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Hi everybody, and welcome back 
to the show. 

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Spacex's Starship is the most 
groundbreaking rocket system 

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that's ever happened to 
humanity. 

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But Elon Musk. 
SpaceX relies on a chemical 

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propulsion system for its 
Starship spacecraft, utilizing a

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mix of liquid oxygen and methane
as fuel. 

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Now in contrast, British startup
Pulse, Our Fusion is venturing 

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into a radical new direction in 
the field of aerospace 

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engineering, developing a 
nuclear fusion rocket engine. 

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Now this technology aims to fuse
2 lighter atoms together to 

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create a heavier atom, releasing
an enormous amount of energy in 

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the process. 
And the result of this? 

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It's a journey to Mars that 
could potentially be completed 

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in half the time currently 
achievable by Spacex's Starship.

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Furthermore, Pulsar Fusion is 
pioneering the use of artificial

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intelligence in the realm of 
space propulsion technology. 

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Collaborating with Princeton 
Satellite Systems, Pulsar Fusion

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is using machine learning 
simulations to predict and 

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control the behavior of super 
heated plasma under 

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electromagnetic confinement, an 
essential part of their fusion 

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based engine. 
Now while SpaceX has made 

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significant strides under Musk's
leadership, Pulsar Fusion's 

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innovative approach could 
revolutionize our understanding 

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of interplanetary travel. 
Now, don't go away just yet. 

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We'll be right back with more 
fascinating insights into the 

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future of space travel after 
this quick commercial break. 

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An ambitious British startup is 
breaking new ground in the 

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aerospace sector with a game 
changing approach to space 

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propulsion. 
A Pulsar fusion is at the 

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forefront of developing a 
nuclear fusion rocket engine 

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that could potentially have the 
journey time to Mars. 

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Based in Bletchley, England, 
Pulsar Fusion is committed to 

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developing a propulsion system 
that can reach speeds upwards of

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500,000 mph or 805,000 
kilometers per hour, and it will

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endure the most scorching 
temperatures in the solar 

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system. 
At the heart of this venture 

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lies nuclear fusion. 
This is the same reaction that 

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powers our sun and gives it is 
tremendous energy. 

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Nuclear fusion is a process 
within two lighter atoms 

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combined under high temperature 
and pressure conditions to form 

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a heavier atom, releasing huge 
amounts of energy in the 

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process. 
The scientists globally have 

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lauded the potential of this 
near limitless 0 carbon energy 

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source as the potential 
successor to fossil fuels. 

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Ironically, the applications of 
nuclear fusion as a game changer

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in our quest for cleaner energy 
might first be demonstrated in 

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the depths of deep space before 
we can fully harness it on our 

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home planet of Earth. 
Now space is the ideal 

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environment for fusion with its 
vacuum conditions and the 

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extreme cold, says Richard 
Dinan, the CEO of Pulsar Fusion.

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He said contrary to a ground 
based fusion power station, 

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fusion propulsion for space 
doesn't require an enormous 

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steam turbine. 
And if you can be sourced 

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externally rather than being 
manufactured on site, Dinan 

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plans to channel this energy 
directly into the engine to 

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achieve propulsion, a goal he 
believes is attainable within a 

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short timeline of just about 
four years. 

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And the technical challenges are
immense. 

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But the team at Pulsar Fusion 
remains undeterred. 

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The primary challenge lies in 
successfully confining the Super

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heated plasma within an 
electromagnetic field, explains 

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Doctor James Lambert, chief 
Financial officer at Pulsar 

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Fusion. 
He adds the plasma behaves much 

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like a weather system, 
unpredictable and hard to 

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control under conventional 
techniques. 

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Now, as the plasma heats up to 
hundreds of millions of degrees,

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your reaction simply ceases due 
to the turbulence. 

