400 pangolins and carnivorans, and pangolins do not. 594 00:32:55,400 --> 00:33:00,280 So again we have another scrotifera without a scrotum, 595 00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:04,720 fucking imposters. And then almost all carnivores. 596 00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:09,320 Carnivorans do, but it gets weird again when you go to the 597 00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:11,520 water. Pinnipeds get a little bit 598 00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:13,760 weird. Oh OK, how do pinnipeds get a 599 00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:14,320 little? Weird. 600 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:17,880 Did you know that one of the many ways you you can tell the 601 00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:24,840 difference between a seal and a sea lion is the scrotum? 602 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:28,040 Weirdly they don't mention that at outdoor School, they just 603 00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:32,440 talk about external ears. Ears and whiskers and shit. 604 00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:35,800 Why don't we just go to the good stuff? 605 00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:38,320 Did they really have external balls? 606 00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:42,640 What the fuck? So sea lions have external 607 00:33:42,640 --> 00:33:47,800 balls, but from this post I read, I don't think they are 608 00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:52,080 always out if they only develop a scrotum during the breeding 609 00:33:52,080 --> 00:33:55,680 season because it's not that this because they're so 610 00:33:55,680 --> 00:34:00,040 dynamically, you know, adapted for their water environment that 611 00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:04,400 it doesn't make sense to have accoutrements dangling around. 612 00:34:04,680 --> 00:34:10,040 And so they apparently go go gadget scrotum during the mating 613 00:34:10,040 --> 00:34:11,440 season. And I'm like, well, where does 614 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:13,320 it go? What is it? 615 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:18,360 I didn't think matter could be created or destroyed Wrinkles. 616 00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:22,600 Get flab. I don't know, but there's a 617 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:26,520 picture for you. And if you Scroll down, there's 618 00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:29,120 a picture of a sea lion scrotum for you. 619 00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:29,920 Yeah. It's. 620 00:34:31,239 --> 00:34:35,440 Probably taken in Oregon. It's a fucking weirdo at Moe's. 621 00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:38,400 It's like snapping, laying in the sunshine, balls out. 622 00:34:39,199 --> 00:34:41,159 Balls out. You should live in the dream. 623 00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:44,320 Live in the dream, so. And there's our tree that I've 624 00:34:44,320 --> 00:34:45,960 kind of been going down. I should have had that at the 625 00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:48,520 beginning. That's got the Skrotifera on 626 00:34:48,520 --> 00:34:51,960 there for ya. Yeah, that's my last, my last 627 00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:56,080 image of these. Incredible, incredible 628 00:34:56,080 --> 00:34:59,160 adaptations that. But again, if we go back to it 629 00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:03,640 seems pretty weird to have something that is so important 630 00:35:03,720 --> 00:35:09,520 to the survival of your genetics to be in a precarious, rather 631 00:35:09,520 --> 00:35:13,320 exposed area. It sounds like people have done 632 00:35:13,320 --> 00:35:18,120 some fucking weird experiments trying to understand some of the 633 00:35:18,120 --> 00:35:19,880 different factors. But why, Megan? 634 00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:25,120 Why do mammals have a scrotum? So I mean, the explanation I've 635 00:35:25,120 --> 00:35:28,840 always is because that allows them to temperature regulate, 636 00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:33,160 which is why if you do what I did to that cow and you 637 00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:36,320 accidentally castrate only the external SAC. 638 00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:40,440 So he ended up his testes slipped back up into his body 639 00:35:40,560 --> 00:35:45,520 and he still wasn't fertile because his balls could never 640 00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:49,280 cool down. Yeah, right. 