1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,920 Hi everybody and welcome back to another episode of Space News 2 00:00:02,920 --> 00:00:05,200 Pod. Today will journey through the 3 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:09,280 captivating saga of Mars 1, the ambitious venture that aimed to 4 00:00:09,280 --> 00:00:12,840 make humans and interplanetary species by establishing a 5 00:00:12,840 --> 00:00:17,360 permanent settlement on Mars. In the glow of this plan, the 6 00:00:17,360 --> 00:00:21,320 Dutch Notforprofit foundation launched by Boz Landsdorp and 7 00:00:21,320 --> 00:00:24,680 Arna Wielders shone brightly. When it first took to the world 8 00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:28,360 stage in 2011, their vision was nothing short of bold. 9 00:00:28,780 --> 00:00:32,259 A Oneway mission to Mars, sidestepping the complexities of 10 00:00:32,259 --> 00:00:35,820 a return voyage focusing on establishing A sustainable human 11 00:00:35,820 --> 00:00:37,780 colony on our neighboring planet. 12 00:00:38,260 --> 00:00:41,340 However, the path to Mars was strewn with obstacles. 13 00:00:41,540 --> 00:00:45,500 From an overwhelming financial goal of $6 billion to 14 00:00:45,500 --> 00:00:48,660 technological challenges and ethically charged decisions. 15 00:00:48,980 --> 00:00:52,260 Mars One face significant headwinds and despite their 16 00:00:52,260 --> 00:00:55,780 groundbreaking approach to space exploration, their mission, much 17 00:00:55,780 --> 00:00:58,460 like a Martian dust storm, eventually settled. 18 00:00:58,910 --> 00:01:03,190 In 2019, Mars One declared bankruptcy, leaving the dream of 19 00:01:03,190 --> 00:01:05,670 a permanent human settlement on Mars unfulfilled. 20 00:01:06,110 --> 00:01:10,270 But every story, every venture, every dream, regardless of its 21 00:01:10,270 --> 00:01:15,510 outcome, leaves behind a legacy. So today we dive into the rise 22 00:01:15,510 --> 00:01:19,110 and fall of Mars One, exploring the lessons learned and 23 00:01:19,110 --> 00:01:23,030 discussing how these experiences might influence the future. 24 00:01:23,360 --> 00:01:26,840 Of our multiplanetary aspirations, we'll hear from our 25 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:28,640 sponsors. Then we'll get right into the 26 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:30,320 story. It's a pretty juicy one, so I 27 00:01:30,320 --> 00:01:33,880 think you're going to enjoy it. Mars One was cofounded by two 28 00:01:33,880 --> 00:01:38,360 Dutch entrepreneurs, Boss Land Store and Arna Wielders, both 29 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:41,200 bringing unique experiences and skills to this venture. 30 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:44,240 Boss is an entrepreneur with a background in mechanical 31 00:01:44,240 --> 00:01:46,180 engineering. And before Mars One, he 32 00:01:46,180 --> 00:01:49,900 cofounded Ampics Power, a company specializing in the 33 00:01:49,900 --> 00:01:52,180 development of wind energy technology. 34 00:01:52,260 --> 00:01:55,860 Landsdorp left Ampics Power to start Mars One when he realized 35 00:01:55,860 --> 00:01:59,620 the potential and feasibility of a one way mission to Mars. 36 00:02:00,100 --> 00:02:04,060 As a CEO and cofounder of Mars One, Landsdorp became the face 37 00:02:04,060 --> 00:02:07,300 of the project, frequently speaking at conferences and in 38 00:02:07,300 --> 00:02:08,820 media interviews about the mission. 39 00:02:09,180 --> 00:02:13,300 Our nose wielder is a physicist and engineer with experience in 40 00:02:13,300 --> 00:02:16,170 space systems. And before cofounding Mars One, 41 00:02:16,570 --> 00:02:19,130 Wielders worked for various space organizations. 42 00:02:19,250 --> 00:02:22,530 He worked at the European Space Research and Technology Center, 43 00:02:22,530 --> 00:02:26,810 part of the European Space Agency, or ESA, or ESA, and was 44 00:02:26,810 --> 00:02:28,610 involved in several ESA projects. 