1 00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:06,920 You're listening to Weird and Dead, the paleontology podcast 2 00:00:06,920 --> 00:00:08,920 that tells evolutions most embarrassing and bizarre 3 00:00:08,920 --> 00:00:10,440 stories. I'm Megan Weatherill. 4 00:00:10,520 --> 00:00:13,280 And I'm Amy Atwater, and we're two living scientists who are 5 00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:15,480 weirdly excited about dead things. 6 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:20,320 On this episode we talk about surprising animals that traverse 7 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:23,840 that fine line between opportunistic snacker and full 8 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:27,320 on predator mode. How the fuck does a sloth hunt? 9 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:31,080 We also discussed scientists who went full Sherlock Holmes on a 10 00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:34,480 turd full of sloth theoderms, and then a whole different set 11 00:00:34,480 --> 00:00:37,160 of scientists who were just stabbing slabs of meat and 12 00:00:37,160 --> 00:00:41,720 throwing knives for science. Like always, our podcast is 13 00:00:41,720 --> 00:00:44,400 gross and we curse. I realize we just cursed 14 00:00:44,560 --> 00:00:47,320 directly in the intro and we talk about horrific things. 15 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:50,000 So choose your listening audience wisely and pay 16 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:51,920 attention to the warnings in the description. 17 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:57,600 Today's episode starts with carnivorous armadillos. 18 00:00:57,720 --> 00:01:00,560 And I thought that was just going to be the full stop 19 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:03,360 because I found out about them. It was like, that's crazy, but 20 00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:06,680 it kind of went real sideways in a way that you are going to be 21 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:10,960 really excited about. So the carnivorous armadillo is 22 00:01:10,960 --> 00:01:14,640 called macro Euphrates euphratus micro macro. 23 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:16,360 Why do we not practice these things? 24 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:21,720 Because this is hilarious. I mean you can't even see the 25 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:25,960 spilling the spell. Like who's the? 26 00:01:26,040 --> 00:01:29,560 Yep. Macro Euphrates. 27 00:01:29,560 --> 00:01:31,800 Let's go with that Macro Euphrates. 28 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:35,120 Sounds beautiful. Which Euphrates is I guess one 29 00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:38,560 of the modern armadillos. So it's just big, big, big 30 00:01:38,560 --> 00:01:41,840 armadillo. And this was a big boy. 31 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:44,880 This is the biggest of the true armadillos. 32 00:01:44,920 --> 00:01:49,320 Because the reason that I read about Macro Euphrates is I had 33 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:52,640 heard while I was at that conference that someone was 34 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:55,200 talking about pampatheers. And I was like, what the fuck is 35 00:01:55,200 --> 00:01:57,400 a pampatheer? Because she was trying to figure 36 00:01:57,400 --> 00:01:59,760 out if the bone that had washed up in Georgia was a pampatheer. 37 00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:02,560 And a pampatheer is not an armadillo. 38 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:06,240 But you know how like brontatheers are not rhinos, but 39 00:02:06,240 --> 00:02:09,680 they look fucking identical. And they're very closely 40 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:12,320 related. So I mean this, it's only not a 41 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:16,720 rhino to OK, OK, OK. So it's it's an armadillo for 42 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:19,240 every general audience person on the street. 43 00:02:19,680 --> 00:02:21,960 Yes, it's an armadillo, but it's technically. 44 00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:24,560 Not yes. So giant armadillos AKA 45 00:02:24,560 --> 00:02:28,600 pampatheers get up into like I think the low 1000. 46 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:31,680 That's their name, Pampatheers. I mean, can we just talk about 47 00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:34,680 how sick that is? That's got a nice ring to it. 48 00:02:34,680 --> 00:02:37,840 I well, maybe that's why I like. It pamper ears. 49 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:41,920 Is that your neck? Deep in Pampers these God God 50 00:02:41,920 --> 00:02:44,600 damn it. You're probably right. 51 00:02:45,320 --> 00:02:47,640 You're probably like, oh, that's cute and comfortable and full 52 00:02:47,640 --> 00:02:48,560 of. Shit, it is. 53 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:51,800 I'm like, oh, the one I changed this morning. 54 00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:54,040 Let me tell you anyway. Pampathy. 55 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:55,920 So yeah, Pampatheers. So I went and looked up 56 00:02:55,920 --> 00:02:59,360 Pampatheers and somehow Google Scholar was like, actually, 57 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:02,480 would you rather know about this giant armadillo that was 58 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:05,120 carnivorous? And yes, yeah, I would. 59 00:03:05,160 --> 00:03:08,200 Yeah, I would. So Macro Euphrates is 60 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:12,360 carnivorous. We think all other armadillos 61 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:15,080 for the most part are right. All Never. 62 00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:19,160 Very excited for this. And do they differ at all 63 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:22,400 amongst dentition and others? So how would you know just 64 00:03:22,400 --> 00:03:25,840 morphologically, if they're eating that good, just pure meat 65 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:28,240 diet, Yeah, keto. Yeah, the keto, right. 66 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:31,040 So like I always have found it kind of funny that there's like 67 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:34,320 this distinction between insectivorous and carnivorous 68 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:37,000 and insectivorous and pisgiverous, which is fish 69 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:39,320 eating. Like those are not good enough 70 00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:41,680 animals to be. Considered Noctis eating? 71 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:45,440 Is that what you're trying to? Clarify It is not fish. 72 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:49,840 So it's seems a little arbitrary to me, although it really is 73 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:54,200 related to dentition, right? It's are your teeth made for 74 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:58,000 slicing and dicing or are your teeth meant for stabbing and 75 00:03:58,000 --> 00:03:59,720 chomping? And it's not just your teeth, 76 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:02,840 right? So if you want to eat meat, just 77 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:06,080 generally lots of animals eat meat that you might not expect. 78 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:08,840 Horses pretty well known for eating baby chickens. 79 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:10,720 That's a thing. That's a thing that happens. 80 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:12,840 Deer will kill. Birds know that. 81 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:16,240 But yeah, I did know that. I did know that. 82 00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:18,760 I do know that these terms are more like guidelines. 83 00:04:18,959 --> 00:04:21,079 They are not. They're not rules. 84 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:24,160 These animals don't know. We call them vegetarians. 85 00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:26,880 They're offended. Yeah, if you guys ever see like 86 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:30,000 a chipmunk or a squirrel in the middle of a road standing next 87 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:32,560 to a dead chipmunk, that's not a funeral, that's a feast. 88 00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:33,640 They are eating it. Yeah, right. 89 00:04:34,200 --> 00:04:37,920 So yeah, facultative omnibory use, every part is a lot more 90 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:41,760 common than you might expect. The issue comes in with, well, 91 00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:44,480 what if you want to kill something to eat it? 92 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:47,200 You can still be a horse and you can eat a chick, but like if you 93 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:51,080 want to be regularly hunting your prey, you need to have some 94 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:54,280 adaptations. Now macroeuphritis, which is 95 00:04:54,280 --> 00:04:58,840 from the Pliocene of some spot in South America that I forgot 96 00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:01,000 to write down, but it is from the Pliocene. 97 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:03,720 It's not very well known. The biggest species is only got 98 00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:08,040 like one skull and a couple of just enough of the body to tell 99 00:05:08,040 --> 00:05:11,360 that it definitely still had the weird armadillo shell, but not 100 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:14,680 enough to be like, and it had stabbing claws, but just just 101 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:16,920 enough to be like, yeah, double check armadillo. 