641 00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:53,920 Crypt orchid bowl is the term. Yeah, and I mean, I will point 642 00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:58,320 out that Minnie, a drag queen, is an expert in tucking their 643 00:35:58,520 --> 00:36:01,160 balls. There are cavities, gentlemen. 644 00:36:01,160 --> 00:36:03,360 I don't want to hear it. You can shove them in there. 645 00:36:04,320 --> 00:36:06,800 You can put it away OK. You can. 646 00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:13,480 I know it's harder on a hot summer day, but you still right. 647 00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:17,160 So we were all taught that it's the cooling hypothesis that it 648 00:36:17,160 --> 00:36:22,000 is to cool the testes to keep that sperm nice and chilled 649 00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:26,440 before it it's big delivery. Now some folks have said it's 650 00:36:26,440 --> 00:36:29,720 not really the testes that we're trying to keep cool, it's the 651 00:36:29,760 --> 00:36:33,480 epididymides, the individual epididymis channels of that 652 00:36:33,480 --> 00:36:36,120 transport the sperm 'cause they're not fully ready to go 653 00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:39,200 when they leave the teste. That's still part of again, this 654 00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:44,000 like fucking Homer, like Iliad journey that they take, I guess 655 00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:45,560 just. Like shooting it through some 656 00:36:45,560 --> 00:36:48,240 sort of cold shoot, that's that's what they got to do. 657 00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:52,400 So they really got it cool and I'm like, OK, we are splitting 658 00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:57,520 ball hairs here like it's they, the epididymis and the testes 659 00:36:57,520 --> 00:36:59,360 pretty much go together. You can't have one without the 660 00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:00,840 other. If one needs to be cool, you're 661 00:37:00,840 --> 00:37:02,280 probably going to keep both cool. 662 00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:05,320 Now the huge problem with this is that we've already outlined 663 00:37:05,320 --> 00:37:10,600 tons of mammals today that have internal testes and obviously we 664 00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:12,600 are not cooking, they're swimmers because they are 665 00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:14,560 procreating and all of their junk. 666 00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:17,960 Both of these, the testes, the epididymides are totally fine. 667 00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:22,200 So some folks have said, I have hypothesized that it's not that 668 00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:25,960 the sperm needed to be cooled. It was once they were there they 669 00:37:25,960 --> 00:37:28,600 adapted to slightly cooler temperatures, which would still 670 00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:32,880 explain why your bowls junk didn't work because it we are 671 00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:36,200 now adapted to have it be at a couple. 672 00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:41,520 It's a couple degrees cooler is optimal for sperm production in 673 00:37:41,520 --> 00:37:43,520 most mammals than body temperature. 674 00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:48,240 So it's kind of this question of maybe that adaptation was just 675 00:37:48,240 --> 00:37:51,680 because they got shoved out in the cold and they had to adapt. 676 00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:54,320 Now some have also said that they need to. 677 00:37:54,560 --> 00:37:59,080 This is in scientific papers, but keeping sperm cool may allow 678 00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:03,200 the warmth of a vagina to act as an extra activating signal. 679 00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:08,160 Are these researchers shoving their balls into vaginas? 680 00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:11,400 Is that? Why do you need to be? 681 00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:12,480 Why? Why is? 682 00:38:12,720 --> 00:38:15,360 Right by the time the sperm is there next. 683 00:38:15,360 --> 00:38:20,760 To legs all of the time, like why you need right a woman's 684 00:38:20,760 --> 00:38:25,360 warmth from the front. And also, like, by the time your 685 00:38:25,360 --> 00:38:27,680 sperm is in the woman, it's done. 686 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:32,360 Isn't it usually over for you? Isn't that like, I don't know. 687 00:38:32,360 --> 00:38:33,840 I don't know. I wasn't there. 