45 00:02:29,090 --> 00:02:32,370 He also cofounded Space Horizon, a company dedicated to space 46 00:02:32,370 --> 00:02:34,970 tourism. As the chief technical officer 47 00:02:34,970 --> 00:02:37,890 of Mars One, Wielders was responsible for the overall 48 00:02:38,290 --> 00:02:41,570 technical design and implementation of the Mars 1 49 00:02:41,570 --> 00:02:43,650 mission. And despite their passion and 50 00:02:43,650 --> 00:02:46,490 commitment to Mars One project, they have some hurdles to 51 00:02:46,490 --> 00:02:48,850 overcome. The venture was criticized and 52 00:02:48,850 --> 00:02:53,570 overly optimistic timelines, technology assumptions, and lack 53 00:02:53,570 --> 00:02:56,330 of adequate funding. Mars One was an ambitious 54 00:02:56,330 --> 00:02:59,730 project that sought to establish a permanent human settlement on 55 00:02:59,730 --> 00:03:03,570 Mars, a bold and audacious goal that pushed the boundaries of 56 00:03:03,570 --> 00:03:06,010 human possibility. And at the heart of the 57 00:03:06,010 --> 00:03:09,530 initiative was a vision to go where no human has gone before. 58 00:03:10,040 --> 00:03:13,880 To tread new ground in space exploration and to define what 59 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:17,640 humanity could achieve in terms of interplanetary colonization. 60 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:21,440 We'll explore the origins, the successes and challenges, and 61 00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:24,280 the legacy of Mars One will provide insights into the 62 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:27,000 intricate nature of the space exploration venture. 63 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:30,760 Mars One was a Dutch notforprofit foundation 64 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:34,160 established in 2011 by Boslandsdorp and Arno Wielders. 65 00:03:34,670 --> 00:03:37,150 The company sought to revolutionize space exploration 66 00:03:37,150 --> 00:03:39,910 by pursuing A1 Way mission to Mars. 67 00:03:40,350 --> 00:03:44,630 They plan to select, train and send 4 astronauts on their 68 00:03:44,630 --> 00:03:49,190 pioneering journey every two years starting in the twenty 20s 69 00:03:49,590 --> 00:03:52,910 and the missions cost was estimated to be $6 billion. 70 00:03:53,190 --> 00:03:57,070 The founders aimed to source this funding from sponsors and 71 00:03:57,070 --> 00:04:00,770 media rights sales. Now, the underlying belief of 72 00:04:00,770 --> 00:04:03,450 the Mars 1 mission was that humanity needed to become a 73 00:04:03,450 --> 00:04:07,050 multiplanetary species like Elon, Musk says, both for our 74 00:04:07,050 --> 00:04:10,930 survival and to satisfy our innate curiosity and desire to 75 00:04:10,930 --> 00:04:13,850 explore. Mars, due to its proximity and 76 00:04:13,850 --> 00:04:17,529 its similarity to Earth in terms of day length and surface area, 77 00:04:17,810 --> 00:04:21,529 was chosen as the ideal destination for this ambitious 78 00:04:21,529 --> 00:04:24,770 undertaking. Mars One had a unique approach 79 00:04:24,770 --> 00:04:27,260 to this endeavor, though. They sought to simplify the 80 00:04:27,260 --> 00:04:31,380 mission by making it a one way trip, eliminating the need for 81 00:04:31,380 --> 00:04:33,340 complex return journey technology. 82 00:04:34,100 --> 00:04:37,180 By using existing technology and adopting an incremental 83 00:04:37,180 --> 00:04:41,140 approach, Mars 1 aimed to gradually build up the necessary 84 00:04:41,140 --> 00:04:45,260 infrastructure of Mars for long term human habitation. 