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So we have a two-part lecture 
series to finish Divine Comedy. 

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So today we start Part 1 and 
then next Wednesday we do Part 

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2. 
So Divine Comedy is the most 

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influential work of literature 
in European history. 

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Why? 
Because Dante's comedy will give

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rise to the part of Reformation 
as well as the set of 

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revolution, the Enlightenment, 
Renaissance, basically modernity

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itself. 
OK, so the question is how did 

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Dante accomplish this? 
He accomplished this basically 

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by responding to Virgil. 
OK, so for the longest time, for

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about 1000 years, Virgil was the
most dominant thinker in 

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European history. 
And Virgil's in the AD, which we

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read becomes the basis for 
Augustine. 

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He wrote two major books, 
Confessions and City of God, and

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this will become the basis of 
the Catholic Church. 

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All right, so how did Virgil 
come to become the soul of the 

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Catholic Church with the He came
up with the idea of human 

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nature. 
OK, so Augustine will emphasize 

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the idea of original sin. 
OK, so the original sin was an 

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act of disobedience when Adam 
and Eve ate from the tree of the

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fruit, sorry, the the tree of 
knowledge. 

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OK, they eat the fruit from the 
tree of knowledge and that's an 

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act of disobedience because God 
explicitly said you can do 

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whatever you want in this Garden
of Eden, but don't eat that 

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fruit. 
And they disobeyed God. 

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And Augustine points out that 
what compelled this original sin

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is pride. 
We humans cannot bear to serve 

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God, to be humble before God. 
We seek to overthrow God, and so

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God had no choice but to punish 
us. 

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OK, So what drives this original
sin? 

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What drives this original sin is
that yes, it is true that God, 

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he breathed life into us. 
OK, He breathed life into us so 

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that our soul is the divine 
spark. 

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That is true. 
The problem though is that our 

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bodies are made from dust. 
OK, dust. 

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And as a result, because we are 
dust, we strive for dirty things

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such as lust, pride, gluttony, 
sloth. 

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There's some deadly sins, OK? 
And we can't, we can't help 

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ourselves. 
And the only way to repair the 

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world, the only way for us to 
seek salvation and redemption, 

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the only path to heaven, is 
obedience, OK? 

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What Virgil will call piety. 
And so as long as we are loyal 

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to the Catholic Church, we'll be
fine. 

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The Catholic Church will guide 
us like a shepherd guides his 

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flock to heaven. 
But what's really important to 

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understand is that our nature is
dirty. 

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We are sinful by nature, and 
therefore we can't trust our own

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intuition. 
OK. 

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And maybe this becomes a 
framework for medieval Europe, 

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which lasts about 1000 years. 
And this is what led to 

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something called the Dark Ages, 
when basically the entire world 

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surpassed Europe in terms of 
innovation, wealth, and 

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intellectual creativity. 
So what Don is going to do is 

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he's going to assert the power 
and the truth of individual 

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intuition. 
OK, So the major argument that 

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Don is going to make is that 
yes, it is true that we are made

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of dust. 
It is true that with bodies we 

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seek pleasures. 
But that divine spark in us, it 

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never went away. 
And much more importantly, that 

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divine spark still connects us 
to God. 

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OK. 
So as long as we're able to 

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activate this divine spark, we 
can be imaginative. 

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We can seek true for ourselves. 
We don't need the Catholic 

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Church. 
All right, so Dante, what he's 

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doing is he's asserting the 
primacy of love. 

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We don't need to obey others. 
We don't need the church because

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love if we just activate the 
love with within us, this will 

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connect us back to God and this 
connection will drive our 

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imagination, which will make us 
creative and creativity is the 

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ultimate purpose of the 
universe. 

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OK, So what I what I will do in 
this Part 2 part lecture series 

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is the first part look at 
Virgil, what the argument he's 

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making. 
OK. 

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And then on Wednesday, I will 
conclude with Dante. 

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All right, So any questions so 
far about this framework? 

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OK, So again, the argument, the 
debate, it's very simple. 

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Is human nature fundamentally 
good or bad? 

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OK, If you think it's bad, then 
you need to create a hierarchy 

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to control human behavior. 
But if you like daunted, you're 

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optimistic, then you don't need 
to control human behavior. 

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In fact, you want to encourage 
individual intuition as much as 

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possible. 
OK, so that's a fundamental 

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debate. 
All right, so let's look at the 

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basic structure of the Divine 
Comedy. 

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OK, so we've read the entirety 
of Infernal. 

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OK, And from Infernal, Virgil 
and Dante will go to Purgatory. 

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Where souls will cleanse 
themselves of sins so that they 

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are ready to go to paradise. 
OK, so we're going to look at 

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purgatory today, and then next 
class we'll look at paradise. 

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All right, so Purgatory is 
modeled very much in a very 

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similar way as the Infernal. 
OK. 

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So the wonderful thing about the
Divine Comedy is it's 

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structured, it's very visual. 
So in purgatory, what you do is,

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first of all, you enter 
purgatory, OK, you enter 

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purgatory. 
But the moment you enter 

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purgatory, what an Angel who 
guards the purgatory will do is 

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stamp 7 PS onto you, OK? 
Each P represents a sin, and So 

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what you do is you climb each 
terrace of this mountain, and 

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each terrace has a particular 
sin. 

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OK, so terrace one is pride, 
terrace 2 is envy, terrace 3 is 

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anger, terrace 4 is laziness, 
terrace 5 is covetousness, 

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terrace 6 is gluttony, and 
terrace 7 is lust. 

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OK, so it's almost like the 
inverse of Infernal. 

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And so each time you clear a 
terrorist by absolving yourself,

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by clenching yourself, a 
particular sin AP is removed 

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from your forehead. 
And once you remove all PS, you 

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climb up to essentially the 
Garden of Eden up here. 

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And then up here, what's going 
to happen is that Beatrice is 

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going to descend from Heaven and
pick Dante up so that they can 

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ascend to heaven to gather. 
OK, So Virtual is going to guide

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Dante through the process of 
Purgatory and then leave Dante 

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to Beatrice. 
OK, That's the basic structure 

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of Purgatory. 
Any questions so far? 

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All right, all right, so we're 
going to start reading. 

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OK. 
All right. 

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So again, remember that the 
fundamental difference between 

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Dante and Virtual is that virtue
is ultimately sceptical about 

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human nature, whereas Dante is 
optimistic. 

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OK, so we're we're first going 
to figure out what Virgil's 

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argument is. 
OK, so Ivory can you replaced? 

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And even as I turned towards 
him, I asked what did the spirit

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of Vermont mean when he said 
sharing cannot have a part in 

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his reply? 
He knows the harm that lies in 

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his worst life. 
If he chastises it to ease his 

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expiation, do not wonder. 
For when your lying center on 

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things such as sharing, then 
then proportions less to each, 

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then envy serves the bows of 
your size. 

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But if the love within the 
highest fear should turn your 

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lines heavenward, the fear 
inhabiting your breast would 

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disappear. 
For there the more there are who

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would say ours, so much the 
greater is the good possessed by

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each, so much more love burns in
that cloister. 

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OK, stop. 
OK, all right. 

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So what? 
So that there are in the terrace

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of envy and here people must 
expiate themselves of their envy

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of others. 
And envy comes from misguidance,

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OK, People are focused on the 
material world. 

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And in the material world things
are finite, right? 

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So we struggle over food, over 
water, over wealth. 

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But if we focus on the spiritual
world, if you focus on God, OK, 

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the spiritual, then resources 
are infinite, OK? 

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And in the spiritual world, the 
more you share with others, the 

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more wealth is created, OK? 
Because you're uplifting each 

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other's spirit. 
So that's the difference between

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the mature world and the 
spiritual world, where in the 

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material world, sharing can be 
punished because it's a 0 sum 

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game. 
If someone has an apple, you 

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don't have it. 
If you have that apple, someone 

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else doesn't have it. 
But in the spiritual world, 

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which focus on love, generosity,
forgiveness, the more you love, 

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the more generous you are, the 
more generosity creates in the 

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world, right? 
If you smile at someone, that 

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other person smiles back at you.
You're kind of that person. 

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That person is kind to others. 
All right, So that is the 

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misconception. 
That's why people have envy, 

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because they are ignorant of the
nature of the universe. 

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Envy is sort of a focus on the 
mature world. 

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And to expiate yourself of envy,
you must focus on the spiritual 

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world. 
OK. 

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So here at Virgil and Dante, do 
not disagree. 

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Keep on going. 
I am more hungry now for 

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satisfaction, I said. 
Than I of course it's Dante, 

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right? 
Keep on going. 

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Then if I had held my tongue 
before I hosted you print out 

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within my mind, how can a good 
that's that's shared by more 

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possessors enable each to be 
more rich in it than if that 

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could have been possessed by few
and he to me? 

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But if you still persist in 
letting your mind fix on earthly

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things, then even from true 
light you gather darkness. 

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That good, ineffable and 
infinite, which is above directs

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itself towards love, as light 
directs itself to polished 

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bodies. 
Where ours are is that good 

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gives of itself, and where more 
love is, where more love is 

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there, that good confers a 
greater measure of eternal 

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worth. 
And when there are more souls 

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above who love, there's more to 
love while there, and they love 

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more in mirror, like each soul 
reflects the other. 

