1 00:00:06,680 --> 00:00:11,800 We conclude Virgil's the Iniad today and as we've discussed, 2 00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:28,400 Virgil is very much the anti Homer and So what the Iniad is, 3 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:34,000 it's really a response to the Iliad and the Odyssey. 4 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:39,760 Remember Homer believes that love is the unifying force of 5 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:42,320 the universe. It is a centre is what gives you 6 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:44,480 life. It's what gives you purpose and 7 00:00:44,480 --> 00:00:51,240 hope for a virtual what matters is the idea of piety or 8 00:00:51,280 --> 00:00:58,840 obedience to the gods and to your father. 9 00:00:59,960 --> 00:01:06,880 And as we discussed, Virgil sets up a very stark contrast between 10 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:10,960 love and piety, where they are competing forces. 11 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:14,960 You cannot love and be pious at the same time. 12 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:23,000 And piety is ultimately the the main centralizing force of the 13 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:25,720 universe. If you are pious, if you obey 14 00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:30,240 the gods, then the world will be right, because the gods have a 15 00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:36,600 divine plan for the world. And in the case of the ENIAC, it 16 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:43,840 is the founding of the empire of Rome, which is Ieneas's mission 17 00:01:44,080 --> 00:01:48,000 and purpose. And so our role, our 18 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:54,040 responsibility, our duty in life is just to follow this path of 19 00:01:54,040 --> 00:02:02,000 the gods and then the world will be perfect, OK, This will the 20 00:02:02,360 --> 00:02:08,160 the ENIAC will create the Roman Empire, which will then become 21 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:13,520 the Catholic Church. And the Catholic Church will 22 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:16,840 rule for over 1000 years, OK, the Millennium. 23 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:24,560 And during this thousand years, it is a time of conformity of 24 00:02:24,560 --> 00:02:28,560 second nation. And it is because in this time, 25 00:02:29,440 --> 00:02:34,720 what is often referred to as a dark ages, Virgil becomes the 26 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:38,600 God of the Catholic Church, the central organizing force. 27 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:43,560 Why? Because every children, sorry, 28 00:02:43,560 --> 00:02:47,880 every child of the elite memorizes the in the act. 29 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:53,960 And so every child perceives a world for the lens of the Iniat. 30 00:02:54,640 --> 00:02:59,800 And So what happened is to destroy this empire. 31 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:03,520 A man will emerge to liberate the human imagination. 32 00:03:03,680 --> 00:03:05,240 And his name, of course, is Dante, right? 33 00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:09,960 And Dante will destroy the Roman Empire and the Catholic Church 34 00:03:10,160 --> 00:03:13,040 with his masterpiece, Divine Comedy. 35 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:17,720 We will spend the rest of the semester reading the Divine 36 00:03:17,720 --> 00:03:19,160 Comedy. It's not something you can read 37 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:20,800 by yourself. There's actually no point. 38 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:23,320 You know, if I just give it to you and it's like, go read it, 39 00:03:23,560 --> 00:03:26,440 it will make no sense to you. We have to go through line by 40 00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:30,520 line, word by word for you to understand the Divine Comedy 41 00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:34,600 because not only is it poetry, but it's philosophy. 42 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:41,760 And what poets will tell you is that a poem is this truth told 43 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:44,680 with as few beautiful words as possible. 44 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:48,520 So it could just be a few lines, but it could take you a lifetime 45 00:03:48,520 --> 00:03:53,080 to fully understand the true meaning of these lines. 46 00:03:53,080 --> 00:03:54,640 And that is what the Divine Comedy is. 47 00:03:54,640 --> 00:04:00,000 It's a very, it's an epic poem, but each paragraph, each sent, 48 00:04:00,280 --> 00:04:06,120 each each line is a truth, an eternal truth onto itself. 49 00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:12,400 OK, so we'll read Divine Comedy line by line and we'll try to 50 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:16,519 really understand it. But again, the point of this 51 00:04:16,519 --> 00:04:21,480 class is not to tell you what the book great books are. 52 00:04:21,480 --> 00:04:25,240 The the entire point of the class is to get you excited 53 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:29,760 about ending a journey that is great books that will that will 54 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:34,080 take your entire lifetime. OK, it will take your entire 55 00:04:34,080 --> 00:04:40,160 lifetime to appreciate the the genius of these great books and 56 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:43,560 this class is is meant to be a starting point. 57 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:47,000 OK, so do not think at the end of of this class. 