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However, recent scientific 
breakthroughs have propelled 

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this concept closer to reality. 
In December and milestone was 

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reached with the first fusion 
reaction that produced more 

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energy than it took to initiate,
a feat hailed as one of the most

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impressive scientific 
achievements of the 21st 

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century. 
Now, encouraged by these 

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advances and the promise of 
artificial intelligence, Pulsar 

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Fusion is collaborating with 
Princeton Satellite Systems 

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based in the US, to simulate and
predict plasma behavior under 

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electromagnetic confinement. 
These AI guided machine learning

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simulations will inform the 
rocket engines design process 

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and Pulsar Fusion's roadmap 
includes demonstrating that the 

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rocket can achieve fusion 
temperatures by 2027. 

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If successful, this would 
represent a significant step 

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towards the world's first 
commercially viable fusion based

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engine, they said. 
Our technology could have 

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mission times to Mars and reduce
the flight time to Saturn from 8

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years to just two. 
Ultimately, it could empower 

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humanity to venture beyond our 
solar system. 

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We're going to be shifting our 
focus to X or Twitter. 

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Let's call it Twitter for now. 
Twitter's freshly minted X 

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symbol has hastily removed from 
its San Francisco headquarters 

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on Monday, following city 
official stern reproach for its 

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unpermitted installation. 
The massive attention grabbing 

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sign set high above Twitter's 
building began to flash its 

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presence last week, part of the 
social media giants latest 

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rebranding effort. 
So the San Francisco Department 

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of Building Inspection cited the
company after receiving a flurry

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of 24 complaints, flagging 
concerns about the structure 

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safety in the glare of its 
intense illumination. 

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City regulations demand a 
building permit for the 

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insulation and even the 
dismantling of such a sign, a 

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stipulation overlooked by 
Twitter. 

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Yet due to immediate safety 
concerns, the removal was 

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permitted to proceed, as 
confirmed by Patrick Hannon, the

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department spokesperson to NPR. 
Now the conflict comes on the 

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heels of sweeping changes 
announced by Twitter just last 

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week. 
The removal, which came less 

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than three days after an initial
visit by a city inspector to 

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Twitter's headquarters on 
Friday, indicates escalating 

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tensions between the tech 
company and the city. 

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The inspector responding to the 
city's complaint was called to 

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evaluate the controversial 
rooftop signs adherence to city 

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codes. 
The company's response was less 

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than accommodating, with a 
Twitter representative denying 

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the inspector access. 
The representative, however, 

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stated that the structure was a 
temporary lighted sign for an 

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event, only to be countered by 
the inspectors firm declaration 

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that an unpermitted signage must
be taken down. 

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Repeated attempts at inspection 
were met with continued 

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resistance. 
The second visit to the 

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headquarters on Saturday 
resulted in another denied 

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request for rooftop access. 
Twitter as of yet has not 

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responded for requests for 
comment. 

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Elon Musk, the current Twitter 
owner, however, offered a cheeky

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response to a tweet claiming San
Francisco authorities were 

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attempting to strong arm the 
removal of the X sign. 

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Musk replied with a laughing, 
crying emoji, a dismissal of the

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ongoing drama. 
Now, this isn't the first 

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encounter of regulatory friction
of Twitter in recent days. 

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The company faced reprimands 
from San Francisco with city 

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officials last Monday for 
removing its original signage, 

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which featured its name and I 
Bluebird logo, without securing 

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the necessary permits. 
Furthermore, the city criticized

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the company for neglecting 
pedestrian safety measures such 

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as sectioning off the sidewalk 
during the removal process. 

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The current clash underscores A 
fraught relationship between the

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social media Titan and it's host
city as it embarks on its bold 

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new rebranding journey. 
Thank you so much for listening 

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to the show today and I 
appreciate all of you and all of

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your time. 
So please, if you could take a 

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second and hit the subscribe 
button or the follow button on 

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whatever podcast platform you're
on right now, that would really 

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help out the show and help me 
continue to do these. 

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So thanks again. 
Take care of yourselves and each

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other and I'll see you in the 
next one.