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And if my speech is not peace or
hunger, you will see Beatrice. 

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She will fulfill this and all of
the longings that you feel now. 

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Only strive so that the other 
five wounds may be cancelled 

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quickly. 
As as you already are, the 

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wound's contrition heals. 
OK, All right. 

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So what he's saying here is that
this spiritual world is the 

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good, right? 
God, basically. 

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And so the more kindness, the 
more love you generate to other 

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people, they reflect that. 
And that spreads love and 

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kindness all around the 
universe. 

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OK, So one way to visualize this
is something called Indra's net,

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and this is a concept from 
Hinduism and Buddhism. 

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OK, So what is the soul? 
Who are we? 

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Well, we are a Pearl in a 
universe of pearls. 

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OK? 
It's a net. 

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And the thing about a Pearl is 
that it reflects everything. 

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So within us, we've reflect the 
universe. 

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OK, so within us is a universe. 
OK, So do you guys see this? 

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And the idea here is that our 
souls are a fractal of the 

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universe, and therefore, what do
we do? 

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It's reflected throughout the 
entire universe, OK. 

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If this pearls choose a smile, 
every other Pearl reflects that 

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smile. 
If this Pearl chooses to be 

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angry, that the other pearls 
become angry as well. 

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00:14:20,520 --> 00:14:27,840
That's why being sinful or being
good is so important, because 

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literally we have the entire 
fate of the universe in our 

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hearts, OK? 
So again, Dante and Virgil do 

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00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:40,080
not disagree here. 
So you guys understand the 

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00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:41,320
concept here. 
This is very important for 

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Dante, OK? 
And this concept is something 

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that we expanded on when we get 
to paradise, that we are just a 

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reflection of the entire 
universe. 

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All right. 
Can you continue, Ivory? 

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Tell me, my gentle father, what 
offence is purged within the 

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circle we have reached, although
our feet must stop, your words 

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00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:05,360
need not. 
And he to me precisely here the 

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love of good that is too 
typically pursued, is mended 

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here, delays the hour replies 
harder, but so that you may 

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understand more clearly. 
Now turn your mind to me and you

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will gather some useful fruit 
from her. 

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Delaying here, my son. 
There's no creator and no 

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creature, whoever was without 
love, natural or mental, and you

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know that. 
OK, so here the idea of love is 

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just a reflection of God. 
OK? 

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Remember God breathed his life 
into Adam and so we have the 

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aspect of God in US. 
OK, so everything has love in 

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it. 
The question is the degree of 

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love and the question is how 
impact is love in our lives? 

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OK, keep on going. 
Natural is always without error,

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but mental love may choosing 
evil objects, or air throws too 

228
00:15:53,480 --> 00:15:57,240
much or too little bigger. 
As long as it's directed towards

229
00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:00,440
the first good and tends towards
secondary goods with measure, it

230
00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:04,000
cannot be the cause of evil. 
Pleasure booted twists towards 

231
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:07,080
evil or attends to good with 
more or less care than it 

232
00:16:07,080 --> 00:16:09,880
should. 
Those whom he made have worked 

233
00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:11,040
against their Maker. 
Wait, stop. 

234
00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:14,720
OK, so this idea of a duality, 
right, where you get the soul, 

235
00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:19,920
and the soul is pure love and it
comes from the divine and it's 

236
00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:21,800
eternal, therefore it's always 
good. 

237
00:16:22,240 --> 00:16:28,400
The problem is that the soul is 
inside a body, OK? 

238
00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:34,120
The body is made of dust, and as
a result it's constantly 

239
00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:37,360
striving towards evil. 
And so within us, it is 

240
00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:40,840
constantly caught between the 
soul and the body, which seeks 

241
00:16:40,840 --> 00:16:44,200
material pleasures, which 
basically seeks sin. 

242
00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:49,400
All right. 
And again, what Virgil will say 

243
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:54,960
is, honestly, most of us 
basically cannot withstand the 

244
00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:56,800
temptation. 
And that's why we need the 

245
00:16:56,800 --> 00:16:59,200
church and authority and 
obedience. 

246
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:02,920
OK, keep on going. 
From this you see that of 

247
00:17:02,960 --> 00:17:07,720
necessity love is a seed in you 
of every virtue, and of all acts

248
00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:11,200
deserving punishment. 
Now, since love never turned 

249
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:13,560
aside its eyes from the 
well-being of its subject, 

250
00:17:14,079 --> 00:17:16,640
things are surely free from 
hatred of themselves. 

251
00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:20,200
And since no being can be seen 
as self existing and divorced 

252
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:23,440
from the first being, each 
creature is cut off from hating 

253
00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:26,160
him. 
Thus, if I have distinguished 

254
00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:29,600
properly, I'll love must mean to
wish one's neighbor ill. 

255
00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:31,560
And this Love's foreign in three
ways. 

256
00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:35,440
In your clay there's he who, 
through a basement of another, 

257
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:38,640
hopes for supremacy. 
He only longs to see his 

258
00:17:38,640 --> 00:17:42,560
neighbor's excellence cast down.
Then there is one who, when he's

259
00:17:42,560 --> 00:17:47,320
outdone, fears his own loss of 
fame, power, honor, favor, whose

260
00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:49,680
sadness loves misfortune for his
neighbor. 

261
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:53,520
And there is who? 
There is he who, over injury 

262
00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:58,920
received resentful for revenge, 
grows greedy and angrily seeks 

263
00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:01,200
out another's harm. 
OK, all right, so again, the 

264
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:06,200
original sin is a sin of pride. 
OK, So what Virgil is saying 

265
00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:10,400
here is, look, it's impossible 
for you to hate God because God 

266
00:18:10,480 --> 00:18:13,000
is the ultimate good. 
Is it possible for you to hate 

267
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:16,640
yourself? 
So the hate comes from your envy

268
00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:21,160
of others, your pride, the fact 
that you want to stand above 

269
00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,360
other people. 
And if other people are above 

270
00:18:24,360 --> 00:18:27,760
you, then you you conspire 
against them, and that's a 

271
00:18:27,760 --> 00:18:31,040
source of all sin. 
OK, All right, let's come on 

272
00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:37,560
away. 
This threefold love is expedited

273
00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:40,360
here below. 
Now I would have you understand 

274
00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:42,120
the love that seeks the good 
distortedly. 

275
00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:46,400
Each apprehends confusedly a 
good in which the mind may rest 

276
00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:50,000
and longs for it, and thus all 
strive to reach that good. 

277
00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:54,400
But if the love that urges you 
to know it or to reach that good

278
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:59,280
is LAX, this terrorist after 
addresses repentance, punishes 

279
00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:03,320
for that there is a different 
good which does not make men 

280
00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:05,880
glad. 
It is not happiness, is not true

281
00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:07,960
essence, fruit and root of every
good. 

282
00:19:09,040 --> 00:19:14,160
The love that profligately 
yields to that is whipped on 

283
00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:16,960
three terraces, on your three 
terraces above us. 

284
00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:19,760
But I'll not say with three 
shapes that love takes. 

285
00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:22,040
May you seek those distinctions 
for yourself. 

286
00:19:22,440 --> 00:19:28,000
OK, all right, So the purpose of
purgatory is for us to cleanse 

287
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,800
ourselves of our material wants 
and desires, OK? 

288
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,360
To focus on the spiritual, to 
remember where we came from, and

289
00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:39,040
to remember our connection with 
the good that will allow us to 

290
00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:41,520
access heaven at the end. 
OK, keep on going. 

291
00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:46,600
The subtle teacher had completed
his discourse to me attentively 

292
00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:48,960
he watched my eyes to see if I 
seemed satisfied. 

293
00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:53,080
And I still go to buy a new 
thirst was silent without, 

294
00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:56,760
although within I said, Perhaps 
I have displeased him with too 

295
00:19:56,760 --> 00:20:00,480
many questions, But that true 
Father who would recognize the 

296
00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:04,160
timid want I would not tell 
aloud by speaking, gave me 

297
00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:08,160
courage to speak out. 
At which I said, Master, my 

298
00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:09,880
sight is so illumined by your 
light. 

299
00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:12,880
I recognize all that your words 
to clear or analyze. 

300
00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:17,400
Therefore I pray you, gentle 
Father dear, to teach me what 

301
00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:19,880
love is. 
You have reduced to love both 

302
00:20:19,880 --> 00:20:23,240
each good and its opposite. 
OK, so basically what Virgil is 

303
00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:26,400
saying is that love is the 
fundamental force of the 

304
00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:29,160
universe. 
If we move away from love, we do

305
00:20:29,160 --> 00:20:31,240
bad things. 
If we move towards love, we do 

306
00:20:31,240 --> 00:20:34,440
good things. 
OK, so now Donnie is like, then 

307
00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:38,360
tell me exactly what love is. 
Be specific about love, all 

308
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:46,960
right? 
He said, Direct your intellect's

309
00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:50,520
sharp eyes toward me, and let 
the air of blinds who'd served 

310
00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:54,880
service guys be evident to you. 
The soul, which was created 

311
00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:58,440
quick to love, responds to 
everything that pleases just as 

312
00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:00,520
soon as beauty awakens it to 
act. 