688 00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:35,760 OK. So, I mean, this seems to be 689 00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:37,320 where the bulk of the research is. 690 00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:40,080 There's some truth to this, as it is adapted for this. 691 00:38:40,240 --> 00:38:45,600 There's also a training hypothesis that was ridiculous, 692 00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:49,840 but it literally is that the scrotum serves to expose the 693 00:38:49,840 --> 00:38:53,840 sperm to a hostile environment in order to train it for further 694 00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:59,560 goals, namely fertilization 'cause my our pussy gonna beat 695 00:38:59,560 --> 00:39:04,000 you up, bitch, so you gotta, we gotta toughen you up. 696 00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:12,000 Like cue, like rocky style, like cut screens of training your 697 00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,560 sperm training. Bah Bah, Bah, Bah. 698 00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:18,080 Yeah, exactly. Like running up and down. 699 00:39:18,920 --> 00:39:20,360 Yeah. That it's that they. 700 00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:22,240 Yeah, that they. Are that's stupid as hell. 701 00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:26,680 It is very, it's very stupid and it's not very well supported 702 00:39:26,680 --> 00:39:33,160 because it really doesn't grasp like the there. 703 00:39:33,240 --> 00:39:35,520 Yeah, it's not very well supported, but I had to include 704 00:39:35,520 --> 00:39:37,120 it because it was so stupid and funny. 705 00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:41,040 Now of course there's the display hypothesis, which I 706 00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:44,760 didn't include this, but you know our number one blog post, 707 00:39:44,880 --> 00:39:47,560 right? Was it about balls? 708 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:51,600 Monkey blue balls. Oh, that's right, monkey blue 709 00:39:51,640 --> 00:39:52,960 balls. I forgot about that. 710 00:39:54,040 --> 00:39:59,080 Yeah, that like summarizes the display hypothesis pretty well. 711 00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:02,200 I forgot. Yeah, we've read A blog together 712 00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:05,960 for two or three years at our most, talking about all sorts of 713 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:09,160 things, including, like, amazing science and like, feminism. 714 00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:14,240 The top blog post of all time was Monkey Blue Balls because 715 00:40:14,840 --> 00:40:18,520 people look up blue balls and Google is like taju mean this 716 00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:20,760 monkey because sure is shit blue balls for people. 717 00:40:20,760 --> 00:40:24,880 The vervet monkey has yes, the vervet monkey at least 718 00:40:24,880 --> 00:40:26,880 seasonally can have very blue balls. 719 00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:30,000 And I think most of those pictures like the link died at 720 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:31,640 this point. But the funniest part was that 721 00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:34,360 they were all like looking at their balls with like such 722 00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:36,080 surprise. They're all like. 723 00:40:39,520 --> 00:40:43,760 What are these blue? Yeah, and that part is. 724 00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:47,320 But yeah, some some monkeys, some old world monkeys do this, 725 00:40:47,320 --> 00:40:51,400 some other species display it. Now most folks don't think it 726 00:40:51,440 --> 00:40:55,320 evolved for that to be display. It was probably Co opted is the 727 00:40:55,480 --> 00:40:58,560 thought. And now there's the evolutionary 728 00:40:58,560 --> 00:41:04,800 biology handicap principle, which is that this idea that if 729 00:41:04,800 --> 00:41:08,480 a male, there are two males fighting and one has an arm tied 730 00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:12,320 but tied behind his back and still wins, the female is going 731 00:41:12,320 --> 00:41:15,760 to be like, wow, you're so strong. 732 00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:21,320 And they're essentially saying that if your balls are like so 733 00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:25,560 worthless and like such a burden and you're still able to like 734 00:41:25,560 --> 00:41:29,120 get, get around and be top male, like to be alpha. 735 00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:32,640 It's like, look, look, I can deal with this annoying shit all 736 00:41:32,640 --> 00:41:37,680 the time, you should fuck me. Look at my protuberance. 