102 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:20,040 But they did have a skull. And there are some other smaller 103 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:23,680 species where they have the jaw. So they looked at the skull and 104 00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:27,520 the jaw of macroephritis and they were like, OK, well it's 105 00:05:27,520 --> 00:05:32,600 got all of this muscle mass migration for biting force at 106 00:05:32,600 --> 00:05:35,760 the front of its mouth. So if you want to be able to 107 00:05:35,760 --> 00:05:38,640 bite and kill something if your prey is running away, you 108 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:41,160 usually need to be able to stop it from doing that. 109 00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:44,080 So having bite force concentrated in the front in 110 00:05:44,080 --> 00:05:46,440 your mouth is a good thing for predators to have. 111 00:05:46,800 --> 00:05:50,720 Meanwhile, herbivores tend to concentrate their bite force 112 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:52,840 towards the back end because that's where they're doing the 113 00:05:52,840 --> 00:05:54,800 vast Midori of their chewing like. 114 00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:57,560 But they have to pluck that vegetation. 115 00:05:57,560 --> 00:05:58,560 They have to pluck it. What? 116 00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:02,560 About the bite force there. But the Bush doesn't try to run 117 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:03,520 away. You don't. 118 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:06,600 Grass doesn't try to evict. It might. 119 00:06:06,600 --> 00:06:08,000 And if they miss? Silent Bro, They. 120 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:12,960 Can go back for a second shot. No pressure, and they don't have 121 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:16,400 things like Saber teeth to conveniently just get a nice 122 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:19,320 kill shot that will just get straight to the point. 123 00:06:19,320 --> 00:06:21,400 So they need to grab it. Yeah, bite it. 124 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:23,400 OK, OK, I I'm following. Yeah. 125 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:26,480 So you're looking at a lot of muscle force action stuff. 126 00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:28,960 And then of course you're always looking at teeth. 127 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:34,240 So I want you to Scroll down 1st to the first page and this is. 128 00:06:34,240 --> 00:06:35,960 Not even there yet and I already have. 129 00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:40,480 Questions. Yeah, so we've got the skull of. 130 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:44,680 OK, great. No big idea how big the scale 131 00:06:44,680 --> 00:06:46,680 bar is. No fucking idea. 132 00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:49,880 They did not write down how big the scale bar was and pissed me 133 00:06:49,880 --> 00:06:51,720 off. It did this for every single. 134 00:06:51,720 --> 00:06:55,440 Photo This could be any size, could be any size. 135 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,720 OK, this was one of my question. I have so many questions, but 136 00:06:58,720 --> 00:07:01,960 I'm looking at I'm looking at a skull from looking up into the 137 00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:05,000 roof of the mouth and then down onto the roof of the skull and 138 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:07,680 then a side shot. So three different views. 139 00:07:08,280 --> 00:07:12,880 The scale bar is not helpful. So yeah, you're like my mind 140 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:15,040 wants to make it like rodent sized. 141 00:07:15,040 --> 00:07:17,560 I would say just size has kind of a rodent. 142 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:20,560 This big animal was, I think I said four. 143 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:22,920 I think it's £200. Oh. 144 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,320 OK, OK, she thick. All right, so yeah, exactly. 145 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:29,760 So it's hard to hard to bloody tell, but this is one of my 146 00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:35,080 questions is that armadillos are xenarthrins right along with our 147 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:40,520 friends the slots and they have teeth a dentine spitting lyrics 148 00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:44,080 like a machine. So are these motherfuckers teeth 149 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:46,880 also dentine? Yes, and then how did they do 150 00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:48,480 any? Then how do you to any? 151 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:50,080 OK, continue. I'm excited. 152 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:52,200 Right. So, OK, so First off, let's talk 153 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:54,640 about the skull, because the teeth is what led me down this 154 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:56,800 rabbit hole that I think you're already going down. 155 00:07:56,840 --> 00:07:59,520 But with the skull, let's cover that first. 156 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:02,640 Looking at the skull, you can see that it's a little bit. 157 00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:05,480 It's beefier, it's thicker. The zygomatic arches are 158 00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:07,480 actually pretty thick for an armadillo. 159 00:08:07,640 --> 00:08:11,200 Yeah, the snout is really robust. 160 00:08:11,600 --> 00:08:13,600 So it's meant for, like, resisting biting. 161 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:16,960 And tell me what you're seeing with these teeth, which as you 162 00:08:16,960 --> 00:08:20,000 pointed out, these do not have dentine or they do they have 163 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,000 dentine, they have no enamel because Xenarthrins at some 164 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:25,720 point said I don't need the hard part of my teeth. 165 00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:27,520 I think they said I don't need teeth at all. 166 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:29,040 And then that would they re evolve them? 167 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:31,560 Yeah, they only got the soft inner gooey bits, but. 168 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:35,840 This is all we got. But they don't have the hard cap 169 00:08:35,840 --> 00:08:38,440 that we have on our teeth. But what else do you see with 170 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:41,000 those teeth? I mean some of them, I mean they 171 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:43,960 kind of look like what slots do, which is they seem pretty sharp. 172 00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:47,440 They look like self sharpening teeth and then the side view 173 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:52,160 shows that the canine position is a or what I would think is 174 00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:56,480 the canine position is like a larger Fang like tooth as well. 175 00:08:56,680 --> 00:08:59,040 So it definitely looks bitey and grabby. 176 00:08:59,080 --> 00:09:04,280 Yeah, so xenarthrins, so sloths, armadillos, glyptodons, which 177 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:07,600 are not armadillos but look like armadillos because there's quite 178 00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:09,840 a few animals that are just like, yeah, well, I don't have a 179 00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:11,760 shell. This. 180 00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:12,440 Works. Yeah. 181 00:09:12,760 --> 00:09:15,120 I love this. This is a great look. 182 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:18,800 I'm gonna go. Fashion niece it does of the 183 00:09:18,800 --> 00:09:21,400 evolutionary. I like being part both. 184 00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:28,680 So there's a lot of animals in Zen Arthra, and they all have 185 00:09:28,680 --> 00:09:31,560 that thing in common. They don't have enamel. 186 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:34,280 You know what else they don't have with teeth? 187 00:09:34,760 --> 00:09:39,720 Real incisors and they just seem to have just a disgusting just 188 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:42,920 that either could be a giant incisor or it's it's nasals 189 00:09:42,920 --> 00:09:44,880 already opening. All of their teeth look like 190 00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:46,840 nasty pegs. Yeah, Yeah. 191 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:50,560 So it's not clear, at least not from the reading that I did, 192 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:55,320 whether xenarthrins branched off from other mammals before the 193 00:09:55,320 --> 00:10:00,280 basic tribosphenic dentition happened, or if they. 194 00:10:00,360 --> 00:10:02,120 That would make them very. Old, right. 195 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:05,840 So tribosphenic dentition is what you see in marsupials, but 196 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:09,160 it's it's the idea that each tooth has more than one point to 197 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:11,040 it. And it's like specially set up 198 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:13,120 in AV, but for the purposes of what we're talking. 199 00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:15,640 About beautiful It's gorgeous. It's lovely. 200 00:10:17,680 --> 00:10:20,640 It's just like you did it, you did it, you figured it out. 201 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,920 Good job. It's complex dentition whereas 202 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:29,120 xenarthrins they got pegs of denting. 203 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:33,000 At Yeah, they are. Pegs is a good way of describing 204 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:33,240 it. Yeah. 205 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:35,120 I would almost say homodont in a way. 206 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:38,960 Like every tooth looks the same, which is not mammalian. 