58 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:50,480 Oh, I've read homework, I've read virtual, I've read Dante, 59 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:53,920 so I know the great books. No, OK, this is just the 60 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:57,080 beginning. All right, so where we are in 61 00:04:57,080 --> 00:05:06,280 the story of the Iniad is that Inias gets gets shipwrecked and 62 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:11,480 he becomes a a guest of Ditto, the queen of Carthage, and the 63 00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:14,000 two fall in love. Ditto falls in love with the 64 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:20,200 fact that Ineos is not just a great warrior and very handsome, 65 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:22,720 but also because he's a great storyteller. 66 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:29,520 He tells her the story of the fall of Troy and the two fall in 67 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:34,600 love, and Ditto has his burning passion for Ineos and the gods 68 00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:41,240 and the gods. Basically, Juno wants to thwart 69 00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:45,680 the possibility of the rise of the Roman Empire, and so she 70 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:50,680 conspires to have Ditto and Indians consummate their passion 71 00:05:50,680 --> 00:05:52,680 for each other and then they get married. 72 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:58,680 But then Joel, the king of gods, finds out about this and says, 73 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:02,400 no, no, no, this is not part of the plan. 74 00:06:02,960 --> 00:06:06,640 It is is not supposed to fall in love with Ditto, stay in 75 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:08,960 Carthage and build the Carthage Empire. 76 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:13,640 He's supposed to go to Rome. So he sends Mercury, the 77 00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:21,120 messenger of the gods, down to Inez and tells him, hey, man, 78 00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:25,480 what are you doing? This is not your duty. 79 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:33,600 Do your duty. OK, so this is where we are in 80 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:36,480 the story. OK, so let us read. 81 00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:40,040 OK, Ivory could. You read. 82 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:42,160 Please. Mercury lashes out at once. 83 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:46,160 You So now you lay foundation stones for the soaring walls of 84 00:06:46,160 --> 00:06:51,120 Carthage, building her gorgeous city doting on your wife, blind 85 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:53,720 to your own realm, oblivious to your fate. 86 00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:57,240 The king of the gods, whose power sways earth and sky. 87 00:06:57,720 --> 00:07:01,360 He is the one who sends me down from brilliant Olympus, bearing 88 00:07:01,360 --> 00:07:03,720 commands for you through the racing winds. 89 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:07,920 What are you plotting now? Wasting time in Libya, would 90 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:12,320 hope, misleads you so if such a glorious destiny cannot fire 91 00:07:12,320 --> 00:07:15,920 your spirit, if you will not shoulder the task for your own 92 00:07:15,920 --> 00:07:18,920 fame, at least. Remember, Eskini is rising into 93 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:21,640 his prime. The hopes you lodge in Elias, 94 00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:23,480 your only heir. OK, all right. 95 00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:28,040 So Eskinias, of course, is Elias's father and Elias is the 96 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:32,120 son. OK, who will inherit the legacy? 97 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,600 You owe him Italy's realm, the land of Rome. 98 00:07:37,400 --> 00:07:40,760 This order still on his lips, the God vanished from sight into 99 00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:43,240 empty air. Then Aeneas was truly 100 00:07:43,240 --> 00:07:46,720 overwhelmed by the vision. Stunned, his hackles bristle 101 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:49,160 with fear. His voice chokes in his throat. 102 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:52,800 He yearns to be gone, to desert this land he loves, 103 00:07:53,360 --> 00:07:56,120 thunderstruck by the warnings. Jupiter's command. 104 00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:59,400 But what can you do? What can you dare say now to the 105 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:01,720 Queen in all her fury and win her over? 106 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:06,960 Where to where to begin with opening thoughts racing here? 107 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:11,000 They're probing his options, turning to this plan, that plan 108 00:08:11,280 --> 00:08:14,720 torn in two. Until as wits end, this answer 109 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:20,160 seems the best. OK so again Virgio is the anti 110 00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:26,160 Homer and what I mean by that is that if Homer were writing this 111 00:08:26,480 --> 00:08:31,800 then what Homer would emphasize is how emotional, emotionally 112 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:36,080 conflicted it is is because he loves. 