313
00:21:01,360 --> 00:21:04,840
Your apprehension draws an image
from a real object and expands 

314
00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:08,760
upon the object until soul is 
turned toward it, and if so 

315
00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:11,120
turned, the soul tends 
steadfastly. 

316
00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:15,080
Then that propensity is love. 
It's nature that joins the soul 

317
00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:19,920
in you, and you through beauty. 
Then just as flames ascend, 

318
00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:23,160
because the form of fire was 
fashioned to fly upwards towards

319
00:21:23,160 --> 00:21:27,000
the stuff of its own sphere, 
where it lasts longest, so does 

320
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:31,160
the soul when seized, move into 
longing emotion of the spirit, 

321
00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,000
never resting till the beloved 
thing has made it joyous. 

322
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:35,160
OK, OK, so this is really 
important. 

323
00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:37,240
OK, so let's try to understand 
what he's saying here. 

324
00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:41,080
So soul comes from the divine, 
OK? 

325
00:21:41,160 --> 00:21:50,080
It is a memory of God, and it is
inside a body, OK, A body that 

326
00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:52,000
allows it to experience the 
world. 

327
00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:56,400
This body confuses its soul, and
the soul is lost. 

328
00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:00,200
And the soul believes that 
whatever is beautiful, I must 

329
00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:01,880
seek, OK. 
So the soul, if you leave it 

330
00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:04,960
alone, it's going to want to 
return to God. 

331
00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:11,800
But if it sees something 
beautiful, OK, it doesn't know 

332
00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:15,400
if it should, if it's good or 
bad, OK. 

333
00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:17,640
All it all it knows is like, I 
want to go to it. 

334
00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:23,120
So what happens is a soul 
expands outwards and tries to 

335
00:22:23,360 --> 00:22:27,000
encompass it. 
And then what it does is it 

336
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:29,840
moves towards it and tries to 
swallow it whole. 

337
00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:37,480
It consumes it, OK, right. 
So think of Ditto and Ineus 

338
00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:44,520
where Ditto sees idiot Ineos in 
the iniad, falls in love with 

339
00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:50,800
him and he must have him. 
OK, he moves towards him and 

340
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:54,720
tries to consume him. 
It drives her insane and the 

341
00:22:54,720 --> 00:22:57,760
moment he leaves her she has to 
kill herself. 

342
00:22:58,440 --> 00:23:00,080
OK so that's the issue with the 
soul. 

343
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:04,600
The soul moves towards what's 
beautiful and doesn't even know 

344
00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:09,200
why it's doing so. 
And when it moves, it tries to 

345
00:23:09,920 --> 00:23:15,000
absorb and consume it. 
OK, because if it because that's

346
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:16,760
what it was trained to do, 
right? 

347
00:23:16,760 --> 00:23:20,360
God created it so that the soul 
would when they return to God. 

348
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:23,520
But because as a body, the soul 
becomes confused. 

349
00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:27,000
And if it sees a beautiful 
woman, the soul is like, I must 

350
00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:29,240
have her. 
I must have sex with her. 

351
00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:31,760
It doesn't matter if I rape her.
It doesn't matter if I marry 

352
00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:32,560
her. 
I don't really care. 

353
00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:34,560
But I must have her. 
I must control her. 

354
00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:36,800
OK? 
I must consume her. 

355
00:23:38,120 --> 00:23:41,880
All right, Keep on going. 
Now you can plainly see how 

356
00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:44,200
deeply hidden truth is from 
suteness. 

357
00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:48,320
Who would insist that every love
is in itself praiseworthy? 

358
00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:51,760
And there let's error by the 
matter of love, because it may 

359
00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:56,320
seem always good, but not each 
seal is fine, although the waxes

360
00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:00,320
your speech and my own wit that 
followed it, I answered him, 

361
00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:04,120
have shown me what love is, but 
that that has filled, filled me 

362
00:24:04,120 --> 00:24:07,280
with still greater doubts. 
For if Love's offered to us from

363
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:11,800
without, and is the only foot 
with which soul walks, soul 

364
00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:14,520
going straight or crooked has no
merit. 

365
00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:18,240
And he to me, what reason can 
can see here? 

366
00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:21,440
I can impart past that for truth
of faith. 

367
00:24:21,720 --> 00:24:25,120
It's beorgeous alone. 
You must await every substantial

368
00:24:25,120 --> 00:24:28,560
form at once, distinct from 
matter and conjoined to it, and 

369
00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:30,920
gathers the force that is 
distinctively it's own. 

370
00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:35,280
The force, unknown to us until 
it acts, is never shown except 

371
00:24:35,520 --> 00:24:39,800
in its effect, just as green 
brats bows display the life 

372
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,520
implants. 
OK, so Tony's confused by this 

373
00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:49,280
formulation because if we are 
trying to consume something that

374
00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:56,360
we love, then how can we know 
what's good and what's evil, 

375
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:58,240
right? 
What's the mechanism that tells 

376
00:24:58,240 --> 00:25:02,120
us what's good and what's evil? 
The source is doing what it must

377
00:25:02,120 --> 00:25:05,440
do, right? 
The soul must seek out what's 

378
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:08,640
beautiful and consume it. 
The soul thinks that whatever is

379
00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:12,400
beautiful must be God. 
But if it gets confused and 

380
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:17,960
think that a woman is beautiful 
and the soul tries to control 

381
00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:20,200
that woman, then it's a bad 
thing, right? 

382
00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:24,440
So why would God create a system
in which you are naturally 

383
00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:30,640
compelled to do evil? 
All right, and come on going. 

384
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,200
And thus man does not know the 
source of his intelligence of 

385
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:40,040
primal notions, and is tending 
towards desires, primal objects.

386
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:44,160
Both are in you, just as in bees
there is the honey making urge. 

387
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:47,960
Such primal will deserves no 
praise and and it deserves no 

388
00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:51,320
blame. 
Now the all other longs may 

389
00:25:51,320 --> 00:25:55,400
conform to this first will. 
There is in you inborn the power

390
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:59,880
that counsels keeper of the 
threshold of your ascent. 

391
00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:03,880
This is the principle on which 
your merit may be judgeth, for 

392
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,760
it garners and winnows good and 
evil longings. 

393
00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:11,160
Those reasoners who reached the 
roots of things learn from this 

394
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:14,200
inborn, Learn of this inborn 
freedom to bequest. 

395
00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:18,240
That thus the left onto the 
world's is ethics. 

396
00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:22,680
Even if we allow necessity of 
source of every love that flames

397
00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:25,760
in you, the power to curb that 
love is still your own. 

398
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,400
This noble power is what 
Beatrice means by free will. 

399
00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:32,920
Therefore remember it if she 
should ever speak of it to. 

400
00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:36,880
You OK the power to curb that 
love is still your own. 

401
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:39,720
This is this is what what free 
will is. 

402
00:26:39,720 --> 00:26:41,600
OK? 
So here's the logic here. 

403
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:47,080
The logic is love is not good or
bad, OK? 

404
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:53,120
It's just natural part of you. 
It's like an animal desires 

405
00:26:53,120 --> 00:26:54,640
food. 
Is that good or bad? 

406
00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:59,240
It's just who we are. 
So in this circumstance, what is

407
00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:02,880
good? 
What is good is our capacity to 

408
00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:08,480
control our emotions, right? 
In other words, obedience is 

409
00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:12,360
good. 
Obedience is what is free will, 

410
00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:19,680
OK? 
If we're able to shift from 

411
00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:26,960
emotions to reason, that is 
good. 

412
00:27:27,120 --> 00:27:31,720
What is reason? 
Reason is the capacity to 

413
00:27:31,920 --> 00:27:37,040
restrain our emotions by a boy 
obeying authority, because it's 

414
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:40,280
only authority that allows us to
control ourselves. 

415
00:27:40,760 --> 00:27:42,080
You know what's right and wrong,
OK. 

416
00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:43,880
And this and this was the 
essence. 

417
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,760
This was the main message of the
INIAC, right? 

418
00:27:47,120 --> 00:27:51,000
Elias is on a mission to found 
the Roman Empire. 

419
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:54,920
He goes from Troy to Carthage to
the Italian peninsula. 

420
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,160
But it's actually a spiritual 
journey because when he starts 

421
00:27:58,160 --> 00:27:59,840
his journey, he's very 
emotional. 

422
00:27:59,920 --> 00:28:04,280
He sees Helen and he wants to 
kill Helen because he thinks 

423
00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:08,240
that Helen is the person who 
caused the destruction of Troy. 

424
00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:11,800
Troy's been destroyed, and Elias
wants to fight the Greeks and 

425
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:15,840
die in the process because he 
wants to save his homeland even 

426
00:28:15,840 --> 00:28:18,760
though it's been destroyed. 
OK, He goes to Carthage, and 

427
00:28:19,360 --> 00:28:21,040
he's not supposed to be at 
Carthage. 

428
00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:23,400
He falls in love of Ditto and he
wants to stay there. 

429
00:28:23,640 --> 00:28:26,280
And each time the gods have to 
come in and says, hey, man, 

430
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:29,200
listen, you have permission to 
do go, go. 

431
00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:32,400
You have to go to Italy in order
to found Rome. 