207 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:41,840 Yeah, most mammals have got. And that's what makes us so 208 00:10:41,840 --> 00:10:43,360 great. And that's when I laugh at 209 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:45,440 dinosaur people. And I'm like, you don't know how 210 00:10:45,440 --> 00:10:49,000 old your individual is. Yeah. 211 00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:52,760 You think that's a different species? 212 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:55,080 Yeah, it's great. Yeah. 213 00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:59,120 So if you look carefully on this armadillo, you'll notice that 214 00:10:59,120 --> 00:11:04,040 that big stabby canine, it has pretty clear facets on it, like 215 00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:08,600 bevels, and it is a little bit not as round. 216 00:11:09,240 --> 00:11:11,160 Like that's the best that they can fucking do. 217 00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:14,400 Like they can't make complex teeth, but they can make their 218 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:17,960 teeth a little bit more like a stabby knife and a little bit 219 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:22,080 less like a stabby pole. So that tooth that is a little 220 00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:25,680 bit more elongated, a little bit more blade like not Gray, but a 221 00:11:25,680 --> 00:11:29,720 little bit more is right where the the vast majority of the 222 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:31,400 bite force, I guess is concentrated. 223 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:36,600 So that's it's biting tooth. And they argue that yes, other 224 00:11:36,600 --> 00:11:41,400 armadillos are known to eat what comes up and to be omnivorous, 225 00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:45,400 but no other armadillo, regardless of how omnivorous 226 00:11:45,400 --> 00:11:48,640 they are, has bothered to change their teeth shape and their 227 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:51,560 skull shape to be more effective at biting because other 228 00:11:51,560 --> 00:11:55,160 armadillos are eating what is small or already dead. 229 00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:58,360 They're scavenging carrion. So that's the idea here is that 230 00:11:58,360 --> 00:12:02,280 this one has taken it the next step forward and is not just 231 00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:05,560 scavenging carrion, but is actually eating flesh. 232 00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:09,440 Oh, delightful. Yeah, it's going that extra, 233 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:12,400 extra mile. And these were probably like 234 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:15,160 other armadillos, fossorial or burrowing. 235 00:12:15,440 --> 00:12:18,120 So it's like fucking this will not make sense to you, but it's 236 00:12:18,120 --> 00:12:20,080 like tremors. It's like this. 237 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:21,720 Burrowing. Oh, I do. 238 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:23,360 I do. Generally get that? 239 00:12:23,680 --> 00:12:27,280 I think I have seen that one. So yes, because isn't it like 240 00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:29,520 largely geology? So I think that's what my. 241 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,200 One of the main characters in the first one was a geologist, 242 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:34,240 yeah. Yeah, I think you made me. 243 00:12:34,320 --> 00:12:39,240 That sounds right. I really like so stupid. 244 00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:42,480 But I yeah, that whole phase that you also made me watch that 245 00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:46,080 one paranormal show, Is that what it was called? 246 00:12:46,080 --> 00:12:50,040 I have no idea whatever happened to that show, but it was highly 247 00:12:50,040 --> 00:12:52,280 entertaining. I don't know, but I liked so 248 00:12:52,280 --> 00:12:55,200 many paranormal shows that I really that's not a very good 249 00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:56,880 description, so it could have been any. 250 00:12:56,880 --> 00:12:59,080 Portal. It was in the United Kingdom. 251 00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:01,280 They were all British. Oh, it was primeval. 252 00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:05,080 There were dinosaurs in it. I don't remember that. 253 00:13:05,640 --> 00:13:09,760 OK, well, you really, we just saw that there was a portal and 254 00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:13,360 it blacked out that there were dinosaurs and fossil mammals 255 00:13:13,360 --> 00:13:16,400 coming through it, but. Nope. 256 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:18,720 OK, but I got there. It's fine. 257 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:21,240 They were all real pissy when they got through. 258 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:23,920 So, you know, then they did some damage. 259 00:13:23,960 --> 00:13:26,680 And if this animal had come through, our Gophers would have 260 00:13:26,680 --> 00:13:30,280 been in serious trouble because it was theoretically good at 261 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:33,960 digging and biting. So when I was looking at these 262 00:13:34,040 --> 00:13:37,720 these pegs and remembering that OK, Zen arthrans have some 263 00:13:37,720 --> 00:13:42,400 limited, it reminded me slots have fucking insane looking 264 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:43,320 teeth. Yeah, they do. 265 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:46,280 They look like they should be able to kill you Yeah, They 266 00:13:46,320 --> 00:13:49,160 they're very similar to this. They're very sharp. 267 00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:52,200 They have wear facets on them and. 268 00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:54,400 They're self sharpening. That's like their whole deal. 269 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,920 Yeah, they're self sharpening and sure, they're not as hard as 270 00:13:56,920 --> 00:13:59,960 enamel, but they are still rocks in your face. 271 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:05,040 So that made me go and kind of think, well, I wonder if there 272 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:08,000 are some slots that are omnivores, right, carnivores. 273 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:10,440 Like I'd always heard that they were all herbivores. 274 00:14:10,480 --> 00:14:15,560 Yeah, like, yeah, the worst. Yeah, so the very first paper 275 00:14:15,560 --> 00:14:19,760 that came up when I was looking up Sloth Omnivore is a paper 276 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:25,480 from 2021 in Scientific Reports, which is like science is not 277 00:14:25,480 --> 00:14:27,600 quite as cool a cousin. So it's still a pretty good 278 00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:31,080 journal. And it was an amino acid study 279 00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:34,520 on the various, like basically an isotope study. 280 00:14:34,520 --> 00:14:38,200 They looked at the isotopes of amino acids of these different 281 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:42,600 sloths, both modern and fossil, and they looked to see whether 282 00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:46,080 or not they were lining up with being herbivores or omnivores 283 00:14:46,320 --> 00:14:47,480 and. Love it. 284 00:14:47,560 --> 00:14:50,520 I looked at that table for a long time and was really 285 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:53,320 confused. So the two living sloths are 286 00:14:53,320 --> 00:14:58,160 Brady Pus I. Know best name Good job God 287 00:14:58,280 --> 00:15:02,200 Brady Pus. And then Collopus, which fun 288 00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:07,160 fact, when I wrote an episode about sloths for PBS eons, I 289 00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:10,480 told them to say it as Chilopus because I just wasn't thinking 290 00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:13,240 and they got genuinely upset with me because they thought 291 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:16,120 that I was trying to make them. Sounds too calopus is so. 292 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:18,880 Much better, I know. And I was like, Oh no, I guess I 293 00:15:18,880 --> 00:15:21,200 had been saying Chilopus. But you're right, it's probably 294 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:23,240 Calopus. Don't ask me to explain that. 295 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:26,440 Go. Ask a goddamn sloth hunter. 296 00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:28,400 Yeah. Yeah, I'm guessing just as much 297 00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,160 as you are. So anyways, Calopus Chilopus, 298 00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:33,960 the three, the two toed Sloth and Brady. 299 00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:37,840 That was also one that they analyzed and Brady the three 300 00:15:37,840 --> 00:15:42,240 toad slot. So Brady puss so stupid. 301 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:45,560 There's no like now that I've said it so many times, I can't 302 00:15:45,560 --> 00:15:48,000 think of a different way to say it that doesn't sound stupid, 303 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:53,920 but it's Brady looking animal. So, Bradipus, that just sounds 304 00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:57,480 like I'm trying too hard. Yeah, make a person who travels 305 00:15:57,480 --> 00:15:59,400 to France for the first time and starts saying it. 306 00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:00,880 Croissant. Pradipus. 307 00:16:01,440 --> 00:16:04,320 Bradipus. So they looked at Bradypus and 308 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:07,440 Nothra theory OPS, and Bradypus and Nothra theory OPS came back 309 00:16:07,440 --> 00:16:10,000 pretty similar as hardcore herbivores. 