113 00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:39,520 Ditto. He does not want to go for 114 00:08:39,520 --> 00:08:44,560 Homer. Love is above the gods, and what 115 00:08:44,560 --> 00:08:47,720 a human is, is someone who aspires to love. 116 00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:51,640 And when we divide comedy, what we will discover is this. 117 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:56,360 The reason why is because God is love, OK? 118 00:08:57,840 --> 00:09:03,600 And there's an aspect of God in us, a candle that strives to 119 00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:07,360 return to the light. And so we seek love. 120 00:09:07,960 --> 00:09:12,320 And so for homework, doing a choice between going to Rome and 121 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:15,720 finding a great empire or staying in Carthage and being 122 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:19,960 with Ditto, obviously you choose Ditto because that is the path 123 00:09:20,320 --> 00:09:23,160 to God, right? And that's what happened in the 124 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:27,160 Odyssey, where Odysseus had an opportunity to stay with Calypso 125 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:33,000 and have and live forever. But he chooses to return to 126 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:35,880 Penelope. And when he returns Penelope, 127 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:38,760 Penelope asked him, will you ever leave me again? 128 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:41,520 And he says never again. Why leave you? 129 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:45,000 Because this is my home. Love is where my heart is. 130 00:09:45,680 --> 00:09:51,680 OK, so this is the so, but what the conflict is in India is is 131 00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:54,600 OK, I will get the hell out of here. 132 00:09:54,880 --> 00:09:59,040 I've reason with fear because what I fear most is the anger of 133 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:01,840 the gods. What I must do is be loyal to 134 00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:06,160 the gods and heed their command. So screw love, I don't need 135 00:10:06,160 --> 00:10:08,200 this. But there's a problem, which is 136 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:12,800 how do I actually tell Ditto, right? 137 00:10:13,080 --> 00:10:15,600 That's a conflict. Not Should I leave? 138 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:17,360 Ditto. But like, how do I get out of 139 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:20,520 here without her bitching at me? All right. 140 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:23,480 And So what does he decide to do? 141 00:10:23,560 --> 00:10:27,520 He decides I won't tell her. Yeah, that's it. 142 00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:31,680 I'll pretend this didn't happen. And then at night, I will just 143 00:10:31,680 --> 00:10:35,360 sneak away. And then, well, who cares what 144 00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:37,200 happens afterwards? All right? 145 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:40,480 So this is. So the thing to notice is this 146 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:45,800 is not human, OK? There is nothing human about 147 00:10:45,840 --> 00:10:48,880 Ineos. What he is is he's he's like a 148 00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:56,120 walking phallus almost. He's like James Bond, man. 149 00:10:56,120 --> 00:11:02,800 You know, he goes around, does his mission, sleeps with a lot 150 00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:09,120 of girls and then runs off. All right, so let us continue. 151 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:16,600 I agree. He summons Nathius Surguestus, 152 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:21,400 staunch Cirrusus Gibbs mortars fit out the fleet, but not a 153 00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:25,280 word much to the cruise on shore, all tackles set to sail. 154 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:27,160 But the cause for our new course. 155 00:11:27,160 --> 00:11:30,920 You keep it secret. Yet he himself, since the O who 156 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:33,880 means the world to him, knows nothing, never dreaming. 157 00:11:33,880 --> 00:11:35,800 Such a powerful love could be uprooted. 158 00:11:36,200 --> 00:11:39,160 He will try to approach her, find a moment to break the news 159 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:41,960 gently, a way to soften the blow that he must leave. 160 00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:45,720 All shipmates snap to commands, glad to do his orders. 161 00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:51,480 True, but queen, who can delude a lover, soon caught wind of a 162 00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:55,640 plot afoot, the first to sense the Trojans are on the move. 163 00:11:56,000 --> 00:12:00,240 She fears everything now, even with all secure rumor, vicious 164 00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:04,360 as ever, brings her word. Already distraught, The Trojans. 165 00:12:04,360 --> 00:12:06,000 Sorry, sorry. You know what? 166 00:12:07,840 --> 00:12:23,350 Sorry. Are rigging out their galleys, 167 00:12:23,350 --> 00:12:27,230 gearing to set sail. She rages in, She rages in 168 00:12:27,230 --> 00:12:30,990 helpless frenzy, blazing through the entire city, raving like 169 00:12:30,990 --> 00:12:36,990 some may may not driven wild when the women shake the sacred 170 00:12:36,990 --> 00:12:42,710 emblems, when the cyclic orgy shouts of Bacchus fire her on, 171 00:12:42,710 --> 00:12:47,440 and Cithoron, Cithoron echoes round with Madden midnight 172 00:12:47,440 --> 00:12:50,400 cries. OK, alright, so certain things 173 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:51,080 to notice. OK? 174 00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:59,040 Bacchus is the God of creativity, of God of creativity 175 00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:02,160 for the Greeks. So there are actually 2 gods of 176 00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,960 creativity in the Greek