432
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:34,760
OK. 
So and then towards the end of 

433
00:28:34,760 --> 00:28:41,880
the iniad, Ieneus recognizes his
mission is to obey the gods he 

434
00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:43,840
has. 
He can no longer obey his 

435
00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:46,240
emotions. 
Therefore, at the end when he's 

436
00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:50,160
finding Chernus and Chernus is 
defeated, he wants to show mercy

437
00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:53,400
to Chernus because Chernus has 
become very pitiful. 

438
00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:57,640
But he recognizes, no, I cannot 
allow my emotions sway me, I 

439
00:28:57,640 --> 00:29:01,320
cannot trust my intuition. 
I can never ever show love to 

440
00:29:01,320 --> 00:29:02,840
others. 
I must obey the gods. 

441
00:29:02,840 --> 00:29:06,520
I must obey my mission. 
I must be reasonable. 

442
00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:09,240
And so he kills Turnus. 
And that's how the Iniat ends. 

443
00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:12,920
Okay, does that make sense? 
That is the main argument that 

444
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:17,600
Virgil is making. 
It is not love that defines who 

445
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,520
we are. 
It's reason that defines who we 

446
00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:23,240
are. 
Reason as defined by obedience. 

447
00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:26,960
If we are able to obey, that 
demonstrates our free will. 

448
00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:32,960
OK, all right, so let's let's 
move on to another passage. 

449
00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:36,000
OK, keep on going. 
Natural thirst that could never 

450
00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:39,400
be quenched except by water that
gives grace to drought. 

451
00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:42,920
The simple woman of Samaria 
sought tormented me. 

452
00:29:43,160 --> 00:29:46,200
He spurred me on the path 
crowded with souls behind my 

453
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,640
guide, and I felt pity, though 
their pain was justified. 

454
00:29:50,440 --> 00:29:55,280
And here, even as Luke records 
for us that Christ knew, risen 

455
00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:59,560
from his burial cave, appeared 
to to along his way a shade 

456
00:29:59,560 --> 00:30:02,760
appeared, and he advanced behind
our backs, while we were careful

457
00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:05,160
not to trample on the 
outstretched crowd. 

458
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,640
We do not notice him until he 
had addressed us with God. 

459
00:30:09,640 --> 00:30:13,600
Give you, O my brother's, peace.
We turn at once. 

460
00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:17,680
Then after after offering 
suitable response, Virgil began.

461
00:30:18,480 --> 00:30:22,640
And may that just tribunal, may 
that just tribunal which has 

462
00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:25,960
consigned me to eternal exile, 
place you in peace within the 

463
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:28,520
blessed Assembly. 
OK so what's happening here is 

464
00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:32,320
that Virgil and Doctor are 
making their way up the mountain

465
00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:35,920
OK, And there's seven terraces 
and a soul has to clear all 7 

466
00:30:35,920 --> 00:30:40,000
terraces before the soul can 
enter paradise. 

467
00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:46,080
When a soul is able to complete 
the mission, the entire mountain

468
00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:49,640
shakes OK? 
And there's an earthquake to 

469
00:30:49,640 --> 00:30:53,280
signal that a soul has been 
cleansed of all sins Is now is 

470
00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:55,760
now about to ascend. 
So there's a shade. 

471
00:30:56,360 --> 00:31:01,360
OK, who is in a rush to ascend 
to Heaven because he he's 

472
00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:05,320
cleared all 7 terraces and so 
he's going to rush to heaven. 

473
00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:09,560
It's been 500 years. 
And so he's going to and he so 

474
00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:11,640
he meets Virgil and Dante. 
They're in his way. 

475
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:13,720
And it's like, excuse me, 
please, I'm on my way. 

476
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:21,760
And Virgil's like, OK, sure. 
All right, I'm going. 

477
00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:27,080
What? 
He exclaimed as we move forward 

478
00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:31,280
quickly, if God's not deems you 
worthy of assent, who's guided 

479
00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:35,080
you so far along the stairs. 
If you observe the signs the 

480
00:31:35,080 --> 00:31:38,920
Angel traced upon this man, my 
teacher said you'll see plainly 

481
00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:41,560
he's meant to reign with all the
righteous. 

482
00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:46,680
But but since he, she who spins 
right and night and day had not 

483
00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:51,880
yet spun, spun the spool that 
Clotho sets upon the despass, 

484
00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:55,520
the staff and adjusts for 
everyone, his soul, the sister 

485
00:31:55,520 --> 00:32:00,240
of your soul and mine in in his 
scent, could not alone have 

486
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:02,880
climbed here, for it does not 
see the way we see. 

487
00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:06,960
Therefore I was brought forth 
from Hell's broad draws to guide

488
00:32:06,960 --> 00:32:10,120
him in his going. 
I shall lead him just as far as 

489
00:32:10,120 --> 00:32:14,000
where I teach can reach. 
But tell me, if you can, why 

490
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:17,720
just before the mountain shook 
and shouted, all of it for so it

491
00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:21,800
seemed down to its sea bathed. 
Short OK, so the soul is 

492
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:27,000
confused because if you reach 
this point in the mountain then 

493
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:28,680
you're going to heaven. 
So you'd be going as fast as 

494
00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:34,760
possible and then virtual trying
to explain that actually they 

495
00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:37,640
are not part of purgatory. 
OK, keep on going. 

496
00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:43,320
This question threaded so the 
needles eye of my desire that 

497
00:32:43,320 --> 00:32:46,400
just the hope alone of knowing 
left my thirst more satisfied. 

498
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,480
The other shade began. 
The sanctity of these slopes 

499
00:32:50,680 --> 00:32:54,200
does not suffer anything that's 
without order or uncustomary. 

500
00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:58,960
This place is free from every 
preservation but heaven from 

501
00:32:58,960 --> 00:33:02,160
itself, and in itself receives 
may serve as cause here. 

502
00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:08,040
Nothing else, therefore, no 
rain, no hail, no snow, no dew, 

503
00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:11,520
no hoarfrost, falls here any 
higher than the stairs of entry,

504
00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:16,200
with their 33 brief steps. 
Neither thick clouds nor thin 

505
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,960
appear, nor flash of lightning. 
Thomas's daughter, who so often 

506
00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:23,160
shook place in your world, is 
absent here. 

507
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:26,840
Dry vapor cannot climb any 
higher than to the top of the 

508
00:33:26,840 --> 00:33:30,920
three steps of which I spoke. 
Where Peter's vicar plants his 

509
00:33:30,920 --> 00:33:33,480
feet. 
Below that point there may be 

510
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:37,640
small or ample tremors, but here
above I know not why. 

511
00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:41,600
No one concealed in earth has 
ever caused a tremor, for only 

512
00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:45,200
trembles here when some soul 
feels, is cleansed, so that it 

513
00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:48,200
rises or stirs to climb on high,
and that shot follows. 

514
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:50,960
All right, so the mountain only 
moves if a soul has been 

515
00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:56,080
cleansed, OK. 
The will alone is proof of 

516
00:33:56,080 --> 00:34:00,400
purity and fully free surprises 
soul into a change of dwelling 

517
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:02,320
place effectively. 
OK, so this is a really 

518
00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:08,000
important idea, right? 
So what's driving this cleansing

519
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:11,840
is just a will. 
If you have the will, you can 

520
00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:17,000
always achieve heaven. 
OK, so people in Infernal, the 

521
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:18,639
reason why they're there is they
choose to be there. 

522
00:34:19,280 --> 00:34:21,520
People in purgatory are there 
because they choose to be there 

523
00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:24,480
as well. 
It may take a long time, but if 

524
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:26,440
you have the will, you can 
always cleanse yourself of all 

525
00:34:26,440 --> 00:34:28,480
your sins. 
God is all forgiving. 

526
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:32,320
OK, keep on going. 
Saul had the will to climb 

527
00:34:32,320 --> 00:34:35,320
before, but that will was 
opposed by law, and to do 

528
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:40,400
penance as ones to sin. 
OK, this is very important. 

529
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:44,600
OK guys, the issue is not that 
God has not forgiven us. 

530
00:34:44,719 --> 00:34:46,600
The issue is that we are not 
forgiven ourselves. 

531
00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:50,120
You understand we want to 
dependence in order to make 

532
00:34:50,120 --> 00:34:53,000
ourselves worthy of God. 
OK, keep on going. 

533
00:34:53,960 --> 00:34:57,080
And I, who have lain in the 
suffering 500 years and more, 

534
00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:00,800
just now have felt my free will 
for a better, better threshold. 

535
00:35:01,320 --> 00:35:04,640
Thus you heard the earthquake, 
and the pious spirits throughout

536
00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:08,200
the mountain, as they praise the
Lord, and may He send them 

537
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:11,520
speedily upward, so did He speak
to us. 

538
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,600
And just as joy is greater when 
we quench a great greater 

539
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:17,640
thirst, the joy He brought 
cannot be told in words. 

540
00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:23,120
In my wise guide I now can see 
the next did not impeding you, 

541
00:35:23,520 --> 00:35:27,040
how one slips through and why it
quakes here, and what makes you 

542
00:35:27,040 --> 00:35:30,960
all rejoice. 
And now may you please, please, 

543
00:35:30,960 --> 00:35:34,280
you just tell me who you were, 
and in your words, may I find 

544
00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:35,640
why you've lain here for so 
many. 

545
00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:37,160
Centuries. 
OK, so this is a really 

546
00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:40,320
important correction to Virgil's
understanding, OK, virtual 

547
00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:43,920
beliefs that a soul moves to 
whatever is beautiful. 