85 00:04:45,940 --> 00:04:48,740 The project strategy consisted of sending initial unmanned 86 00:04:48,740 --> 00:04:52,420 missions, deploying living units, life support units and 87 00:04:52,420 --> 00:04:56,210 supply units to Mars. These units would then be set up 88 00:04:56,210 --> 00:05:00,410 by robots to create a habitable settlement before the arrival of 89 00:05:00,410 --> 00:05:02,770 the first crew. The crew would be 90 00:05:02,770 --> 00:05:06,810 self-sufficient, relying on in situ resource utilization or I 91 00:05:06,810 --> 00:05:11,170 SRU, particularly extracting water from Martian soil and 92 00:05:11,170 --> 00:05:15,490 producing oxygen for breathing. Sounds familiar, doesn't it? 93 00:05:15,730 --> 00:05:19,610 That's exactly what Elon Musk wants to do with SpaceX and 94 00:05:19,610 --> 00:05:22,890 Starship. Now Mars One adopted an open 95 00:05:22,890 --> 00:05:26,330 call for volunteers. Willing to embark on a one way 96 00:05:26,330 --> 00:05:29,130 mission to Mars? You would leave Earth. 97 00:05:29,610 --> 00:05:32,210 You would fly to Mars. You would spend the rest of your 98 00:05:32,210 --> 00:05:34,770 days on Mars. You would never see anybody from 99 00:05:34,810 --> 00:05:37,050 Earth again. This unprecedented selection 100 00:05:37,050 --> 00:05:40,290 process attracted applicants from diverse backgrounds from 101 00:05:40,290 --> 00:05:42,810 around the world. After rigorous selection 102 00:05:42,810 --> 00:05:47,050 process, Mars One aim to train these individuals extensively in 103 00:05:47,050 --> 00:05:49,690 the simulated Martian environment right here on Earth. 104 00:05:50,250 --> 00:05:53,850 They prepare them for the harsh conditions and isolation. 105 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:55,920 They would experience on Mars now. 106 00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:58,800 Despite its innovative approach and vision, Mars want to face 107 00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:00,800 significant challenges and criticisms. 108 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:04,600 The foremost concern was the mission's feasibility given the 109 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:07,880 technological, financial and logistical hurdles. 110 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:10,560 Critics questioned whether the mission could be accomplished 111 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:13,720 with the proposed budget and the reliance on unproven 112 00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:19,080 technologies like insitu resource utilization, making 113 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:22,320 water out of Martian soil. Moreover, the ethical 114 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:25,400 implications of sending humans on a one way mission raised 115 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:28,600 concerns considering the psychological impact of 116 00:06:28,600 --> 00:06:32,480 permanent isolation at the potential of death on the Red 117 00:06:32,480 --> 00:06:35,400 Planet. The open call selection process 118 00:06:35,400 --> 00:06:39,440 and the proposal to televise the mission also face criticism for 119 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:42,440 potentially exploiting the participants of reducing a 120 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:47,480 complex science venture to just a reality show now despite these 121 00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:49,000 challenges and criticisms though. 122 00:06:49,390 --> 00:06:52,150 Mars One sparked a global conversation about space 123 00:06:52,150 --> 00:06:54,670 exploration and interplanetary colonization. 124 00:06:54,950 --> 00:06:57,350 It inspired individuals worldwide to dream about the 125 00:06:57,350 --> 00:07:00,950 possibilities of space travel and prompted serious discussions 126 00:07:00,950 --> 00:07:04,390 about the feasibility and ethics of colonizing other planets. 127 00:07:04,390 --> 00:07:07,110 When Mars One opened the application process for 128 00:07:07,190 --> 00:07:10,710 astronaut selection in April of 2013, they received a 129 00:07:10,710 --> 00:07:13,750 significant number of applications from aspiring Mars 130 00:07:13,750 --> 00:07:17,390 settlers around the globe by the end of the application process 131 00:07:17,630 --> 00:07:20,980 in August of 2013. Mars One reported having 132 00:07:20,980 --> 00:07:24,620 received over 200,000 applications, although this 133 00:07:24,620 --> 00:07:28,540 number was highly disputed and some sources suggest the actual 134 00:07:28,540 --> 00:07:31,860 number was quite lower. The application process was part 135 00:07:31,860 --> 00:07:34,380 of Mars One's fundraising strategy. 