world. There's Apollo and there's 177 00:13:05,960 --> 00:13:10,280 Dionysus. Bacchus, OK, Apollo is the God 178 00:13:10,280 --> 00:13:15,320 of logical creativity, where you sit down calmly and then you 179 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:17,360 write down your thoughts, OK, that's a polo. 180 00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:23,000 And you have Backus, who's the God of emotional rapturous 181 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:26,800 creativity, where you get drunk, you have a lot of sex, and then 182 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:31,800 you express yourself, OK. And for the Greeks, these are 183 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:36,080 two aspects of creativity that you both need in order to fully 184 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:41,920 achieve your human potential. Yes, you need to be engaged in 185 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:46,840 meditation, in rational analysis, but you also need to 186 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:51,320 fully explore the possibilities of your emotions to just let go, 187 00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:57,000 to be crazy, to be frenzy, OK? And what Virgil is saying is 188 00:13:57,280 --> 00:14:02,040 that we must that the Backus aspect is actually the worst 189 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:07,960 type of emotion because it leads you into madness. 190 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:18,360 OK all right, so could kill anything. 191 00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:22,120 I agree. I'll ask you, Sails Anus, before 192 00:14:22,120 --> 00:14:25,080 he said a word. So, you traitor, you really 193 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:26,680 believed you'd keep this a secret? 194 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:30,600 This great outrage Seal away in silence from my shores. 195 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:34,560 Can nothing hold you back? Not our love, not the pledge 196 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:37,680 when sealed with our right hands, not even the thought of 197 00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:39,400 Ditto doom to a cruel death. OK. 198 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:43,000 Stop. OK, All right, So this lie not 199 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:45,760 the pledge once sealed or right hands. 200 00:14:46,040 --> 00:14:53,240 This is an illusion, of course, to right here, OK, This is an 201 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:58,440 illusion, of course, to the Odyssey where Odysseus and 202 00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:01,040 Penelope meet again for the first time in 20 years. 203 00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:07,600 And Penelope basically says, Odysseus, convince me that you 204 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:11,760 actually know my husband. And Odysseus says, well, because 205 00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:18,280 of this ornament that Penelope gave to Odysseus, right? 206 00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:23,120 And that ornament, of course, is the pledge sealed with the love 207 00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:27,520 for each other. And this pledge, this memory, 208 00:15:27,880 --> 00:15:33,160 this bond is what carries them for eternity so that even though 209 00:15:33,160 --> 00:15:36,680 they are a great distance from each other, their hearts are 210 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:41,960 still conjoined together. And So what Diddle says is, does 211 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:45,120 this pledge mean nothing to you, Inez? 212 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:47,920 Inez, of course, is like, it's a word. 213 00:15:47,920 --> 00:15:52,600 It's nothing, all right. What matters is you're oath to 214 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,640 the gods. What matters is your loyalty to 215 00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:59,200 the gods. I I keep going. 216 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:04,320 Why labour to rigor fleet When the winters draw to risk the 217 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:06,280 deep wind, the north wind's closing in. 218 00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:11,200 You crawl heartless, Even if you are not pursuing alien fields 219 00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:14,800 and unknown homes, Even if ancient Troy were still standing 220 00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:17,440 still. Who's sail for Troy across such 221 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:20,680 heaving seas? You're running away from me. 222 00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:24,920 Oh, I pray you, by these tears, by the faith in your right hand. 223 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:27,560 What else have I left myself in all my pain? 224 00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:30,760 By our wedding vows, the marriage we began. 225 00:16:30,920 --> 00:16:34,440 If I deserve some decency from you now, if anything mine has 226 00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:36,120 ever won your heart. Pity. 227 00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:38,000 A great house about about to fall. 228 00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:42,240 I pray you, if prayers have any place, reject this scheme of 229 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:44,720 yours. Thanks to you, the African 230 00:16:44,720 --> 00:16:47,040 tribes, nobody and warlords hate me. 231 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:49,320 Even my own tyrants rise against me. 232 00:16:49,880 --> 00:16:52,320 Thanks to you, my sense of honour is gone. 233 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:56,080 My one and only pathway to the stars, the renown I once held 234 00:16:56,080 --> 00:16:58,960 dear. In whose hands, my guest, do you 235 00:16:58,960 --> 00:17:03,080 leave me here to meet my death? OK, so two things to remember, 236 00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:05,839 OK? The first thing is that in the 237 00:17:05,839 --> 00:17:11,920 Odyssey, the journey where it ends, the destination is towards 238 00:17:11,920 --> 00:17:15,480 home, to be with Penelope again, to be a family again, OK? 239 00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:18,319 And that is the end of this epic journey. 