548
00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:47,040
OK, so obviously if you're close
to God, you want to go to God as

549
00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:50,240
soon as possible. 
But this person here is saying, 

550
00:35:50,360 --> 00:35:54,200
no, that's not true. 
Actually, the soul, yes, wants 

551
00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:57,240
to move to God, but the soul is 
love. 

552
00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:01,320
If you truly love God, you must 
first love yourself. 

553
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:05,280
That means clenching yourself of
all sins so that you are worthy 

554
00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:10,960
to be with God. 
OK, so love seems to be also 

555
00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:15,040
restraint and judgment, and this
is very different from Virgil, 

556
00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:17,960
who believes that love is 
incapable of restraint and 

557
00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:22,360
judgment. 
OK, It's love that tells you 

558
00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:26,640
that no, I must first forgive 
myself, because if I don't 

559
00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:31,040
forgive myself and I bring any 
doubt, any hatred, any sin to 

560
00:36:31,040 --> 00:36:34,360
heaven, this will be unworthy of
God, OK? 

561
00:36:34,360 --> 00:36:37,360
I must be the Pearl that 
reflects the universe, and 

562
00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:39,680
therefore I must be a perfect 
Pearl. 

563
00:36:40,280 --> 00:36:45,040
OK, keep on going. 
In that age when dwarthy Titus, 

564
00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,760
with help from the highest king,
avenge the wounds from which the

565
00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:52,160
blood that Judas soul had 
flowed, I had sufficient fame. 

566
00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:56,200
Beyond that spirit, replied, I 
bore the name that lasts the 

567
00:36:56,200 --> 00:37:00,200
longest and honors most. 
But faith was not yet mine. 

568
00:37:01,120 --> 00:37:04,880
So gentle was the spirit of my 
verse that Rome drew me, son of 

569
00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:09,320
Toulouse, to her, and there my 
brow deserves a a crown of 

570
00:37:09,320 --> 00:37:12,600
Myrtle on earth. 
My name is still remembered, 

571
00:37:13,080 --> 00:37:16,320
Stadius. 
I sang of Thebes, and then the 

572
00:37:16,320 --> 00:37:19,240
great Achilles. 
I fell along the way of that 

573
00:37:19,240 --> 00:37:22,840
last labor. 
The sparks that warmed me, the 

574
00:37:22,840 --> 00:37:25,560
seeds of my ardour, were from 
the holy fire. 

575
00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:28,880
The same that gave more than 
1000 poets light and flame. 

576
00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:33,640
I speak of the Aeneid when I 
wrote my when I wrote verse, it 

577
00:37:33,640 --> 00:37:35,480
was mother to me. 
It was nurse. 

578
00:37:35,880 --> 00:37:37,960
My work without it would not 
weigh a noun. 

579
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:40,880
And to have lived on earth when 
Virgil lived. 

580
00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:44,040
But for that I would extend by 
one more year at the time I owe 

581
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:45,600
before my exiles end. 
Great. 

582
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:47,640
So Virgil is very impressed by 
this man. 

583
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:49,280
And so Virgil asked, who are 
you? 

584
00:37:49,840 --> 00:37:52,280
And then the person says my name
is Thaddeus. 

585
00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:56,120
OK, you may not know who I am, 
but when Titus was alive, when 

586
00:37:56,120 --> 00:38:00,920
Titus was a Roman emperor who 
lived around 70 CE. 

587
00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:03,640
This is important because Titus 
was the one who destroyed the 

588
00:38:04,680 --> 00:38:10,320
the temple, OK, The Second 
Temple of the Jews, OK. 

589
00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:14,480
So he's a very important figure 
in Christian mythology. 

590
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:18,640
And he's saying that during this
time. 

591
00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:20,800
And this is this is only like, 
you know, 40 years after the 

592
00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:24,080
death of Jesus. 
And Jesus is not very well known

593
00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:28,760
at this point in history. 
Statius says that I was a poet, 

594
00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:32,280
OK, but he, I was a Latin poet. 
And who was my hero? 

595
00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:36,000
Virgil. 
OK, but no. 

596
00:38:36,160 --> 00:38:40,920
But not only is Virgil my my 
hero, the Iniat was my mother. 

597
00:38:41,920 --> 00:38:47,560
She nursed me, she fed me. 
I aspire to be Virgil. 

598
00:38:47,880 --> 00:38:51,520
I want to write the Iniat. 
OK, so now what? 

599
00:38:51,520 --> 00:38:58,080
What happens is you have a 
paradox, a created right where 

600
00:38:58,080 --> 00:39:03,120
we just said that Virgil is in 
hell because he wrote the Iliad 

601
00:39:03,120 --> 00:39:06,760
and because he's proposing a 
theory of love that's not 

602
00:39:06,760 --> 00:39:11,920
consistent with God. 
How is it possible that a son of

603
00:39:11,920 --> 00:39:17,200
his, a student of his name 
status, how is he able to ascend

604
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:21,000
to heaven? 
OK, this is really weird. 

605
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,720
It's a paradox, and we'll see a 
lot of paradoxes in the lion 

606
00:39:23,720 --> 00:39:24,960
comedy. 
They keep on going. 

607
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:32,240
These words made Virgil turn to 
me, and as he turned his face 

608
00:39:32,560 --> 00:39:36,760
through silence said Be still. 
And yet the power of will cannot

609
00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:40,600
do all, for tears and smiles are
both so faithful to the feelings

610
00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:43,440
that have prompted them, that 
true feeling escapes the will 

611
00:39:43,440 --> 00:39:44,480
that would subdue. 
OK, stop. 

612
00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:46,640
OK, right. 
So you have the scene right 

613
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:52,320
where Virgil and Don are talking
to Thaddeus and Thaddeus doesn't

614
00:39:52,320 --> 00:39:56,680
know who they are and having 
this conversation and Virgil's 

615
00:39:56,680 --> 00:40:00,800
saying to Thaddeus, who are you?
And started saying, I admire 

616
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:05,120
Virgil the most. 
And Dante is like, Oh my God, 

617
00:40:05,520 --> 00:40:09,840
wow, Virgil. 
And so Donna feels tremendous 

618
00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:11,800
happiness for both Virgil and 
for Thaddeus. 

619
00:40:12,160 --> 00:40:16,760
Virgil because he's found a fan 
and status because he's found 

620
00:40:16,760 --> 00:40:20,360
his mentor. 
What is strange though, is 

621
00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:23,160
Virgil's reaction. 
Virgil's saying to. 

622
00:40:23,600 --> 00:40:26,080
Dante, shut up, man. 
I know what you want to do. 

623
00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:30,320
I know you want to tell him, but
don't do it. 

624
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:33,560
Keep quiet. 
I don't want him to know who I 

625
00:40:33,560 --> 00:40:36,240
am. 
This is this is a paradox. 

626
00:40:40,280 --> 00:40:42,600
This is a paradox. 
Why would you do that? 

627
00:40:43,280 --> 00:40:46,560
Also remember, Virtual has shown
tremendous respect and 

628
00:40:46,560 --> 00:40:50,360
admiration to Thaddeus for being
able to cleanse himself over his

629
00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:52,240
sins and to be able to ascend to
heaven. 

630
00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:57,560
Right, so Dante is so confused 
by this that he doesn't actually

631
00:40:57,560 --> 00:41:01,680
respond to Virgil's command to 
shut up. 

632
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:05,440
Virgil's Dante is actually going
to tell Stadius that yes, this 

633
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:10,040
is Virgil, man, keep on going. 
But I smiled like a man whose 

634
00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:13,360
eyes would signal. 
At this the shade was silent, 

635
00:41:13,560 --> 00:41:17,240
and he stared where sentiment is
clearest, and my eyes, and said,

636
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:21,800
So may your trying labor, and 
successfully do tell me why. 

637
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:24,760
Just now your face showed me the
flashing of a smile. 

638
00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:29,320
Now I am held by one side and 
the other one keeps me still, 

639
00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:33,760
the other conscious me to speak.
But when therefore I sigh, my 

640
00:41:33,760 --> 00:41:37,920
master knows why and tells me. 
Do not be afraid to speak, but 

641
00:41:37,920 --> 00:41:40,520
speak in answer what he has 
asked you to tell him with such 

642
00:41:40,520 --> 00:41:42,880
earnestness. 
At this I answered. 

643
00:41:43,520 --> 00:41:45,880
Ancient spirit, you perhaps are 
wondering. 

644
00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:49,080
At the smile I smiled, but I 
would have you feel still more 

645
00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:52,160
surprised. 
He who is guide, who leaves my 

646
00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:56,160
eye on high, is, is that same 
Virgil from whom you derive the 

647
00:41:56,160 --> 00:41:58,840
power to sing of men and the and
of the gods. 

648
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,600
Do not suppose my smile had any 
sore spew on the speech he 

649
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:05,560
spoke. 
Be sure it was those words you 

650
00:42:05,560 --> 00:42:09,040
said of him that were the 'cause
now he had been to kiss my 

651
00:42:09,040 --> 00:42:10,960
teacher's feet, but Virgil's 
hurt. 

652
00:42:10,960 --> 00:42:13,680
Told him, Brother, there's no 
need. 