310 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:14,080 And then Shalopus came back as not quite as herbivorous. 311 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,400 And then Mylodon came back as slightly lower than Shalopus. 312 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:21,920 And I was really confused looking at this because I was 313 00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:24,440 like, well, why are you saying? Because the paper's title is 314 00:16:24,440 --> 00:16:26,360 Mylodon is definitely an omnivore. 315 00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:29,280 Like, okay, well, it's not that far off from Chilopus. 316 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:30,360 Why do you think it's an omnivore? 317 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:35,360 Amy Chilopus is an omnivore. Oh my God, we never knew. 318 00:16:35,960 --> 00:16:38,800 So relatable. I did not know that when we went 319 00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:40,920 down to Costa Rica to go let's not. 320 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:47,320 Let's not talk about that trip. Yeah, Brady Pus is a strict 321 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:50,440 herbivore. Jalopus is omnivorous to the 322 00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:54,720 extent that they kept saying in the paper that this was a zoo 323 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:58,160 animal that was fed an omnivorous diet, a zoo animal 324 00:16:58,160 --> 00:17:01,120 fed an omnivorous diet. So they I guess won't won't do 325 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:03,920 very well in a zoo if you're not giving them some mermaid. 326 00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:06,960 What are they doing in the fucking wild? 327 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:10,160 They go like they don't move, they're asleep all the time. 328 00:17:10,319 --> 00:17:12,839 Are they just eating the moths that live and. 329 00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:14,680 They're just crawls into their mouths, right? 330 00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:16,160 Like they have a all those moths on them. 331 00:17:16,839 --> 00:17:18,520 Right. But that's like, I'm like, is 332 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:22,000 that how that's how easy it is to be an omnivore. 333 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:24,359 You just hang out with your mouth open and like meet. 334 00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:30,520 I guess. I should try, Never mind, not 335 00:17:30,560 --> 00:17:33,160 gonna finish. That like algae growing on them 336 00:17:33,160 --> 00:17:35,560 so. Right, Right. 337 00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:38,400 Yeah, My God. So I came up with a little rhyme 338 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:42,240 to help myself remember, but does not apply to fossil sloths. 339 00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:45,640 I just got excited about it for modern ones and that is if the 340 00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:50,200 toes are three it only eats tree so that's pretty good. 341 00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:54,360 If the toes are two, it might eat you. 342 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:57,440 If you're slow enough, you fall into it. 343 00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,200 But you have to stand there. You have to stay up there and 344 00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:03,520 put whatever meat you're. It makes sense though. 345 00:18:03,520 --> 00:18:07,320 Chelopus are the mean ones. Those are the butthole eye ones. 346 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:14,440 You got butt holes for eyes? Yes, and as a side note, they 347 00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:18,120 looked at amino acids from the hair of these animals, including 348 00:18:18,120 --> 00:18:21,400 the fossil ones, which just seems like the weirdest drug 349 00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:28,560 test ever. OK, so I was like OK, so 350 00:18:28,560 --> 00:18:32,640 Myelodon is an omnivore. I wonder what else is out there. 351 00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:35,360 Jalopus is apparently an omnivore and I never knew that. 352 00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:40,000 And so a kind of semi side quest, one more content and you 353 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:42,520 don't want to wait or maybe you don't want to hear ads like 354 00:18:42,520 --> 00:18:44,040 this. Well, head on over to our 355 00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:48,160 Patreon for exclusive content, early ad free episodes and so 356 00:18:48,160 --> 00:18:50,280 much more. For only $5 a month, you can 357 00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:53,280 hear outtakes, exclusive episodes, and the stuff we cut 358 00:18:53,280 --> 00:18:57,080 for time, and also the stuff we cut because it was just too much 359 00:18:57,080 --> 00:19:01,720 for the general public. Looking for fresh fashion with a 360 00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:04,080 science twist? Be sure to check out Geopedal 361 00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:07,400 Fabric Megane Clothing Company. These geek chic designs look 362 00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:10,120 fantastic and make for excellent conversation starters. 363 00:19:10,120 --> 00:19:13,280 Plus, get 10% off using code weird and dead. 364 00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:16,320 Head on over to geopedalfabric.com now. 365 00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:21,080 And so a kind of semi side quest, I started looking at 366 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:23,720 osteoderms because I got distracted and I was interested. 367 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:27,520 It happens, yeah. And a side quest took me to this 368 00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:31,520 paper on a coprolite full of osteoderms. 369 00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:34,600 And this is going to be relevant later, but I want. 370 00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:37,360 Because I mean, a good zenarthrin does have the 371 00:19:37,360 --> 00:19:39,760 capacity for osteoderms, so. Exactly. 372 00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:43,240 Yeah, so osteoderms are it's Bony skin. 373 00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:48,200 So armadillos have osteoderms, Pamphythias and bosteoderms do 374 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:51,440 nots have osteoderms and slot giant ground sloths have 375 00:19:51,440 --> 00:19:53,480 osteoderms. Tree slots do not. 376 00:19:53,480 --> 00:19:55,320 They seem to have lost them secondarily. 377 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:58,880 Sorry, buddies. You want to guess how big those 378 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:05,680 fucking scale bars are? This is poop. 379 00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:09,000 I'm looking at the scale bar. I hope that that's like an inch, 380 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:10,840 which isn't usually what they use. 381 00:20:10,840 --> 00:20:13,320 Probably something metric that's probably like, maybe, I don't 382 00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:16,320 know, 2cm. I hope maybe a centimeter. 383 00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:18,600 It's a great guest and it depends on which panel you're 384 00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:22,400 looking at because the scale bar changes and isn't. 385 00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:25,280 Labeled accurately on and then they don't define it. 386 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:27,880 I would have gotten chewed out for this. 387 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:31,160 Yeah, Hey guys, if you're gonna have a scale bar, write the 388 00:20:31,160 --> 00:20:33,840 number. Oh how how big it's supposed to 389 00:20:33,840 --> 00:20:36,680 be. So the poop that scale bar is 3 390 00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:38,800 centimeters. OK, OK, OK. 391 00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:41,680 Yeah. So it's a pretty a pretty solid. 392 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:43,960 Turd. It is good, it looks nice, it is 393 00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:47,480 classic turd shaped. You would not mistake it. 394 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:49,560 If someone handed that to you, you'd be like you, gross. 395 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:54,480 Yeah, so why don't you describe that that classic turd to our 396 00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:56,440 audience? Yeah, we've got a nice 397 00:20:56,440 --> 00:21:00,600 cylindrical log here, but that's got a little bend in it. 398 00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:05,080 But then the other two shots are a zoom in at the different ends 399 00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:09,640 of the shit and it is conglomeratic, I would say. 400 00:21:09,640 --> 00:21:14,200 Like it is there's it's full of large clasps is how I and 401 00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:16,840 they're pretty rounded. They're rounded. 402 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:20,840 Yeah, it does it. Someone did eat corn. 403 00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:23,240 Yeah, I know you don't remember, but you did. 404 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:27,360 So yeah. Yes, very corn like very much 405 00:21:27,360 --> 00:21:30,960 Yes, It's beautiful. Yeah, so one of the funny things 406 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:33,760 about this paper is, I mean, they they concluded that it was 407 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:36,320 some sort of big predator that ate a sloth. 