240 00:17:19,240 --> 00:17:23,480 But in the Iniat, it's the reverse, where you start off 241 00:17:24,119 --> 00:17:29,240 with a relationship with love and then you have to abandon 242 00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:34,040 love in order to go on this epic journey to to found the empire 243 00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:36,760 of Rome. OK, so you see how it's it's 244 00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:42,720 inverse now the Odyssey, the entire purpose of your life is 245 00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:46,520 to return home and to be in love, to fall in love. 246 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:54,320 OK, but in the in the ad, love is what you have to abandon in 247 00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:56,560 order to fully fulfil your destiny. 248 00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:03,440 OK, that's number one. Number 2, is this what Dale is 249 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:07,000 saying is thanks to you, I've lost everything. 250 00:18:07,360 --> 00:18:13,960 OK, so love, my love for you means I have to abandon my 251 00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:17,040 pride, my reputation, my own people. 252 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:22,240 Well, love, Oh, sorry things of my love for you. 253 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:26,840 I've become nothing, OK? And this inverses the inversion 254 00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:32,840 of what happened in the Odyssey, where because Odysseus sought 255 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:39,400 glory and fame in war, he became traumatized with PTSD. 256 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:46,160 He saw the horrors of war where innocent people, innocent 257 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:50,920 families were destroyed because of of war. 258 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:54,160 And I traumatized him. And what allowed him to 259 00:18:54,320 --> 00:18:57,640 resurrect himself would allow him to escape his trauma. 260 00:18:57,880 --> 00:19:02,880 And we build a sense of identity is going home and finding love 261 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:05,400 again. And this love is able to 262 00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:09,720 resurrect his worldview and give him the courage and the power to 263 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:13,120 fight on. OK, so this is the opposite 264 00:19:13,120 --> 00:19:18,520 message of the Odyssey. OK, All right, let's let's. 265 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:24,400 So now, OK, so Ditto is saying to and he is you're abandoning 266 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:25,320 me. You tricked me. 267 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:27,280 I fell in love with you, and now you're abandoning me. 268 00:19:28,280 --> 00:19:35,000 And this is and it is response. And and the human thing to do 269 00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:40,560 would be to show pity, right? And say to Ditto, Ditto, I'm 270 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:45,480 really sorry for what happened, but let's go together. 271 00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:48,960 Or maybe Ditto. I'll come back for you. 272 00:19:48,960 --> 00:19:54,000 OK. Instead, he says the worst thing 273 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,400 possible. All right, can you read it? 274 00:19:57,840 --> 00:20:00,520 Guest, that's all that remains of husband now. 275 00:20:01,120 --> 00:20:04,760 But why do I linger on until my brother Pragmali and batters 276 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,120 down my walls or Ibis drags me off his slave? 277 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:12,360 If only you'd left a baby in my arms, our child, before you 278 00:20:12,360 --> 00:20:15,480 deserted me. Some little Aeneas playing about 279 00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,360 our halls, whose features at least would bring you back to 280 00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:20,320 me. In spite of all, I would not 281 00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:22,840 feel so totally devastated, so destroyed. 282 00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:27,600 The Queen stopped, but he warned by Jupiter now his gaze, health, 283 00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:30,480 study, fought to master the torment in his heart. 284 00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,360 At last, he ventured. In his heart is not sadness, but 285 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,160 anger. OK, keep ongoing. 286 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:39,560 At last, he ventured a few words. 