653
00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:17,600
You are a shade. 
A shade is what you see and 

654
00:42:17,640 --> 00:42:21,800
rising he now you can understand
how much love burns in me for 

655
00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:28,040
you when I forget our 
insubstantiality, treating the 

656
00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:29,840
shades as one treats solid 
things. 

657
00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:31,800
OK all right, so so sorry I was 
wrong. 

658
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:35,360
OK So Dante is sort of stuck, 
OK? 

659
00:42:35,360 --> 00:42:38,440
Because he knows he wants to 
tell Thaddeus, but Virgil 

660
00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:41,160
doesn't want him to tell 
Thaddeus. 

661
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:45,320
And then Donnie looks at Virgil 
and Virgil says, fine man, go, 

662
00:42:45,320 --> 00:42:46,120
go tell him. 
OK. 

663
00:42:46,720 --> 00:42:49,080
And as you can see, Status is 
ecstatic. 

664
00:42:49,560 --> 00:42:52,240
And he's so ecstatic that if he 
gets that he's actually just a 

665
00:42:52,240 --> 00:42:55,400
shade, he has no body. 
So he he goes down and kisses 

666
00:42:55,400 --> 00:42:57,600
Virgil's feet. 
And Virgil's like, stop this 

667
00:42:57,600 --> 00:42:58,560
man. 
You're just a shade. 

668
00:42:58,560 --> 00:43:00,760
You're just a shadow. 
You can actually kiss my feet. 

669
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:05,680
And so this shows both Status 
excitement, but also shows 

670
00:43:05,680 --> 00:43:11,040
Virgil's embarrassment. 
He's embarrassed by all this. 

671
00:43:11,040 --> 00:43:15,600
He's mortified. 
In fact, he he is so embarrassed

672
00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:17,760
by all this. 
And this is very confusing. 

673
00:43:18,440 --> 00:43:23,160
You've got this huge fan 
Stadius, and he's a great person

674
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:27,120
and he should be, he should be 
ecstatic about this. 

675
00:43:27,120 --> 00:43:29,840
So why is he so mortified? 
And the logic is this. 

676
00:43:29,840 --> 00:43:37,640
OK, let's imagine that you guys 
take the great books of me, OK? 

677
00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:44,880
And then you go on to America, 
where you go to Harvard and 

678
00:43:44,880 --> 00:43:50,960
become a professor of Dante, OK?
And then you come back and I 

679
00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:54,360
don't, I don't know that you're 
now teaching at Harvard and 

680
00:43:54,360 --> 00:43:55,800
you're teaching Dante, but you 
come back. 

681
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:58,040
I'm still here after 20 years, 
unfortunately. 

682
00:43:58,760 --> 00:44:02,880
And you say to me, Professor 
Jiang, I want to take you out to

683
00:44:02,880 --> 00:44:06,680
lunch because you're such an 
inspiration. 

684
00:44:06,680 --> 00:44:10,160
I was like, OK, sure. 
I'm very happy about this. 

685
00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:12,960
And then I ask you, hey, what 
are you teaching now? 

686
00:44:12,960 --> 00:44:17,000
And you say Harvard. 
I'm like, OK, I I need to go 

687
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:18,280
now, guys. 
OK, see you later. 

688
00:44:18,280 --> 00:44:22,120
OK, so this is what's happening 
here, where status is supposed 

689
00:44:22,120 --> 00:44:26,240
to be lower than Virgil. 
He's supposed to be Virgil 

690
00:44:26,240 --> 00:44:28,920
student. 
But how is it that status is 

691
00:44:28,920 --> 00:44:33,840
able to transcend Virgil? 
Virgil's still stuck in limbo, 

692
00:44:34,120 --> 00:44:37,040
but status is going to heaven. 
OK, what happened? 

693
00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:44,720
All right, keep on going. 
Virgil began Love that's that is

694
00:44:44,720 --> 00:44:48,880
kindled by virtue will in 
another fine reply, as long as 

695
00:44:48,880 --> 00:44:50,640
that Love's flame appears 
without. 

696
00:44:51,240 --> 00:44:55,040
So from the time when juvenile 
descending among us in Hell's 

697
00:44:55,040 --> 00:44:58,080
limbo had made plain the 
pondness that you felt for me, 

698
00:44:58,560 --> 00:45:02,000
my own benevolence towards you 
has been much richer than any 

699
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:05,520
ever given to a person when when
he's not seen thus. 

700
00:45:05,840 --> 00:45:10,280
Now these series seem short, but
tell me and as friend, forgive 

701
00:45:10,280 --> 00:45:13,920
me if excessive candor let's my 
reins relax and as a friend 

702
00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:17,280
exchange your words with me. 
How was it that you found within

703
00:45:17,280 --> 00:45:20,720
your breast a place for avarice 
when you possess the wisdom you 

704
00:45:20,720 --> 00:45:24,200
had nurtured with such care? 
OK, so Juvenile is another poet 

705
00:45:24,440 --> 00:45:26,800
that's a contemporary of 
Stadius. 

706
00:45:27,160 --> 00:45:29,440
OK, so this is really where it's
where Stadius is able to ascend 

707
00:45:29,440 --> 00:45:32,880
to heaven. 
But Juvenile goes to Limbo. 

708
00:45:32,880 --> 00:45:36,480
It's remember, Limbo is a place 
not for bad people. 

709
00:45:37,240 --> 00:45:41,720
It's just is it for people who 
were born before Christ or who 

710
00:45:41,720 --> 00:45:42,920
never really acknowledged 
Christ. 

711
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:46,280
OK, so most people end up in 
limbo. 

712
00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:51,120
And so Virgil's obviously asking
Thaddeus, how did you end up 

713
00:45:51,120 --> 00:45:53,760
here in purgatory when you 
should be in limbo? 

714
00:45:53,920 --> 00:45:56,120
This makes no sense to me, 
right? 

715
00:45:56,120 --> 00:45:59,920
This is destroying Virgil's 
framework for the universe where

716
00:46:00,040 --> 00:46:03,360
you have to believe in God, you 
have to swear it leads to Christ

717
00:46:03,360 --> 00:46:05,360
in order to ascend to heaven. 
OK, keep on going. 

718
00:46:07,240 --> 00:46:10,200
These words at first brought 
something of a smile to Sadius. 

719
00:46:10,520 --> 00:46:14,120
Then he answered. 
Every word you speak to me is a 

720
00:46:14,120 --> 00:46:17,520
dear sign of love. 
Indeed, because true causes are 

721
00:46:17,520 --> 00:46:20,840
concealed, we often face 
deceptive reasoning and and 

722
00:46:20,840 --> 00:46:24,800
things provoke perplexity in us.
Your question makes me sure that

723
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:27,400
you're convinced. 
Perhaps because my circle was 

724
00:46:27,400 --> 00:46:31,520
the 5th, that in my in the life 
I once lived, avarice had been 

725
00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:34,400
my sin. 
Know then that I was far from 

726
00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:36,760
avarice. 
It was my lack of measure. 

727
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:41,480
Thousands of mouths months have 
been have punished, and if I had

728
00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:45,320
not corrected my to corrected my
assessment by my understanding 

729
00:46:45,560 --> 00:46:49,360
what your verses meant when you,
as if enraged by human nature, 

730
00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:52,960
exclaimed. 
Why cannot you, O holy, holy 

731
00:46:52,960 --> 00:46:56,560
hunger for gold, restrain the 
appetite of mortals? 

732
00:46:57,240 --> 00:47:00,480
I now while rolling weights. 
No, sorry, Josts. 

733
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:05,000
Then I became aware that hands 
might open to wide like wings 

734
00:47:05,040 --> 00:47:08,040
and spending. 
And of this, as of my other sin,

735
00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:11,600
I did repent. 
OK, so he's saying yes, I should

736
00:47:12,240 --> 00:47:18,920
be here because of avarice, but 
the issue is not avarice, OK? 

737
00:47:19,200 --> 00:47:23,320
The issue is I don't really 
understand the universe. 

738
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:28,600
OK, so it took me 500 years for 
me to truly understand the 

739
00:47:28,600 --> 00:47:31,320
universe and my place in it. 
I keep on going. 

740
00:47:35,720 --> 00:47:36,520
Sorry. 
Like letting me. 

741
00:47:36,520 --> 00:47:40,760
All right. 
Sorry. 

742
00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:49,440
OK. 
How many arts arise again with 

743
00:47:49,440 --> 00:47:53,200
heads crop close, whom ignorance
prevents from reaching 

744
00:47:53,200 --> 00:47:56,160
repentance in and at the end of 
life. 

745
00:47:57,040 --> 00:47:59,600
And know that when a sin is 
countered by another fault 

746
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:04,120
directly opposite to it, then 
here both sins see their green 

747
00:48:04,120 --> 00:48:06,880
wither. 
Thus I join those who pay for 

748
00:48:06,880 --> 00:48:10,080
Alvarez in my purgation, though 
what brought me here was 

749
00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:15,040
prudigality its opposite. 
Now when you sing the savage 

750
00:48:15,040 --> 00:48:19,000
words of those twin stars of 
Jocasta, said the singer of the 

751
00:48:19,440 --> 00:48:23,600
bucolic poems, it does not seem 
from those notes struck by you 

752
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:26,800
and Cleo there that you would 
yet turn faithful to the faith, 

753
00:48:26,880 --> 00:48:29,320
without which righteous works do
not suffice. 