737 00:41:37,680 --> 00:41:39,440 Isn't this difficult to live with? 738 00:41:41,320 --> 00:41:44,480 Yeah, it's this Peacock. Like if you can, if you can 739 00:41:44,520 --> 00:41:50,560 survive with stupid feathers of a of a Peacock and you can still 740 00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:54,800 survive with that giant announcement to all predators 741 00:41:55,160 --> 00:41:59,520 that you are worthless, slow and have this giant radar on you, 742 00:41:59,840 --> 00:42:01,800 then you must be this alpha male. 743 00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:06,240 And so it's that same idea that right, if you are burdened so 744 00:42:06,240 --> 00:42:09,880 much by your ball, you're superior. 745 00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:12,600 Yeah. So the hypothesis that has the 746 00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:15,880 most support it sounds so stupid but like. 747 00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:18,840 So stupid. That's so dumb. 748 00:42:18,840 --> 00:42:21,560 This is the galloping hypothesis. 749 00:42:21,640 --> 00:42:24,040 Would you like to guess what it entails? 750 00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:27,600 What I mean, it sounds like it entails running, but how do 751 00:42:27,600 --> 00:42:31,040 balls assist with running? Does it shake up the sperm? 752 00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:32,920 Is that better? Like a milkshake. 753 00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:37,240 You want to scroll back actually to the picture of the the cross 754 00:42:37,240 --> 00:42:40,800 section of the male genitalia, because that's how this. 755 00:42:40,840 --> 00:42:43,960 Started. The galloping hypothesis has to 756 00:42:43,960 --> 00:42:49,800 do with pressure in this region, in all of these tubes, if you 757 00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:52,320 will. So if you see the stuff that's 758 00:42:52,320 --> 00:42:56,760 eventually leaving the testicles here, your epididymis and your 759 00:42:56,760 --> 00:43:00,120 vas difference, you know what gets snip snipped all connects 760 00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:05,480 through your prostate before getting shot out the urethra, 761 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,600 right? Those are all kind of in some 762 00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:12,880 ways connected, right? There are no sphincters between 763 00:43:12,880 --> 00:43:17,760 any of those features. And I apparently someone did 764 00:43:17,760 --> 00:43:24,120 research on a rowing team and the intense rowing activity led 765 00:43:24,120 --> 00:43:30,040 to prostate stuff. I guess what being found in 766 00:43:30,040 --> 00:43:35,640 sperm, like it mixed it all up because there are no sphincters 767 00:43:35,640 --> 00:43:38,520 and all of that pressure and weight and change and 768 00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:42,560 positioning in the body kind of caused all of the things in that 769 00:43:42,560 --> 00:43:48,120 system to all get fluent like flushed around together and by 770 00:43:49,280 --> 00:43:55,240 yeah, I guess that's bad. So you create this scrotum. 771 00:43:55,360 --> 00:43:57,840 If you have this all going on internally, there could be a lot 772 00:43:57,840 --> 00:44:01,120 of pressure build up that could cause bad things or kill sperm. 773 00:44:01,360 --> 00:44:07,680 And so it it helps alleviate this weird pressure difference 774 00:44:07,880 --> 00:44:12,200 by kicking the scrotum out of the abdominal cavity. 775 00:44:12,200 --> 00:44:14,720 And they want you to know that a lot of they looked at a lot of 776 00:44:14,720 --> 00:44:19,280 animals that jump a lot like the horse versus the rhino is one of 777 00:44:19,280 --> 00:44:23,160 their points is that a rhino is not galloping and leaping 778 00:44:23,160 --> 00:44:27,240 around, so its testes can stay inside and not have a pressure 779 00:44:27,240 --> 00:44:31,000 difference caused by its locomotion. 780 00:44:31,040 --> 00:44:34,720 Whereas the horse is a bucking in a kicking and needed 781 00:44:34,720 --> 00:44:40,040 therefore to have its balls out of that equation for internal 782 00:44:40,120 --> 00:44:44,200 pressure exchange, if you will. So it basically just like it 783 00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,080 makes it so that when you're doing like muscular contractions 784 00:44:48,080 --> 00:44:51,760 in that area, it's not automatically also contracting 785 00:44:51,760 --> 00:44:55,400 on the scrotum and you're less likely to have whatever we're 786 00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:59,840 calling prostate goo go back up into the scrotum. 