287 00:20:40,320 --> 00:20:43,880 I you could have done me so many kindnesses, and you could count 288 00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:45,920 them all. I shall never deny what you 289 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:48,640 deserve, my Queen. Never regret my memories of 290 00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:51,040 Ditto. Not while I can recall myself 291 00:20:51,080 --> 00:20:55,880 and draw the breath of life. I'll state my case in a few 292 00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:58,280 words. I never dreamed I'd keep my 293 00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:00,800 flight a secret. Don't imagine that. 294 00:21:01,120 --> 00:21:05,240 Nor did I once extend a bridegroom's torch or enter into 295 00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:06,400 a marriage packed with you. OK. 296 00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:10,840 So what he's saying is I we didn't, we did not have a 297 00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:13,760 marriage path. OK, we're not married. 298 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:16,520 This is not true. They constipate their 299 00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:18,800 relationship and everyone witnesses. 300 00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:22,320 So they are married, but he's saying we're not really married. 301 00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:25,120 Keep on going. If the Face had left me free to 302 00:21:25,120 --> 00:21:28,680 live my life, to arrange my own affairs of my own free will, 303 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:32,280 Troy is the city. First of all, that I'd safeguard 304 00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:35,440 Troy and all that's left of my people, whom I cherish. 305 00:21:36,120 --> 00:21:39,200 The grand palace of Pryam would stand once more with my own 306 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:41,520 hands. I would fortify a second Troy to 307 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:44,680 house my Trojans in defeat. But but not now. 308 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:49,240 Grenian, Apollo's Oracle says that I must seize on Italy's 309 00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:52,400 noble land. His listening lots say Italy. 310 00:21:53,360 --> 00:21:55,640 There lies my love. There lies my homeland. 311 00:21:55,640 --> 00:22:00,680 Now, if you, a Venetian, fix your eyes on Carthage, a Libyan 312 00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:04,480 stronghold, tell me, why do you grudge the Trojans their new 313 00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:08,720 homes on Italian soil? What is the crime if we seek far 314 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:10,040 off kingdoms, too? All right, so. 315 00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:13,520 What you're saying is this Ditto. 316 00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:18,120 It were up to me. I wouldn't say. 317 00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:19,840 I wouldn't say it would be either. 318 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:21,680 OK? It were up to me. 319 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:27,400 I would be back in Troy, dying and fighting and dying for what 320 00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:29,760 I truly love, which is a city of Troy. 321 00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:34,320 Now that I've lost Troy, I must build an empire. 322 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:36,800 You have your own empire, Carthage. 323 00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:41,240 Why stop me from being my own empire in Italy? 324 00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:43,400 OK, So what matters is that love. 325 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:49,560 What matters is power. That's why we live. 326 00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:52,240 That's why we exist. To seek more power. 327 00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:57,080 Love gets in the way, and therefore love must be 328 00:22:57,080 --> 00:22:58,720 discarded. You, Ditto. 329 00:22:58,760 --> 00:23:01,120 I do love you, but you're in my way. 330 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:10,560 Therefore get out of my way. All right, All right. 331 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:17,160 So now Ditto is distraught. She fell in love with Imeus and 332 00:23:17,160 --> 00:23:21,000 broke her vow to her former husband, Zicchius. 333 00:23:21,680 --> 00:23:27,920 And now she knows her people don't respect her anymore, and 334 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:32,800 she knows that the neighboring warlords have contempt for her 335 00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:37,240 and they might even attack her because previously she rebuffed 336 00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:39,080 their advances, so they feel insulted. 337 00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:44,320 But at the same time, she's still desperate, in love with 338 00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:46,960 Ineos. And she knows he can't. 339 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:48,960 He can't. She cannot stop him from leaving 340 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:53,760 for Italy, and so she decides eventually that her only 341 00:23:53,760 --> 00:23:59,840 solution is suicide. But she has a sister, Anna, who 342 00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:02,360 will keep watch over her. OK, so she did also a very 343 00:24:02,360 --> 00:24:05,560 elaborate ploy to kill herself, right? 344 00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:09,280 Can you read Ivory? And now what shall I do? 345 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:12,440 Make a mockery of myself? Go back to my old suitors? 346 00:24:12,680 --> 00:24:15,720 Tempt them to try again? Beg the Numidians? 347 00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:19,080 Grovel. Plead for a husband, though time 348 00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:22,920 and again I score into what they're like, would then trail 349 00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,240 the Trojan ships bend to the Trojans every last demand. 