754
00:48:30,040 --> 00:48:33,320
If that is so, then what sun or 
what candles drew you from 

755
00:48:33,320 --> 00:48:37,240
darkness to so that in their 
wake you set your sails behind 

756
00:48:37,240 --> 00:48:39,480
the fisherman? 
OK, so Virgil's confused by all 

757
00:48:39,480 --> 00:48:41,080
this. 
Like, you're not a Christian. 

758
00:48:41,080 --> 00:48:42,840
Why are you here? 
Keep on going. 

759
00:48:44,520 --> 00:48:47,920
And he to him you were the first
to send me to drink with him, 

760
00:48:48,080 --> 00:48:52,360
Parnassus his caves, and you the
first who, after God enlightened

761
00:48:52,360 --> 00:48:55,240
me, you did. 
As he who goes by night and 

762
00:48:55,240 --> 00:48:58,800
carries the lamp behind him, he 
is of no help to his own self, 

763
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:02,600
but teaches those who follow. 
When you declare it, the ages 

764
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:06,960
are renewed, just as in man's 
first time on earth Return from 

765
00:49:06,960 --> 00:49:11,680
heaven, a new progeny descends. 
Through you I was a poet, and 

766
00:49:11,720 --> 00:49:14,560
through you a Christian. 
But that you may see more 

767
00:49:14,560 --> 00:49:18,720
plainly, I'll set my hand to 
color what I sketch Disseminated

768
00:49:18,720 --> 00:49:20,800
by the messengers of the eternal
Kingdom. 

769
00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:24,480
True faith by then had 
penetrated all the world, and 

770
00:49:24,480 --> 00:49:27,200
the new preachers preached in 
such accord with what you'd 

771
00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:30,120
said. 
And I have just repeated that I 

772
00:49:30,120 --> 00:49:34,080
was drawn into frequenting them.
Then they appeared to me to be 

773
00:49:34,080 --> 00:49:39,120
so saintly that that when 
Domitian, Domitian persecuted 

774
00:49:39,120 --> 00:49:43,440
them, my own laments accompanied
their grief, and while I could, 

775
00:49:43,760 --> 00:49:47,760
as long as I had life, I helped 
them, and their honest practices

776
00:49:47,760 --> 00:49:49,680
made me the stainful of all 
other sects. 

777
00:49:49,960 --> 00:49:55,040
OK, so again, Virgil's asking 
sadists like, how are you here? 

778
00:49:55,040 --> 00:49:58,880
You're not a Christian. 
And what sadist is saying is 

779
00:49:58,880 --> 00:50:03,120
like, yes, it's true that I 
never publicly converted to 

780
00:50:03,120 --> 00:50:07,320
Christianity, but I was always, 
I was always sympathetic towards

781
00:50:07,680 --> 00:50:10,800
Christianity. 
And it's your book, The Iniad, 

782
00:50:11,880 --> 00:50:17,760
in which made me convinced that 
Christianity is a good religion.

783
00:50:17,760 --> 00:50:21,640
OK, for you our support and for 
you a Christian, right? 

784
00:50:21,640 --> 00:50:32,240
But but really sad that Virgil's
Iliad goes against the teachings

785
00:50:32,240 --> 00:50:35,920
of the universe. 
So what this is telling us is 

786
00:50:35,920 --> 00:50:41,800
that Statius purposely misread 
Virgil. 

787
00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:47,840
He loved Virgil for for his 
poetry, but instead of believing

788
00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:53,280
Virgil, he, in his heart chose 
to believe in himself. 

789
00:50:54,160 --> 00:50:56,560
OK. 
He trusted his own intuition, 

790
00:50:57,240 --> 00:51:04,320
and that's what saved him. 
All right, keep on going. 

791
00:51:06,720 --> 00:51:10,280
Before, within my poem, I led 
the Greeks onto the streams of 

792
00:51:10,320 --> 00:51:13,840
Thebes. 
I was baptized, but out of fear.

793
00:51:13,840 --> 00:51:18,120
I was a secret Christian and for
a long time showed myself as 

794
00:51:18,120 --> 00:51:20,480
Pagan. 
For this half heartedness for 

795
00:51:20,480 --> 00:51:23,440
more than 4 centuries a circle 
to 4th circle. 

796
00:51:24,200 --> 00:51:26,960
And now may you who lifted up 
the lid that hid from me the 

797
00:51:26,960 --> 00:51:30,640
good of which I speak, while 
time has left us as we climbed, 

798
00:51:31,160 --> 00:51:36,680
tell me where is our ancient 
Terrance and calculus and plot 

799
00:51:36,680 --> 00:51:38,320
Plotus? 
Where is various? 

800
00:51:38,320 --> 00:51:41,920
If you know, tell me if they 
were damned and in what quarter.

801
00:51:42,760 --> 00:51:47,360
All these and Perseus, I and 
many others, my God replied, are

802
00:51:47,360 --> 00:51:50,000
with that Greek to whom the 
Muses gave their gifts in 

803
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:53,520
greatest measure. 
Our place as the as the blind 

804
00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:56,800
prison, it's 1st circle. 
And there we often talk about 

805
00:51:56,800 --> 00:51:59,600
the mountain where those who are
nurses always dwell. 

806
00:51:59,600 --> 00:52:01,960
OK, stop. 
OK, All right, so status is 

807
00:52:01,960 --> 00:52:04,720
saying I was a secret Christian.
OK, so I was secretly baptized 

808
00:52:04,720 --> 00:52:06,520
and I became a secret Christian.
But if you're a secret 

809
00:52:06,520 --> 00:52:08,280
Christian, are you really a 
Christian? 

810
00:52:09,440 --> 00:52:15,080
So again, there are many ways 
that you can interpret this, OK?

811
00:52:15,520 --> 00:52:20,840
But obviously this is a paradox 
and this is confusing Virgil, 

812
00:52:21,760 --> 00:52:25,800
and it's telling us that maybe 
even that Virgil says is not 

813
00:52:25,800 --> 00:52:29,680
correct. 
OK, this is actually suddenly 

814
00:52:30,360 --> 00:52:33,400
and with nuance undermining the 
argument of Virgil. 

815
00:52:34,240 --> 00:52:39,720
OK, All right, so now we are 
moving towards the final, a part

816
00:52:39,720 --> 00:52:44,880
of our toy when Dante is able to
ascend to the mountaintop where 

817
00:52:44,880 --> 00:52:50,240
Beatrice will come and meet him.
OK, keep on going. 

818
00:52:53,280 --> 00:52:56,720
I have a time seen all the 
eastern sky becoming rose as 

819
00:52:56,720 --> 00:53:00,080
they begin seeing the door ends 
and will be blue the rest of 

820
00:53:00,080 --> 00:53:04,800
heaven, and seeing the sun's 
face rise so veiled that it was 

821
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:07,520
tempered by the mist, and could 
permit the eye to look at blank 

822
00:53:07,520 --> 00:53:10,240
upon it. 
So within a cloud of flowers 

823
00:53:10,240 --> 00:53:13,480
that were cast by the angelic 
hands, and then rose up and then

824
00:53:13,480 --> 00:53:16,840
fell back. 
Outside in the chariot a woman 

825
00:53:16,840 --> 00:53:19,520
showed herself to me above a 
white veal. 

826
00:53:19,720 --> 00:53:23,760
She was crowned with olive bows.
Her cave was green, her dress, 

827
00:53:24,120 --> 00:53:27,640
her dress beneath flame red 
within her presence. 

828
00:53:27,640 --> 00:53:31,880
I had once been used to feeling 
trembling, wonder, dissolution, 

829
00:53:32,240 --> 00:53:36,040
but that was long ago. 
Still, though my soul, now she 

830
00:53:36,040 --> 00:53:39,320
was viewed, could not see her 
directly, by way of hidden force

831
00:53:39,320 --> 00:53:42,200
that she could move, I felt the 
mighty power of old love. 

832
00:53:42,320 --> 00:53:45,880
OK, so Donna has not seen 
Beatriz in a long time in 

833
00:53:45,880 --> 00:53:50,080
decades. 
And his his heart has loved 

834
00:53:50,680 --> 00:53:56,360
Beatriz all his life. 
And so he's really excited that 

835
00:53:56,360 --> 00:54:00,600
Beatriz is before him. 
OK his entire body shakes and 

836
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:06,000
his first response is he wants 
Virgil to share in his happiness

837
00:54:06,480 --> 00:54:08,840
because he owes everything to 
Virgil. 

838
00:54:08,840 --> 00:54:12,240
It's Virgil that brought him 
through Infernal and brought him

839
00:54:12,240 --> 00:54:15,680
through purgatory so that he may
finish his journey with 

840
00:54:15,840 --> 00:54:18,920
Beatrice. 
OK so that's what Donnie wants. 

841
00:54:18,920 --> 00:54:23,560
He wants to share his happiness 
with his teacher Virgil. 