787 00:45:00,560 --> 00:45:02,760 Is it urine? Is that? 788 00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:06,280 What we're calling their urine contained fluid from their 789 00:45:06,280 --> 00:45:08,480 prostate. So the the the ball sack 790 00:45:08,480 --> 00:45:09,920 actually had nothing to do with that one. 791 00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:13,480 But it's how the guy got to thinking the all the junk is 792 00:45:13,480 --> 00:45:18,520 kind of connected for males and that this there is fluid from 793 00:45:18,520 --> 00:45:22,720 their prostate in their urine because it was just a 794 00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:27,000 pressurized shit show in there from their extreme exercising. 795 00:45:27,320 --> 00:45:31,720 And that that this is yes, that it is necessary when they start, 796 00:45:31,720 --> 00:45:35,120 that mammals needed to move in ways that sharply increased 797 00:45:35,120 --> 00:45:38,920 abdominal pressure. I mean, Kangaroos, that tracks, 798 00:45:38,920 --> 00:45:41,040 huh? Yep, Exactly. 799 00:45:41,320 --> 00:45:42,680 Yep. Yep, Yep. 800 00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:45,480 Bats. Yep, that also tracks, yeah. 801 00:45:47,360 --> 00:45:50,280 I mean, but I feel like there's a lot of examples of animals 802 00:45:50,360 --> 00:45:54,600 with ball sacks that do literally no leaping or jumping. 803 00:45:55,320 --> 00:45:57,720 I don't know how active. Still deal with this? 804 00:45:57,880 --> 00:45:59,440 Like, they're right. Yeah. 805 00:45:59,520 --> 00:46:03,280 They're definitely doing some. Are they further underwater? 806 00:46:03,320 --> 00:46:05,240 Yeah. Or is it different because they 807 00:46:05,240 --> 00:46:07,560 have different, like since they're in a different 808 00:46:07,560 --> 00:46:09,720 substrate, different forces acting on it? 809 00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:12,040 Yeah. So we, I mean, pigs. 810 00:46:12,080 --> 00:46:14,920 Do pigs jump? Are pigs things that jump or do 811 00:46:14,920 --> 00:46:18,400 they just, like, walk around? I mean, I saw a goat in a tree, 812 00:46:18,480 --> 00:46:20,320 so I know they kind of do some stuff. 813 00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:23,080 And they've got huge testicles. Fucking huge. 814 00:46:23,080 --> 00:46:27,480 I don't think pigs are like famously going up into to trees, 815 00:46:27,840 --> 00:46:31,640 but I did just play a video game where at one point you play as a 816 00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:33,600 pig that bounces on a little spring. 817 00:46:33,680 --> 00:46:35,400 And I don't think that's probably an accurate 818 00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:38,160 realization, but like it does, I don't know. 819 00:46:38,360 --> 00:46:39,400 I guess that's what I'm trying to say. 820 00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:40,760 I don't know. I don't know. 821 00:46:41,640 --> 00:46:46,920 Well, that is one of the top hypothesis right now is people 822 00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:50,840 are really questioning the temperature hypothesis that it 823 00:46:50,920 --> 00:46:54,680 seemed a little just so story in a lot of ways and it doesn't 824 00:46:54,680 --> 00:46:59,280 fully make a ton of sense. So again, I don't really care. 825 00:46:59,560 --> 00:47:02,160 One of these articles was like, wow, isn't it? 826 00:47:02,360 --> 00:47:05,640 Well, he then says scrotality totality, which is great. 827 00:47:05,640 --> 00:47:08,640 I appreciate that too. But it was just like, isn't it 828 00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:12,560 crazy that something that we you know, that is we study so much 829 00:47:12,560 --> 00:47:15,920 and we isn't it humbling that a basic part of our bodies remains 830 00:47:15,920 --> 00:47:18,360 a mystery and like, welcome to being a woman, bitch. 831 00:47:18,360 --> 00:47:22,520 Do you have any fucking like, no man, no, like we've only studied 832 00:47:22,520 --> 00:47:24,280 the Dick. Apparently only the Dick, not 833 00:47:24,280 --> 00:47:27,960 the scrotum. Sorry, but like, it's not that. 834 00:47:28,320 --> 00:47:31,440 It's like this is how the rest of us feel, by the way. 835 00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:35,240 It's like we also people are just like, huh? 836 00:47:35,480 --> 00:47:38,880 We don't know quite how the eggs get into the uterine tubes. 837 00:47:39,480 --> 00:47:42,400 They do though, teleport. Just. 838 00:47:42,400 --> 00:47:45,280 Teleport. Yeah, We don't know why 839 00:47:45,280 --> 00:47:48,000 endometriosis is a thing. And you know, you have uterine 840 00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:50,000 tissue all over your internal organs. 841 00:47:50,880 --> 00:47:53,040 Periods are supposed to be hard, sweetheart. 842 00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:54,840 Put a heating pack on, you'll be all right. 843 00:47:55,120 --> 00:47:59,240 So it's it was pretty funny, but I I enjoyed this, this jaunt 844 00:47:59,240 --> 00:48:02,760 through I needed it too, you know, dealing with so many 845 00:48:02,960 --> 00:48:07,320 scrotums and I mean that metaphorically that this was a 846 00:48:07,320 --> 00:48:10,920 fun little. I mean, I feel like it's all 847 00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:13,040 very silly and stupid, but so are balls. 