408 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:38,960 Those are sloth osteoderms. They couldn't, I think, tell 409 00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:42,400 which ones. But this poop they said in the 410 00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:46,040 highlight section which is like above the abstract, it's more 411 00:21:46,240 --> 00:21:47,400 more. Condensed. 412 00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:49,000 Like pinpointing than the abstract. 413 00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:54,200 Then they said it was identified as a large carnivore coprolite 414 00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:58,880 through a multi proxy analysis. Amy, can you guess the multi 415 00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:01,320 proxy analysis might have included? 416 00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:05,720 That guy looks at it, that guy looks at it, that guy looks at 417 00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:07,680 it, and they all said it look like poop. 418 00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:09,320 I mean, fair. Yeah. 419 00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:14,480 So they all agreed it was poop. In fact, I didn't actually see 420 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:17,520 that defended anywhere in the quick scheme of the paper. 421 00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:22,000 But specifically for calling it a carnivore poop, they said, 422 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:25,200 well, it's shaped like a tube. That's not the term that they 423 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:26,880 used. Cylindrical, I think is what 424 00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:33,280 they said. It's really big, and then it's 425 00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:37,200 full of phosphorus, and phosphorus makes sense because 426 00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:40,280 phosphorus, carnivorin poops. You often find that in there 427 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:44,000 because it's a a decomposed form of bone. 428 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:46,640 Yeah. So it's very much like, why 429 00:22:46,640 --> 00:22:51,720 don't I use this DNA analysis to identify the beetle when I have 430 00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:54,600 the whole darkling beetle? Because you don't need to know 431 00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,360 that there's phosphorus in it. You can fucking see bone. 432 00:22:57,360 --> 00:22:59,520 You can see bone there. You don't have to, right? 433 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:05,240 Exactly, exactly like those. No, whoever ate this like found 434 00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:08,840 a rotting dead thing with osteoderms and just ate just 435 00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:12,600 took out those osteoderms and swallowed them without. 436 00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:16,680 Yeah, no, no, it obviously consumed a lot of bone. 437 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:19,480 It's still. There so so shaped like a tube 438 00:23:19,640 --> 00:23:22,640 really big has bone in it. I mean that sounds like a 439 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,280 carnivore to me, but I did think that was pretty funny. 440 00:23:25,680 --> 00:23:27,800 Multi proxy. Multi approach. 441 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:31,480 Especially when the proxy was Why don't we talk about fossils 442 00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:34,520 instead of the fact that it has bone in it? 443 00:23:34,560 --> 00:23:36,320 Right. So yeah, it's really going 444 00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:38,440 around. The next analysis is going to be 445 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:41,160 they're going to just go take a shit and they're going to eat a 446 00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:45,040 lot of armadillo and then go and be like, what does it look like? 447 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:48,320 I kept looking and this is about where I started to get back on 448 00:23:48,320 --> 00:23:51,760 track and simultaneously so far off of it. 449 00:23:52,280 --> 00:23:55,720 So I found a paper that said, OK, you know, like there's some 450 00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:57,400 like variation in different sloths. 451 00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:59,840 They did notice that Milodon had a little bit more bite force. 452 00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:02,000 So that kind of seems to match up with the the fact that it 453 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,360 seems to be omnivorous. And they also found that 454 00:24:04,360 --> 00:24:10,920 Megatherium had pretty insane bite force, like really strong 455 00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:11,840 bite force. Nice. 456 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:14,080 Right at the tip of its mouth. Nice. 457 00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:20,440 And also Megatherium, as it turns out, has a larger occlusal 458 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,000 area of its teeth, so its teeth have more surface area. 459 00:24:24,360 --> 00:24:27,080 Like than would scale. OK, that's exactly. 460 00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:28,720 What? Yeah, than you would expect from 461 00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:32,200 scale because. And that's a sign of a as well, 462 00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,280 because it means they're not doing the herbivore thing of 463 00:24:35,280 --> 00:24:39,080 like barely chewing and tossing it back to ferment. 464 00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:42,320 It means that, you know, they need to be doing some chewing 465 00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:45,000 and some grinding and they have to be doing some work in their 466 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:49,080 mouth, which isn't always related to carnivore, but it's 467 00:24:49,080 --> 00:24:52,240 definitely not not a sign carnivore. 468 00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:54,840 And then this is. This was why I. 469 00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:58,560 Texted you so excited. You look so excited right now. 470 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:05,160 I'm really, Yeah. I found my new favorite paper 471 00:25:05,360 --> 00:25:07,560 and that's what we'll be talking about pretty much for the rest 472 00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:10,520 of this. So my new favorite paper came up 473 00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,960 because it was titled and this is in like I don't like Royal 474 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:17,320 Proceedings B or something from like the 1990s. 475 00:25:17,320 --> 00:25:20,960 So like a decent tier journal, but a little bit older when they 476 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:23,720 had better senses of humor than they currently do. 477 00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:26,480 It's called Megatherium the Stabber. 478 00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:32,680 Just that. That's a second title. 479 00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:34,000 See. It like oh but is this the 480 00:25:34,040 --> 00:25:37,440 inverse Iguanodon? Is this like everyone thought 481 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:40,800 Iguanodon's thumb spike was for stabbing but it was for 482 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:43,440 vegetation? Like megatherium but old psych 483 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:44,960 it was actually used for stabbing. 484 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,800 That's great. If anybody does go and look at 485 00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:51,160 Iguanodon's stabbing potential, they will have to cite this 486 00:25:51,160 --> 00:25:53,560 paper. We gotta get in on that. 487 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:55,640 That's hilarious. Yeah, Mega theory. 488 00:25:55,640 --> 00:25:59,320 I'm the stabber, which is how I will be referring to myself in 489 00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:00,440 third person. Megan. 490 00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:03,480 From the stabber. If I'm mad I'm going full mega 491 00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:04,360 theory. I'm the stabber. 492 00:26:05,120 --> 00:26:06,240 I think it's. A great name. 493 00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:09,360 That's right, This is perfect. I'm going to get that on a mug 494 00:26:09,360 --> 00:26:10,600 for you. Thank you. 495 00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:13,720 For whatever reason, possibly because of the crazy bite 496 00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:16,480 forest, possibly because its teeth are bigger, possibly just 497 00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:19,120 because they were like, I don't know, its vibes are off. 498 00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:21,840 The authors of this paper thought that maybe there was a 499 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:26,160 chance that Megatherium was carnivorous, not just scavenging 500 00:26:26,160 --> 00:26:28,400 carnivorous, but maybe actively hunting. 501 00:26:28,440 --> 00:26:32,280 And they decided to take a look at its arms. 502 00:26:32,360 --> 00:26:36,080 Now, most giant ground sloths do have pretty scary hand claws. 503 00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:38,240 Yeah. I don't know, huge if 504 00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:43,200 megatheriums are scarier than anything else, but like, the 505 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:47,480 going hypothesis is that they're using them to pull down tree 506 00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:51,360 branches. Which is why every fucking sloth 507 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:55,280 illustration looks like the sloth is a pole dancer that just 508 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:56,760 hasn't quite gotten off the ground. 