842
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:27,640
Keep on going as. 
Soon as that deep force has 

843
00:54:27,640 --> 00:54:31,160
struck my vision, the power that
when I had not yet left my 

844
00:54:31,160 --> 00:54:35,120
boyhood had already transfixed 
me, I turned around into my 

845
00:54:35,120 --> 00:54:39,080
left, just as a little child, 
afraid or in distress, will 

846
00:54:39,080 --> 00:54:43,800
hurry to his mother anxiously to
say to Virgil, I am left with 

847
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:46,240
less than one drop of my blood 
that does not tremble. 

848
00:54:46,760 --> 00:54:49,120
I recognize the the signs of the
old flame. 

849
00:54:49,920 --> 00:54:51,880
But Virgil had deprived us of 
himself. 

850
00:54:52,480 --> 00:54:56,880
Virgil, the gentlest father, 
Virgil, he to whom I gave myself

851
00:54:56,880 --> 00:54:59,800
for my salvation. 
And even all our ancient mother 

852
00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:01,840
lost was not enough to keep my 
cheeks. 

853
00:55:02,240 --> 00:55:05,000
The wash would do from darkening
again with tears. 

854
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:10,200
OK, so he is extremely happy. 
He's ecstatic to see Beatrice. 

855
00:55:10,440 --> 00:55:13,920
He turns to Virgil, and he is 
assuming that Virgil is beside 

856
00:55:13,920 --> 00:55:16,200
him. 
And he says he wants to tell him

857
00:55:16,200 --> 00:55:18,960
how happy he is. 
And then when he sees that 

858
00:55:18,960 --> 00:55:24,920
Virgil is not there, Virgil's 
has disappeared, he becomes 

859
00:55:25,040 --> 00:55:28,520
despondent. 
His ecstasy becomes a 

860
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:32,840
depression, OK. 
That's how high he's got and 

861
00:55:32,840 --> 00:55:37,040
that's how low he's fallen. 
Because all you want is she sure

862
00:55:37,040 --> 00:55:40,840
is happiness with Virgil. 
But Virgil has run away. 

863
00:55:41,160 --> 00:55:45,280
So this is a paradox again, OK. 
The divine calmly is nothing but

864
00:55:45,320 --> 00:55:49,960
paradoxes. 
Why did Virgil run away? 

865
00:55:51,120 --> 00:55:54,120
Right. 
OK, this makes absolutely no 

866
00:55:54,120 --> 00:55:57,400
sense. 
First of all, Virgil should be 

867
00:55:57,400 --> 00:56:01,520
proud and happy for Dante, 
right? 

868
00:56:02,040 --> 00:56:04,680
He loves Dante. 
Dante wants to be with Beatrice 

869
00:56:04,680 --> 00:56:06,840
again, and Virgil made it 
happen. 

870
00:56:07,800 --> 00:56:11,640
You would think that he would 
want to see Dante and Beatrice 

871
00:56:11,720 --> 00:56:14,440
together again. 
OK, that's one problem. 

872
00:56:14,560 --> 00:56:21,280
Another problem is that Beatrice
was the one who asked Virgil to 

873
00:56:21,280 --> 00:56:26,040
take Dante on this journey. 
So Beatrice owes him a favor. 

874
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:32,720
And you would think that Virgil 
can say, hey, Beatrice, I did 

875
00:56:32,720 --> 00:56:35,200
you this favor, so maybe you can
do me a favor and like get me to

876
00:56:35,200 --> 00:56:39,560
heaven, right? 
This is like really strange. 

877
00:56:39,960 --> 00:56:48,080
And the third problem is that 
this is, like, really awkward. 

878
00:56:48,080 --> 00:56:50,800
OK? 
This is like, really strange. 

879
00:56:53,040 --> 00:56:55,840
The least you can do is 
basically say to Beatrice, 

880
00:56:55,840 --> 00:56:59,920
listen, I brought Dante here, 
and now he's yours, OK? 

881
00:56:59,920 --> 00:57:03,480
That's a polite thing to do. 
And it's like, not typical of 

882
00:57:04,880 --> 00:57:07,800
Virgil. 
So this leads, this leads a huge

883
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:13,080
question in our mind as to why 
Virgil did this. 

884
00:57:13,560 --> 00:57:18,880
OK, keep, keep on going. 
Dante, though Virgil's leaving 

885
00:57:18,880 --> 00:57:21,520
you do not yet weep. 
Do not weep yet. 

886
00:57:21,880 --> 00:57:24,720
You'll need your tears for what 
another sword must yet inflict. 

887
00:57:25,600 --> 00:57:28,720
Just like an admirable who goes 
to stern and proud to see the 

888
00:57:28,720 --> 00:57:32,120
officers who guide the other 
ships, encouraging their tasks. 

889
00:57:32,560 --> 00:57:36,000
So on the left side of the 
chariot I turn around when I 

890
00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:38,840
heard my name, which of 
necessity I transcribe. 

891
00:57:38,840 --> 00:57:42,360
Here I saw the lady who had 
first appeared to me beneath the

892
00:57:42,360 --> 00:57:45,520
veils of the angelic flowers 
look at me across the stream, 

893
00:57:46,360 --> 00:57:47,520
Although the veil she. 
Wait. 

894
00:57:47,520 --> 00:57:47,840
Stop. 
OK. 

895
00:57:47,840 --> 00:57:49,880
All right. 
OK, So what's even strangers? 

896
00:57:49,880 --> 00:57:53,080
Beatrice is saying to Dante. 
Virgil's gone. 

897
00:57:53,360 --> 00:57:55,880
Forget him. 
He's not important. 

898
00:57:55,920 --> 00:57:58,240
What's important is your mission
in Paradise. 

899
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:00,080
Focus on that. 
Dante. 

900
00:58:00,520 --> 00:58:04,240
Let's forget Virgil. 
All right, let's forget him. 

901
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:13,080
And this creates a huge paradox 
in our minds. 

902
00:58:13,960 --> 00:58:18,480
What is going on here? 
Why did Virgil run away? 

903
00:58:19,440 --> 00:58:24,800
OK, and again, you can interpret
this as many ways as you want, 

904
00:58:25,080 --> 00:58:26,800
and there's no right or wrong 
answer. 

905
00:58:26,880 --> 00:58:32,040
But one interpretation is that 
Virgil is first and foremost. 

906
00:58:33,960 --> 00:58:38,840
He believes he is right. 
He is in hell because he 

907
00:58:38,840 --> 00:58:41,120
believes that he should be 
there. 

908
00:58:42,480 --> 00:58:44,960
No one put him there. 
He should put himself there and 

909
00:58:44,960 --> 00:58:52,040
he believes he should be there 
because God can only let in 

910
00:58:52,120 --> 00:58:57,560
those who are Christians, OK? 
And along the way we discover 

911
00:58:57,560 --> 00:59:01,720
that's not actually true. 
Cato, who is not a Christian, is

912
00:59:01,720 --> 00:59:05,160
a guardian of Purgatory. 
Statius, who is a singer 

913
00:59:05,160 --> 00:59:09,360
Christian, he's able to ascend 
to heaven. 

914
00:59:09,440 --> 00:59:12,240
So clearly Virgil's framework is
wrong. 

915
00:59:13,160 --> 00:59:17,480
Virgil does not want to see 
Dante and Beatrice together 

916
00:59:17,480 --> 00:59:20,400
again. 
OK, Because the relation between

917
00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:28,440
Dante and Beatrice is the 
opposite of the relationship 

918
00:59:28,440 --> 00:59:35,240
between Virgil and Ditto, OK? 
Both are literary creations. 

919
00:59:35,760 --> 00:59:42,280
The difference is that Dante put
Beatrice into Paradise, whereas 

920
00:59:42,280 --> 00:59:45,640
Virgil put Ditto into Hell. 
Right? 

921
00:59:46,160 --> 00:59:54,200
In The Infernal, Dante believes 
that love is fundamentally about

922
00:59:54,320 --> 00:59:59,480
giving, whereas Virgil believes 
that love is fundamental about 

923
00:59:59,480 --> 01:00:04,360
receiving and conquering. 
OK, so these are two major 

924
01:00:04,360 --> 01:00:12,320
economies and Virgil does not 
want to see the power of Dante's

925
01:00:12,320 --> 01:00:15,480
love for Beatrice. 
Where Beatrice rejected him, 

926
01:00:15,880 --> 01:00:20,680
Beatrice was never with him. 
But Dante loved, kept on loving.

927
01:00:21,240 --> 01:00:26,680
Her OK, Dante was willing to 
give, he understood that living 

928
01:00:26,680 --> 01:00:30,640
that true love is about sharing,
it's about bestowing, it's about

929
01:00:30,640 --> 01:00:34,080
giving yourself. 
Whereas Virgil has always 

930
01:00:34,080 --> 01:00:38,440
claimed that love is about 
taking, about consuming, about 

931
01:00:38,440 --> 01:00:43,880
controlling. 
OK, so that's why Virgil had to 

932
01:00:43,880 --> 01:00:50,120
leave because he did not want to
be wrong, OK? 

933
01:00:51,320 --> 01:00:53,840
He did not want his worldview to
be destroyed. 

934
01:00:54,000 --> 01:01:00,520
So he would rather burn in hell 
for of eternity than to say I am

935
01:01:00,520 --> 01:01:03,280
wrong. 
OK All right. 

936
01:01:03,280 --> 01:01:05,600
Any questions? 
All right. 

937
01:01:05,600 --> 01:01:07,760
So we will finish in line calmly
next Wednesday.