848 00:48:14,080 --> 00:48:16,320 I don't know this idea that they're getting squished and 849 00:48:16,320 --> 00:48:18,600 squeezed too much if they're on the inside of the body and 850 00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:21,120 again, makes more than the temperature thing does because 851 00:48:21,240 --> 00:48:24,800 it just seems like such a big evolutionary investment to 852 00:48:24,800 --> 00:48:27,960 literally give yourself hernias. So like, it does, yes. 853 00:48:28,120 --> 00:48:31,560 It is not a spandrel as far as I would guess. 854 00:48:31,560 --> 00:48:33,360 It has to serve some purpose, right? 855 00:48:34,240 --> 00:48:36,840 Right. Oh my God, ugliest spandrel in 856 00:48:36,920 --> 00:48:38,920 the fuck. I'm just saying it's not for an 857 00:48:38,920 --> 00:48:41,080 attraction sake. I think we can all probably rule 858 00:48:41,080 --> 00:48:43,640 that one out. Nobody's like, oh, there's a 859 00:48:43,640 --> 00:48:46,520 purpose. There's a purpose to that 860 00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:50,720 insanity. Yes, I agree with you there. 861 00:48:52,240 --> 00:48:54,880 I mean, and some people have also said that it's simply like 862 00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:57,800 a trade off thing too, that we are not, we're not fully 863 00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:01,000 understanding what other dynamics are going on or other 864 00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:04,160 organs that are more important to keep him the abdomen. 865 00:49:04,640 --> 00:49:07,240 And therefore it's just a space trade off. 866 00:49:07,240 --> 00:49:10,360 Once the balls get too large or something like that, then they 867 00:49:10,360 --> 00:49:13,360 need to be allocated elsewhere. But the ones that have internal 868 00:49:13,360 --> 00:49:16,920 testes have larger testes than the ones in scrotums. 869 00:49:16,920 --> 00:49:21,640 So that's kind of and maybe when you can produce your junk closer 870 00:49:21,640 --> 00:49:24,560 to this to the end goal, it's you don't need as much. 871 00:49:24,560 --> 00:49:27,040 I don't know, I don't know. Yeah, I guess I hadn't thought 872 00:49:27,040 --> 00:49:29,000 about that either. What if stuff gets stuck in the 873 00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:30,720 tube along the way? You really have to. 874 00:49:30,960 --> 00:49:33,040 An elephant's got a long pathway to travel. 875 00:49:33,240 --> 00:49:34,920 Right, right. I mean, and that's a large 876 00:49:34,920 --> 00:49:39,080 animal, but hyrax also has and a monotrem. 877 00:49:39,080 --> 00:49:42,360 Also keep it close so even body size doesn't seem. 878 00:49:42,360 --> 00:49:44,880 To keep it tight, Yeah, keep it tight. 879 00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:49,080 Yeah, so there's super fun things too. 880 00:49:49,120 --> 00:49:51,880 Anyway, but this all started because of Scrotifera. 881 00:49:52,480 --> 00:49:55,360 Dr. Matt Jones, you probably don't want me to give you a 882 00:49:55,360 --> 00:50:01,240 shout out on this podcast, but I really enjoyed talking to you. 883 00:50:01,240 --> 00:50:03,720 Thank you for teaching me about Scrotifera. 884 00:50:03,920 --> 00:50:06,040 It's been on my mind for six weeks straight. 885 00:50:08,120 --> 00:50:16,520 That's what I got. Thanks so much for listening. 886 00:50:16,560 --> 00:50:19,200 All research was done by the hosts, Amy Atwater and Megan 887 00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:21,360 Wetherell. Our theme song is Unlock Me by 888 00:50:21,360 --> 00:50:23,600 Paraz Ganal. This episode was edited by the 889 00:50:23,600 --> 00:50:25,760 amazing Max Scott. You can support the show and get 890 00:50:25,760 --> 00:50:29,240 early episode access and lots of bonus content over on Patreon. 891 00:50:29,280 --> 00:50:31,680 And that's where you can find images for this week's episode 892 00:50:31,680 --> 00:50:36,200 as well, in addition to having lots of bonus content, episodes 893 00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:38,560 that we don't ever air for the public, and several episodes 894 00:50:38,560 --> 00:50:40,680 that we're eventually going to air but have been up there for 895 00:50:40,680 --> 00:50:42,400 months. Patreon is also how we pay our 896 00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,800 editor, and it's actually now how we are funding some of our 897 00:50:45,800 --> 00:50:47,760 research program. So if you're interested in 898 00:50:47,760 --> 00:50:50,040 supporting the show, or if you're interested in supporting 899 00:50:50,040 --> 00:50:53,120 some of our own research and getting to follow along for that 900 00:50:53,120 --> 00:50:55,240 journey, you should head on over to Patreon. 901 00:51:25,480 --> 00:51:25,600 None.