509 00:26:56,960 --> 00:27:02,320 That pole dancer has got an apple shaped pear shaped body 510 00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:06,120 for sure. They got that huge apple. 511 00:27:06,120 --> 00:27:06,800 Bottom. Jeans. 512 00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:07,440 Apple. Yeah. 513 00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,320 Yes, yes, yes, yes. That's beautiful. 514 00:27:10,320 --> 00:27:14,000 Hilariously. I have a like a stuffed ground. 515 00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:15,560 I'll have to send you a picture afterwards. 516 00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:18,080 I have a stuffed ground sloth like stuffed animal. 517 00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:20,520 And I realized the other day that if I put it next to my 518 00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:23,840 lamp, it also looks like a pole dancer because it's arm is up in 519 00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:27,000 the classic ground sloth pose. So yeah, pole dancers of the 520 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:31,480 past and maybe carnivorous. So for whatever reason they 521 00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:35,800 wanted to look at. OK, well, if this animal is 522 00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:39,440 using those claws not for manhandling trees or whatever, 523 00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:43,200 but is using them for stabbing and they specifically said 524 00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:46,280 because it's it's talons are really I guess they're narrow 525 00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,560 and they're like more slender and knife like. 526 00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:51,280 I don't know from the way that they described it if it's more 527 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:53,040 knife like than other ground slots. 528 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:55,360 Fair. OK, I've seen the fire number, 529 00:27:55,360 --> 00:27:58,640 but I can't, like, I can't readily pull that. 530 00:27:58,640 --> 00:28:01,400 Yes, yeah, seen some pretty fucking big ones. 531 00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:03,560 Real big. Yeah, yeah. 532 00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:09,720 So they decided to do a study of its forearms to see whether it 533 00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:12,880 was built for power, which presumably you'd need a lot of 534 00:28:12,880 --> 00:28:17,200 strength to RIP a tree down so you could eat it, or for speed, 535 00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:21,480 AKA for stabbing. What if the tree is falling 536 00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:24,960 really quickly and maybe it's for those trees, Yeah. 537 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:27,680 Yeah, like a little ninja. Yeah, right, Right. 538 00:28:27,960 --> 00:28:29,600 Yes. Maybe it's scissors. 539 00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:31,560 Maybe that's what they were using them for is they didn't 540 00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:33,000 want to chew. They just used them as little 541 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:35,800 scissorhands. Didn't think about that. 542 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:40,920 So they discovered that it was built for speed rather than for 543 00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:47,040 strength, and that it could have generated about 2700 joules of 544 00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:48,680 force. And this is about where the 545 00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:51,760 paper descends into some of the stupidest sentences that I've 546 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:54,520 ever read in my life. But like purposefully. 547 00:28:54,520 --> 00:28:55,880 Stupid, I was gonna say it's still your. 548 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:57,840 Favorite. Like I had to go and look up the 549 00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:01,040 author's name and the word me too to make sure that there 550 00:29:01,040 --> 00:29:04,760 wasn't like some obvious thing because I was fangirling a 551 00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:07,560 little bit by how stupid. I love that is actually. 552 00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:09,200 I hate that that's your order of events. 553 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:10,000 That's really. Depressing. 554 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:11,480 I know, right? Yep. 555 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:14,880 So I'm gonna read you some sentences, right? 556 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:16,240 So they. Because I have no car. 557 00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:19,120 They wanted to make certain. Jewels mean that's. 558 00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:21,520 Not yeah, they were like, well, we wanted to make certain that 559 00:29:21,680 --> 00:29:24,720 that was sufficient to penetrate soft tissues. 560 00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:28,360 Also just backing up, I should point out that this is the 90s 561 00:29:28,360 --> 00:29:32,680 where I feel like this sort of thing was less frowned upon, 562 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:36,960 where instead of just going to sight, how much force does it 563 00:29:36,960 --> 00:29:39,920 take to cut meat, They were like, I know how to cut meat, 564 00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:43,920 how much force can I make? I'm a human being, how strong am 565 00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:44,840 I? Great, wonderful. 566 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:48,840 So an experiment was done in which one of the authors RAF a 567 00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:53,600 100 kilogram, a 38 year old male paleontologist with no special 568 00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,480 training in any sporting discipline, threw into the air 569 00:29:56,480 --> 00:29:59,920 an object of 1 kilogram up to a height of 2 meters by the 570 00:29:59,920 --> 00:30:02,280 actions of his right tricep. Hello. 571 00:30:02,440 --> 00:30:05,120 Gross. This is so. 572 00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:08,160 I hate everything about that. That's terrible. 573 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,760 Amy, it sounds like he's tossing knives in his kitchen for. 574 00:30:14,120 --> 00:30:16,320 Yeah. His right tricep alone. 575 00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:19,320 Why don't you just? Say like, how do you I also just 576 00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:21,560 I'm like, what do you mean? Right, tricep alone. 577 00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:25,320 I mean, that's also really hard. How did you how did you freeze 578 00:30:25,320 --> 00:30:30,400 all the other muscles in your arm to make sure it was just the 579 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,600 right tricep? And again, right, this is just 580 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:37,040 ridiculous of just like, or it's one of these things where you're 581 00:30:37,040 --> 00:30:38,560 just like, oh, shit, I don't know. 582 00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:40,400 We really need to have a source for this. 583 00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:42,440 OK, OK, Fred, take off your shirt. 584 00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,880 This knife here anyway, that's stupid. 585 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:49,200 I hate that that's worthless. Also, that's like freaking 586 00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:51,480 meaningless. So anyways, he figured that 587 00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:53,920 that's 20 joules of kinetic energy. 588 00:30:54,520 --> 00:30:59,960 So his sad, measly little arms could make 20 joules of kinetic 589 00:30:59,960 --> 00:31:01,480 energy. But he wasn't done. 590 00:31:01,520 --> 00:31:04,200 He wasn't done with the. Experience way smaller than 591 00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:05,880 Megatherium. Like by own awe. 592 00:31:07,280 --> 00:31:11,680 Yeah, the same subject he, he was concerned that OK, well that 593 00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:14,200 doesn't necessarily tell you about meat, right? 594 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:18,200 The same subject stabbed a 10 centimeter thick muscle of 595 00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:22,680 domestic cattle covered with fur with a a kitchen knife, using 596 00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:26,080 again only the energy produced by his right tricep. 597 00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:29,960 Maybe he was fucking tired after throwing all those knives in the 598 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:33,040 air and he wasn't able. OK but wait, what? 599 00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:35,480 This is like a hunk of meat with flesh still on it? 600 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:37,520 Or is this? Yeah, see, that's, that's the 601 00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:39,680 thing that kind of confused me at first, because at first I was 602 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:42,600 like, this motherfucker is pretending to be a giant ground 603 00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:45,840 sloth and he is stabbing steaks. Like, that's really what that 604 00:31:45,840 --> 00:31:49,040 means, right? But no, it's covered with fur. 605 00:31:49,480 --> 00:31:51,640 Is he stabbing cows? Is he? 606 00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:55,480 Is he going outside? It's the 90s. 607 00:31:55,480 --> 00:31:59,600 On a mega theory on the stabber mission and stabbing cows. 608 00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:05,160 You could go check all the newspapers in that area at that 609 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:08,840 time. The murderous, mysterious cow 610 00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:13,200 Stabber. The conclusion that Megatherium 611 00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:16,520 must have been an efficient stabber seems clear, but 612 00:32:16,520 --> 00:32:19,240 identifying the stabbed is less easy. 613 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:24,240 Oh my. So, Amy, can you guess what they 614 00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:27,040 thought Megatherium might have been stabbing? 