350 00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:30,440 So pleased are they with all the help, the relief I lend them 351 00:24:30,440 --> 00:24:34,600 once and memory of my service past stands firm and grateful 352 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,280 minds. And even if I were willing, 353 00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:39,800 would the Trojans allow me to bore their proud ships? 354 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:42,600 A woman they hate. Poor loss. 355 00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:44,320 Full. Can't you sense it? 356 00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:48,160 Grasp it yet The treachery of Lamedens breed. 357 00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:51,160 What now? Do I take flight alone, 358 00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:55,080 consorting with crews of Trojan horsemen in their triumph, or 359 00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:57,880 follow them out with all my troops of tyrants throwing the 360 00:24:57,880 --> 00:24:59,560 decks? Yes. 361 00:24:59,840 --> 00:25:03,560 Hard as it was to uproot them once from Tyre, how can I force 362 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:06,280 them back to sea once more, Command them to spread their 363 00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:09,880 sails to the winds? No, no, die. 364 00:25:10,320 --> 00:25:12,720 You deserve it, and your pain with the sword. 365 00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:17,280 You, my sister, you were the first one over by my tears to 366 00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:20,960 pile these swords on my shoulders, mad as I was to throw 367 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:24,600 me into my enemy's arms. If only I'd been free to live my 368 00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:28,720 life untested in marriage, free of guilt as some wild beasts 369 00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:31,640 untouched by pangs like these. I broke the faith. 370 00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:35,960 I soar to the ashes of Sagius. Wait, so again, the idea here is 371 00:25:37,360 --> 00:25:41,080 for Homer, love is what gives you strength. 372 00:25:41,280 --> 00:25:43,760 Love is what allows you to resurrect yourself. 373 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:52,120 OK, so the metaphor is love is the the bowl of Odysseus, right? 374 00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:58,400 Where this bowl Odysseus has not touched for 20 years. 375 00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:02,080 But the moment he touches it, it gives him renewed strength, and 376 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:06,080 he's able to assemble it very quickly and then shoot the 377 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:08,560 target. OK, that's the power of love. 378 00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:15,760 But here in the INIAC, love is the opposite, where by falling 379 00:26:15,760 --> 00:26:19,320 in love, you disintegrate as a person. 380 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,920 So when we first meet Ditto, she's a proud queen. 381 00:26:23,360 --> 00:26:29,240 And now she is a complete mess. She is emotionally falling 382 00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:32,080 apart. She's been driven into madness. 383 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:37,480 She's like, should I go and beg the Trojans to let me on their 384 00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:42,120 ship and be a slave girl? OK, so it is the complete fall 385 00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:46,680 of a queen, OK, from a queen to essentially to a slave girl. 386 00:26:46,680 --> 00:26:48,960 She's seriously considering being a slave girl? 387 00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:51,680 I mean, it just means being near Ineos. 388 00:26:53,480 --> 00:27:00,960 And ultimately, she decides, no, my only option is to die. 389 00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:03,360 OK. All right. 390 00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:11,720 So she is contemplating killing herself. 391 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:17,840 And the gods know this. And So what they do is they tell 392 00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:21,360 Ineos in a dream, get out of here, because we don't want you 393 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:22,600 seeing. Ditto. 394 00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:23,960 Kill yourself. OK. 395 00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:28,080 Can you read? Such terrible grief kept 396 00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:30,840 breaking from her heart as Zinnias slept in peace on his 397 00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:33,040 ship's high stern. OK so inner slept in peace, 398 00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:37,360 meaning he doesn't care. You understand he was never in 399 00:27:37,360 --> 00:27:39,560 love with her, she was just a plaything. 400 00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:43,320 Keep on going. Bent on departing now all 401 00:27:43,320 --> 00:27:46,400 tackles set to sail. And now in his dreams, it came 402 00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:48,720 again. The God, his phantom. 403 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,600 The same features shine and clear like mercury head to foot. 404 00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:56,720 The voice, the glow, the golden hair, the bloom of youth on his 405 00:27:56,720 --> 00:27:59,200 limbs and his voice rang out with warnings once again. 