136 00:07:34,380 --> 00:07:37,900 Applicants were charged an application fee which varied by 137 00:07:37,900 --> 00:07:40,060 country, and the fee was intended to be inversely 138 00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:42,660 proportional to the gross domestic product of the 139 00:07:42,660 --> 00:07:47,180 applicants country, ranging from $5 to $75. 140 00:07:47,530 --> 00:07:50,570 The total amount of money raised from the application process 141 00:07:50,890 --> 00:07:54,050 isn't quite clear. Even if one took the lowest 142 00:07:54,050 --> 00:07:58,650 application fee of $5, if 200,000 applicants were indeed 143 00:07:58,650 --> 00:08:03,250 received, this would amount to at least $1,000,000 USD. 144 00:08:03,450 --> 00:08:06,650 However, due to the uncertainty about the actual number of 145 00:08:06,650 --> 00:08:10,170 applications and the variable application fee, it's difficult 146 00:08:10,170 --> 00:08:13,850 to provide a precise figure for the total funds raised through 147 00:08:13,850 --> 00:08:16,420 this process. These applications came from a 148 00:08:16,420 --> 00:08:19,540 wide variety of backgrounds and places, showcasing the global 149 00:08:19,540 --> 00:08:23,700 interest in space exploration in the appeal of the Mars 1 mission 150 00:08:24,140 --> 00:08:28,220 Now Sue and PN. An American applicant, Sue was 151 00:08:28,220 --> 00:08:31,660 one of the 100 finalists. She works as a software engineer 152 00:08:31,900 --> 00:08:34,020 and had a keen interest in space exploration. 153 00:08:34,260 --> 00:08:37,580 PN's motivation to apply for Mars One came from her dream to 154 00:08:37,580 --> 00:08:40,820 explore the unknown and to contribute to humanity's 155 00:08:40,820 --> 00:08:44,080 understanding of the universe. Ryan McDonald, The British 156 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:47,320 physicist. McDonald was also among the 100 157 00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:49,360 finalists. He was studying physics at the 158 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:52,120 University of Oxford at the time of his application and was 159 00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:55,320 fascinated by the prospect of contributing to human knowledge 160 00:08:55,320 --> 00:08:57,680 about Mars. He saw Mars One as an 161 00:08:57,680 --> 00:09:00,600 opportunity to be a part of the groundbreaking mission that can 162 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:03,040 change how we understand our place in the universe. 163 00:09:03,160 --> 00:09:06,720 Diana Masani Patel, British pharmacist and scuba diving 164 00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:09,720 instructor, was another of the 100 finalists. 165 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:12,240 She was motivated by a sense of adventure. 166 00:09:12,610 --> 00:09:16,050 And the desire to inspire the next generation of explorers. 167 00:09:16,410 --> 00:09:18,410 Now it's important to know that while these applicants were 168 00:09:18,410 --> 00:09:21,490 willing to leave their lives on Earth for a one way ticket to 169 00:09:21,490 --> 00:09:25,090 Mars, the Mars 1 mission faced significant criticism and 170 00:09:25,090 --> 00:09:29,610 skepticism over its feasibility, the ethics and lack of a clear 171 00:09:29,610 --> 00:09:32,330 plan for the safety and wellbeing of the crew. 172 00:09:32,890 --> 00:09:36,370 A glaring obstacle to Mars One's plans was the substantial 173 00:09:36,370 --> 00:09:40,010 financial requirements. The missions cost was estimated 174 00:09:40,010 --> 00:09:44,010 at a whopping $6 billion. And Mars won in to raise these 175 00:09:44,010 --> 00:09:47,050 funds through a mix of sponsorship, media rights, 176 00:09:47,130 --> 00:09:49,410 crowdfunding and private investments. 