615 00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:31,360 I mean, this is dark. Each other babies of their own 616 00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:33,680 kind. Yep, so they did look into that. 617 00:32:33,680 --> 00:32:37,400 And there are no healed injuries on Megatherium, and there's no 618 00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:39,880 sign of sexual dimorphism. They ate all of them. 619 00:32:39,880 --> 00:32:43,200 There was no evidence left. You could see actually all the 620 00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:46,720 phosphor of their shit. They left no piece of spot. 621 00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:53,040 OK, so they decided it wasn't each other. 622 00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:54,600 Who else? Who else might they be? 623 00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:57,560 Definitely humans. Definitely humans. 624 00:32:57,680 --> 00:32:59,240 Delicious. Tasty. 625 00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:02,640 Weirdly, that didn't come up because I think they went 626 00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:06,440 extinct before. At that time, the time that they 627 00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:08,480 thought humans had arrived. At this time, I think we know 628 00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:11,040 that they overlapped, but at that time I don't think that 629 00:33:11,040 --> 00:33:13,240 they thought they had. So that one didn't come up. 630 00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:15,760 Right. But are we like skewering like 631 00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:19,480 chickens here or is it a Saber toothed cats that they're 632 00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:21,880 finally getting the revenge on? Yeah. 633 00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:25,920 All right, great. So they were like because. 634 00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:28,080 They're so abundant, you know, maybe it's the stuff. 635 00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:32,480 Maybe megalodon? Or why do I keep saying mega 636 00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:35,000 theory and the stabber is stabbing in defense? 637 00:33:35,280 --> 00:33:36,800 It's an audible. Killer, right? 638 00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:39,120 Okay, stabbing. Sure, sure, sure. 639 00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:41,600 The Smilodon comes. Towards and then they point it 640 00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:42,600 out. Stick their hands up. 641 00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:48,040 Right. It has an adult body mass of 4 642 00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:50,600 tons, so it should not be particularly worried about the 643 00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,600 chance of attack by, say, a Saber toothed myelodon. 644 00:33:53,840 --> 00:33:57,640 By analogy, a 70 kilogram man should not be afraid of the 645 00:33:57,640 --> 00:34:00,880 attack of a six kilogram cat, regardless of the latter's 646 00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:04,280 ferocity. Oh my God, so someone has a very 647 00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:09,880 mean cat that's. So they're like, OK, they they, 648 00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:12,639 they could have used it for defense, but it seems like kind 649 00:34:12,639 --> 00:34:16,440 of a waste. So yeah, maybe it ran around the 650 00:34:16,440 --> 00:34:22,400 countryside stabbing easy meals. But they also noticed that with 651 00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:28,159 the stabbing muscles also came strength to like, roll things 652 00:34:28,159 --> 00:34:32,520 over, essentially. OK, like specifically an 653 00:34:32,679 --> 00:34:35,880 armadillo. Yeah, a fucking armadillo. 654 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:39,800 OK, OK, so it's so. Uh huh. 655 00:34:40,239 --> 00:34:47,040 They they of course did a test again the author RAF, who has no 656 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:48,520 special training in weightlifting. 657 00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:53,040 We've already defined that this guy is a piece of shit. 658 00:34:56,159 --> 00:35:00,320 Lifted 40 kilograms by the action of both his biceps 659 00:35:00,320 --> 00:35:01,200 muscle. Oh my. 660 00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:05,920 God, not just one tricep, both of his biceps. 661 00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:11,240 So without weightlifting, Megatherium could clearly flip 662 00:35:11,240 --> 00:35:14,200 over things like that, But they think that Megatherium would 663 00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:16,800 have been able to lift or flip over things that were on the 664 00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:21,600 order of 400 to 1000 kilograms, and they conclude that therefore 665 00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:25,200 adult glyptodonts basically would have been susceptible to 666 00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:28,080 this fucking cow tipping hypothesis. 667 00:35:28,160 --> 00:35:31,280 I can't stab you, it'll tip you. So disappointed. 668 00:35:31,280 --> 00:35:35,680 You are vulnerable. That RAF or whatever the fucking 669 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:39,800 author's initial service was not that listed as being worthless 670 00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:43,800 at all sports and then made a child dress up in a ninja turtle 671 00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:47,000 costume. It saw if he could flip the 672 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:51,560 child over. Where are the tests? 673 00:35:51,560 --> 00:35:53,840 Where is the science? Where is the test? 674 00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:55,320 Where's the science? Yeah. 675 00:35:57,720 --> 00:36:01,800 Anyways, so yeah, Megatherium the stabber. 676 00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:05,360 The Megatherium maybe killed animals at random. 677 00:36:06,080 --> 00:36:09,360 We do know that Megatherium had good bite force and it had teeth 678 00:36:09,360 --> 00:36:11,760 that maybe implied it was eating more. 679 00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:16,720 However, when anybody does micro wear or mezzaware it comes back 680 00:36:16,720 --> 00:36:19,400 looking like a browser. OK. 681 00:36:20,360 --> 00:36:22,600 And. Maybe it was just occasional, 682 00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:24,280 you know, it wouldn't. He's aware. 683 00:36:24,280 --> 00:36:26,560 All that shit is like last meal record. 684 00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:29,240 It's not like, true. Yeah, it doesn't include the 685 00:36:29,240 --> 00:36:31,240 whole. Maybe, yeah, maybe it was only 686 00:36:31,240 --> 00:36:33,920 browsing because it couldn't find any glyptodons. 687 00:36:34,080 --> 00:36:36,960 Yeah, exactly. It was so fucking hungry it was 688 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:40,680 only eating leaves and it died because it's not it. 689 00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,400 Was like, well this isn't exactly like a glyptodon, but 690 00:36:43,400 --> 00:36:47,480 why don't I choose some wood? That's so sad. 691 00:36:47,520 --> 00:36:52,800 OK, so now the other thing is that when people look at the 692 00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:55,320 coprolites of sloths. I was going to ask about their 693 00:36:55,320 --> 00:36:57,040 poops. I was like, I know we got sloth 694 00:36:57,040 --> 00:36:58,080 poop, what's in that? Poop. 695 00:36:58,080 --> 00:37:01,480 They've got at least one that they think is from a megatherium 696 00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:04,520 and it's mostly full of wood. Not dead. 697 00:37:04,680 --> 00:37:05,960 Glipped it on. So smile it on. 698 00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:08,000 It's a. Good but final supper. 699 00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:12,080 How do you match a coprolite to a butthole? 700 00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:14,720 Exactly. Exactly how do you know which 701 00:37:14,720 --> 00:37:16,920 giant ground sloths butthole that came? 702 00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:17,920 From right. Yeah. 703 00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:23,480 And what what would be the shape, Amy, if Megatherium was 704 00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:26,840 carnivorous? Would it be long? 705 00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:34,320 A tube full of phosphorus. A phosphorus full of tube, 706 00:37:34,560 --> 00:37:37,640 phosphorus full tube, that would be long, long. 707 00:37:38,080 --> 00:37:42,440 And let me tell you, I could not find that other megatherium 708 00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:44,840 poop. But I can tell you that that is 709 00:37:44,840 --> 00:37:48,440 on the order in size of a Nothrotheriops poop. 710 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,880 So what if those sloth osteoderms are sloth on sloth 711 00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:54,960 climb, right? Crime. 712 00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:58,600 I did double check they did live there. 