177 00:09:49,650 --> 00:09:52,250 However, is the mission progressed, it became evident 178 00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:54,970 that the organization was struggling to generate the 179 00:09:54,970 --> 00:09:58,050 necessary capital. The idea to fund a significant 180 00:09:58,050 --> 00:10:00,490 part of the mission through the sale of media rights, turning 181 00:10:00,490 --> 00:10:04,250 the astronaut selection process and subsequent life on Mars into 182 00:10:04,250 --> 00:10:07,010 a reality show, received a mixed reactions. 183 00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:09,720 But critics argued it trivialized the serious nature 184 00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:12,960 of space exploration and carried ethical implications. 185 00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:15,960 Meanwhile, potential sponsors and investors were hesitant. 186 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:18,960 Aware of the high risks associated with the mission. 187 00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:22,600 The Mars 1 mission proposed to use rockets and spacecraft 188 00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:25,880 available commercially from established aerospace companies. 189 00:10:26,280 --> 00:10:29,000 This meant they didn't have to develop and build their own. 190 00:10:29,340 --> 00:10:32,220 Which would have been an immensely complex and expensive 191 00:10:32,220 --> 00:10:33,900 undertaking. In their initial plan, they 192 00:10:33,900 --> 00:10:37,940 proposed using the Falcon Heavy rocket manufactured by SpaceX to 193 00:10:37,940 --> 00:10:41,180 launch their payloads to Mars. Falcon Heavy is one of the most 194 00:10:41,180 --> 00:10:44,740 powerful operation rockets are in the world, capable of lifting 195 00:10:44,740 --> 00:10:48,500 significant payloads to Mars. For the actual spacecraft, they 196 00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,780 proposed using a modified version of Spacex's Dragon 197 00:10:51,780 --> 00:10:54,500 capsule. The Dragon capsule had already 198 00:10:54,500 --> 00:10:58,180 been used successfully to ferry cargo at this point. 199 00:10:58,530 --> 00:11:01,250 To and from the International Space Station, but there's been 200 00:11:01,250 --> 00:11:05,730 no cruise to the International Space Station when Mars One was 201 00:11:05,770 --> 00:11:07,970 in play. Now, it's important to note that 202 00:11:07,970 --> 00:11:10,850 while Mars One stated their intention to use these vehicles 203 00:11:11,170 --> 00:11:14,210 at the time of the missions cancellations, no contracts had 204 00:11:14,210 --> 00:11:18,650 been signed with NASA or SpaceX or any other aerospace 205 00:11:18,650 --> 00:11:20,850 companies. And for the missions, Lander and 206 00:11:20,850 --> 00:11:24,650 Rover Mars One partnered with Lockheed Martin, which had 207 00:11:24,650 --> 00:11:27,850 extensive experience in building and operating spacecraft. 208 00:11:28,270 --> 00:11:31,710 Or NASA's Mars missions. What are the more ambitious 209 00:11:31,710 --> 00:11:34,710 elements of the Mars One plant was a use of life support system 210 00:11:34,710 --> 00:11:38,110 to manufacture fuel on Mars for the use of vehicles and 211 00:11:38,110 --> 00:11:41,390 machinery which would have required an advanced level of in 212 00:11:41,390 --> 00:11:43,710 situ resource utilization technology. 213 00:11:43,830 --> 00:11:46,550 At the time of the missions proposal, such a system was 214 00:11:46,550 --> 00:11:49,990 still in the development phases and not yet proven. 215 00:11:50,070 --> 00:11:52,750 Now Mars 1 proposed to use existing technology in vehicles 216 00:11:52,750 --> 00:11:55,030 wherever possible. It also relied on several 217 00:11:55,070 --> 00:11:58,810 unproven technologies. Systems at the time, and its 218 00:11:58,810 --> 00:12:01,930 inability to fully address these technological challenges was a 219 00:12:01,930 --> 00:12:04,850 significant factor in the missions ultimate failure. 220 00:12:04,890 --> 00:12:08,330 Mars One hinged on the belief that it could only use existing 221 00:12:08,330 --> 00:12:11,410 technology to create a livable outpost on Mars. 222 00:12:11,610 --> 00:12:14,650 However, this overlooked the significant technological 223 00:12:14,650 --> 00:12:19,210 advances still required for such a mission, the dependency on as 224 00:12:19,210 --> 00:12:22,770 yet unproven technologies for longterm life support and 225 00:12:22,770 --> 00:12:25,440 radiation protection. Was a major concern. 226 00:12:25,560 --> 00:12:28,960 The timeline proposed by Mars One was also criticized as 227 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:31,480 overly optimistic. The plan involves sending 228 00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:35,440 multiple uncrewed missions to set up a habitable environment 229 00:12:35,720 --> 00:12:39,320 and life support systems, all before humans sent foot on Mars. 230 00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:43,000 Now, this timeline, given the complexity of the tasks, seemed 231 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,840 very farfetched, and sending humans on a oneway journey to 232 00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:50,280 Mars raised significant psychological and ethical 233 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:52,770 issues. Mars One applicants were 234 00:12:52,770 --> 00:12:55,770 volunteering not just for an exploration mission, but for a 235 00:12:55,770 --> 00:12:59,690 lifetime on an alien planet. The potential psychological 236 00:12:59,690 --> 00:13:02,450 stress and the ethical implications of sending 237 00:13:02,450 --> 00:13:06,450 individuals on a journey with such high risks and no return 238 00:13:06,690 --> 00:13:09,770 raise serious concerns about the mission's moral standing. 239 00:13:09,890 --> 00:13:13,290 Human spaceflight to Mars presents unique psychological 240 00:13:13,290 --> 00:13:15,900 challenges. An interplanetary journey to 241 00:13:15,900 --> 00:13:19,380 Mars, as proposed by Mars One, would entail an isolation and 242 00:13:19,380 --> 00:13:22,220 confinement period of up to nine months during the voyage, 243 00:13:22,420 --> 00:13:25,420 followed by a potentially permanent state on an alien 244 00:13:25,420 --> 00:13:28,100 planet millions of miles away from Earth. 245 00:13:28,540 --> 00:13:31,700 These conditions can give rise to a host of psychological 246 00:13:31,700 --> 00:13:35,420 issues, including but not limit to loneliness, depression, 247 00:13:35,420 --> 00:13:38,140 anxiety, and interpersonal conflicts. 248 00:13:38,500 --> 00:13:40,700 The isolation from friends, family, and familiar 249 00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:43,500 surroundings can intensify feelings of loneliness. 250 00:13:43,930 --> 00:13:47,490 And can lead to depression, the confinement of the spacecraft 251 00:13:47,770 --> 00:13:51,050 with limited room to move and lack of privacy and create 252 00:13:51,050 --> 00:13:52,970 tension and conflict among the crew. 253 00:13:53,330 --> 00:13:56,650 Prolonged periods of monotony, broken only by high stress 254 00:13:56,650 --> 00:14:00,170 situations, can cause cognitive and behavioral issues. 255 00:14:00,530 --> 00:14:03,730 Furthermore, communication delays with Earth ranging up to 256 00:14:03,730 --> 00:14:07,330 24 minutes round trip, can create feelings of isolation and 257 00:14:07,330 --> 00:14:10,810 frustration and can challenge the crew's problem solving 258 00:14:10,810 --> 00:14:13,220 abilities. Because immediate support or 259 00:14:13,220 --> 00:14:17,340 advice won't be available to them in a pod arrival on Mars, 260 00:14:17,420 --> 00:14:19,540 the astronauts will be faced with a bearing and harsh 261 00:14:19,540 --> 00:14:21,980 environment drastically different from Earth. 