713 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:01,520 They lived maybe in that fossil formation, but they definitely 714 00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:03,360 lived in that general area. Could have been. 715 00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:05,040 Yeah. Then that would not have changed 716 00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,960 the outcome of the paper 'cause they still said carnivore and 717 00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:10,040 Megatherium the stabber was not here to fucking play. 718 00:38:10,040 --> 00:38:13,080 It was here to flip sloths over and eat them and. 719 00:38:13,640 --> 00:38:15,400 Just going. After that, clipped it on. 720 00:38:16,160 --> 00:38:18,480 So Zen Arthur specialist is like, I know you. 721 00:38:18,760 --> 00:38:21,080 I know you're all slow. I know you're all teeth are 722 00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:24,480 worthless. I know you all have a strange 723 00:38:24,480 --> 00:38:27,800 number of neck, neck vertebra, vertebra. 724 00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:28,840 Yeah. Super weird. 725 00:38:29,360 --> 00:38:30,440 Yeah. Wow. 726 00:38:30,440 --> 00:38:32,400 Oh, my God. Holy crap. 727 00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:36,680 Holy crap, for real So. Isn't that the dumbest? 728 00:38:37,160 --> 00:38:38,000 That's. Such a good theory. 729 00:38:38,120 --> 00:38:40,640 I'm the. Stabber, that makes me really, 730 00:38:40,720 --> 00:38:42,560 really happy. I have a picture I've been 731 00:38:42,560 --> 00:38:45,560 meaning to post of me with a Megatherium specimen at the 732 00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:48,160 London Natural History Museum, so now I'm going to make it 733 00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:50,720 about this some. Do you should? 734 00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:54,400 Oh I did post a picture. The next picture is just 735 00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:57,720 coprolites of no through therium since no or no through theory 736 00:38:57,720 --> 00:38:59,000 OPS. Since no through theory, OPS did 737 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:02,880 have a tendency to poop in groups, there's a group latrine 738 00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:05,160 in. Arizona in Arizona and it. 739 00:39:05,160 --> 00:39:07,480 Doesn't look the same, but no, through theory OPS we know for 740 00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:11,520 sure from isotope analysis was an herbivore, but I don't know 741 00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:14,040 that it's butthole would have produced the same thing if it 742 00:39:14,040 --> 00:39:16,720 wasn't. This does not scream carnivore 743 00:39:16,720 --> 00:39:19,280 to me. It very much knows, Yeah. 744 00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:22,120 But again, if we're talking about I, I really doubt that 745 00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:24,280 they are more than opportunistic. 746 00:39:24,360 --> 00:39:28,400 I would just I just have to go. But how often do those 747 00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:33,360 opportunities you got to keep are the opportunities you make? 748 00:39:33,360 --> 00:39:37,240 This is fair and with all like almost all of this, I want to 749 00:39:37,240 --> 00:39:40,280 see comparisons to like Megatherium. 750 00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:44,400 It was that the largest of the giant ground slots or just one 751 00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:47,560 of like can we compare it to the other ones and see if their 752 00:39:47,560 --> 00:39:50,720 teeth are abnormally large for the getting that. 753 00:39:50,720 --> 00:39:54,880 But I just would want to I want to know I want I but I buy it is 754 00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:59,840 somewhere in that turd is some baby see baby sloth like what if 755 00:39:59,840 --> 00:40:03,280 there's some like infanticidal fucked up like this is what 756 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:07,680 happened before is I loved sea otters and then I met you and we 757 00:40:07,680 --> 00:40:10,760 did. We learned such horrible things 758 00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:13,760 together and it ruins my favorite animals and you're 759 00:40:13,760 --> 00:40:17,320 going to be like sloths. We're straight up carnivorous. 760 00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:20,200 Yeah, Cannibal. That ate each other's babies. 761 00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:23,000 Just Megatherium and maybe Myelodon. 762 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,560 This is great. No, for sure, herbivore. 763 00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:29,760 I'm just going to have but. Megalonics fair, OK, I think 764 00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:34,320 right, OK Megalonics I think is bigger than Megatherium. 765 00:40:34,320 --> 00:40:36,560 It's. Been it's been a while. 766 00:40:36,720 --> 00:40:39,960 But I don't know what its diet was because I just got real 767 00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:43,440 distracted by this paper and. I mean, you do know what this 768 00:40:43,480 --> 00:40:45,160 really means? Right. 769 00:40:45,160 --> 00:40:46,560 We're not doing another rap battle. 770 00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:51,400 It's not happening. It obviously has to happen. 771 00:40:51,640 --> 00:40:56,200 This is an encore if I've ever heard this is. 772 00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:59,400 Only if you dress up like fucking sloth. 773 00:40:59,440 --> 00:41:02,720 Edward Scissor sure, absolutely chasing me through the. 774 00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:05,520 World, Absolutely. With pleasure. 775 00:41:05,720 --> 00:41:07,920 Absolutely. You know, I would enjoy making a 776 00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:10,640 costume like that. I know, I know. 777 00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:14,520 You made Iguanodon hand costumes unprise. 778 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:17,240 I really wouldn't call that good though. 779 00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:22,480 Give me enough time. I did make that pleasy sort of 780 00:41:22,480 --> 00:41:24,080 look. It was great it worked out. 781 00:41:24,080 --> 00:41:25,120 Yeah, that's pleasing. So it's cool. 782 00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:29,440 It was perfect. Hot damn, hot damn and hot meat 783 00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:35,040 nothing. Like Xenarthrin says it's 784 00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:41,800 stabbing cannibals, but I hate they get weirder every day if 785 00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:44,920 they're not one of our like, flagship animals along with 786 00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:48,160 fucking turtles, right? Nothing is. 787 00:41:49,520 --> 00:41:52,160 Saint Arthrons are so weird. There's also now some evidence 788 00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:56,320 that Thalasakness or whatever the marine ones were that they 789 00:41:56,320 --> 00:41:58,560 may have also had some adaptations for eating things 790 00:41:58,560 --> 00:42:01,120 like crabs off the sea floor, not just the seagrass. 791 00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:03,000 Wow. Wow, you would think. 792 00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:04,040 Wow. But it makes sense. 793 00:42:04,040 --> 00:42:07,000 That would be hard to do with dentine though man. 794 00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:10,320 Like, well, that would be, I mean, if it grows fast, I guess. 795 00:42:10,320 --> 00:42:15,240 But like, there's so many species of giant ground sloths, 796 00:42:15,480 --> 00:42:18,480 like these giant animals all living in the same general 797 00:42:18,480 --> 00:42:21,360 place, same general time. It makes sense that maybe some 798 00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:24,120 of them were dipping more into the omnivore stuff than we were 799 00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:26,600 expecting them to. Right. 800 00:42:26,640 --> 00:42:29,720 There's got to be some sort of niche partitioning happening 801 00:42:29,720 --> 00:42:32,120 here. And I mean, I know when I worked 802 00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:37,000 with an armadillo at a museum, whatever, that was also a weird 803 00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:41,040 thing I don't want to talk about, but they we fed that 804 00:42:41,040 --> 00:42:44,760 armadillo a lot of bugs that that baby ate a lot of bugs. 805 00:42:44,760 --> 00:42:48,760 So I mean, but that's different than like flesh, flesh eating. 806 00:42:48,760 --> 00:42:51,960 That's just yeah, Insectivory again, so. 807 00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:55,400 Your adaptations are different. Anyways, I think, you know, 808 00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:58,760 jury's out as to whether it's morally different, but 809 00:43:00,560 --> 00:43:04,880 physically it is. And that's a wrap on season 3. 810 00:43:04,960 --> 00:43:08,360 Season 4 will be getting airing for the public in maybe January, 811 00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:11,360 but it will be earlier on Patreon. 812 00:43:11,360 --> 00:43:14,560 And if you Join Now, you can get tons of bonus content, including 813 00:43:14,720 --> 00:43:18,440 a really deep dive on Cheddar Man and rigor mortis and how 814 00:43:18,440 --> 00:43:20,240 turtles can piss out of their mouths. 815 00:43:20,320 --> 00:43:23,360 And of course, all of the gossip that is so spicy we can't air it 816 00:43:23,360 --> 00:43:25,360 outside of a paywall because we don't want to get sued. 817 00:43:25,720 --> 00:43:28,680 Plus a ton of outtakes and extras and live painting parties 818 00:43:28,680 --> 00:43:31,440 and all sorts of other things. Thanks so much for listening. 819 00:43:31,520 --> 00:43:34,680 We love making this. If you come and support us on 820 00:43:34,680 --> 00:43:37,400 Patreon, not only will you get lots of good stuff and make sure 821 00:43:37,400 --> 00:43:40,600 that we can do things like, hey, our excellent editor, Maximilian 822 00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:53,880 Scott. Sloth, Theoderms I. 823 00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:55,640 Don't know what English is anymore. 824 00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:58,120 What does this mean?