262 00:14:22,340 --> 00:14:25,260 This alien landscape, combined with the realization of a 263 00:14:25,260 --> 00:14:28,180 permanent stay, may further exacerbate feelings of 264 00:14:28,180 --> 00:14:30,500 isolation, homesickness and stress. 265 00:14:31,340 --> 00:14:34,100 Astronauts on a mission to Mars will require a unique blend of 266 00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:36,580 skills to cope with these challenges though, including 267 00:14:36,580 --> 00:14:39,900 technical and scientific expertise, excellent problem 268 00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:42,670 solving skills. And robust psychological 269 00:14:42,670 --> 00:14:45,830 resilience, the selection, the training and support of these 270 00:14:45,830 --> 00:14:49,910 pioneers would be paramount to the success of the mission and 271 00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:53,390 the wellbeing of the crew. This all culminates in the 272 00:14:53,470 --> 00:14:59,550 bankruptcy in the end of Mars 1. Mars One went bankrupt in 2019 273 00:14:59,590 --> 00:15:04,430 and it was because Boss Lansrup did a debate against MIT 274 00:15:04,430 --> 00:15:06,310 researchers. So. 275 00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:11,160 US, The cofounder of Mars One and MIT Massachusetts Institute 276 00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:13,560 of Technology researchers had an event. 277 00:15:13,640 --> 00:15:15,960 There was a debate. It revolved around a critical 278 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:20,080 study by MIT graduate students which analyzed the feasibility 279 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:23,400 of the Mars 1 mission plan. They use publicly available 280 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:26,280 information about Mars One and the life support requirements of 281 00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:29,960 a crude mission to Mars. They found out that with the 282 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:32,840 current technology, sustaining life on Mars would be 283 00:15:32,840 --> 00:15:35,840 challenging due to issues. Like the overproduction of 284 00:15:35,920 --> 00:15:38,720 oxygen from plants in the habitat and the need for a 285 00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:41,480 significant number of spare parts for the life support 286 00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:45,280 system in every spots to the study, Boz Landsdorp claimed 287 00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:49,200 that Mars One had solutions to these issues and the criticism 288 00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:52,240 was based on assumptions that did not apply to the missions 289 00:15:52,240 --> 00:15:54,960 plans. Landsdorp did not, however, 290 00:15:55,160 --> 00:15:58,920 provide detailed explanations of counter arguments to all the 291 00:15:58,920 --> 00:16:02,730 points raised by the MIT team. And Landsdorp invited the 292 00:16:02,730 --> 00:16:06,050 researchers for a public debate to discuss these findings. 293 00:16:06,450 --> 00:16:10,290 The debate took place at the 2015 Mars Society Convention, 294 00:16:10,490 --> 00:16:14,290 where the MIT team and Landsdorp presented their points of view. 295 00:16:14,770 --> 00:16:17,610 The debate further highlighted the questions and challenges 296 00:16:17,730 --> 00:16:21,130 around the Mars 1 mission, and the criticism from the MIT team 297 00:16:21,130 --> 00:16:24,450 was a part of broader skepticism that the Mars 1 mission faced 298 00:16:24,450 --> 00:16:26,610 with various scientists, engineers, and space 299 00:16:26,610 --> 00:16:29,130 enthusiasts. The mission was seen as 300 00:16:29,210 --> 00:16:32,660 underestimating the complexity. And cost of a human Mars 301 00:16:32,660 --> 00:16:35,300 mission. These criticisms and challenges, 302 00:16:35,540 --> 00:16:39,500 along with financial difficulties, eventually led to 303 00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:42,140 the demise of the Mars One endeavor.