406 00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:03,120 Son of the goddess, how can you sleep so soundly in such a 407 00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:05,320 crisis? Can't you see the dangers 408 00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:09,240 closing around you now, madman? Can't you hear the West wind 409 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:13,440 ruffling to speed you on? That woman plot spawns her plots 410 00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:17,120 mulling over some desperate outrage in her heart, lashing 411 00:28:17,120 --> 00:28:19,320 her surging range. She's bent on death. 412 00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:23,160 Why not flee headlong? Flee headlong while you can. 413 00:28:23,640 --> 00:28:26,840 You'll soon see the waves and chaos of ships, lethal torches 414 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:31,520 flaring, the whole coast ablaze. If now a new dawn breaks and 415 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:35,360 finds you still malingering on these shores, up with you now. 416 00:28:35,920 --> 00:28:38,320 Enough delay. Woman's a thing that's always 417 00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:40,200 changing, shifting like the wind. 418 00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:42,720 With that, he vanished into the Black Knight. 419 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:50,680 All right, so Amias is running away, OK? 420 00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:53,880 And Diddle has resolved to kill herself. 421 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:59,480 And this is her speech right before she kills herself. 422 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:04,480 OK, Can you read that for me? You, son, whose fire scan all 423 00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:09,000 works of the earth, and you, Juno the witness, midwife to my 424 00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:12,640 agonies, he could greeted by nightly shrieks at city 425 00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:15,960 crossroads. And you, you avenging furies and 426 00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:20,000 gods of dying, Ditto. Hear me turn your power my way, 427 00:29:20,240 --> 00:29:23,760 attend my sorrows. I deserve your mercy, Hear my 428 00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:26,520 prayers. If that curse of the earth much 429 00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:29,080 reach his haven, labor on to landfall. 430 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:32,400 If Joe's in the Faith's command and the boundary stone is fixed 431 00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:37,040 still, let him be plagued in war by a nation proud in arms, torn 432 00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:40,280 from his warders, wrenched from Elias's embrace. 433 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:43,800 Let him grovel for help and watch his people die a shameful 434 00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:46,680 death. And then, once he's bowed down 435 00:29:46,680 --> 00:29:50,120 to an unjust peace, may he never enjoy his realm and the light he 436 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:53,080 yearns for. Never let him die before his 437 00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:55,520 day, unburied on some desolate beach. 438 00:29:56,760 --> 00:30:00,520 That is my prayer, my final cry. I pour it out with my own 439 00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:04,760 lifeblood and you, my Tyrians, Harry with hatred, all his line, 440 00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:08,040 his race to come. Make that offering to my ashes. 441 00:30:08,160 --> 00:30:11,560 Send it down below. No love between our peoples 442 00:30:11,800 --> 00:30:14,800 ever. No packs of peace come rising up 443 00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:17,560 for my bones. You Avengers still unknown to 444 00:30:17,560 --> 00:30:21,720 stalk those Trojan settlers. Hunt with fire and iron now or 445 00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:24,360 in time to come, whenever the power is yours. 446 00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:28,280 Shore clash with shore, Sea against sea and sword, sword 447 00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:30,560 against sword. This is my curse. 448 00:30:30,960 --> 00:30:33,720 War between all our peoples, all their children. 449 00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:35,240 Endless war. Endless war. 450 00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:39,560 OK, All right, So the Emiyad is first and foremost political 451 00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:50,040 propaganda, All right. And so Rome's epic war is with 452 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:53,080 Carthage. Rome and Carthage fought for 453 00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:55,880 about 100 years, the control of the Mediterranean. 454 00:30:56,400 --> 00:31:00,680 Ultimately, Rome will triumph over Carthage and they will 455 00:31:00,680 --> 00:31:02,680 destroy Carthage as a civilization. 456 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:08,440 They will burn Carthage down. And today we have no memory of 457 00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:11,200 Carthage being so complete was the destruction. 458 00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:19,480 And Virgil is trying to explain to us why this had to happen. 459 00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:26,840 And it had to happen because Ditto put a curse on Rome and 460 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:29,640 force her people to go to war with Rome. 461 00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:34,680 So it's not that Rome was vicious and savage in destroying 462 00:31:34,680 --> 00:31:36,640 Carthage. It was like the Carthaginians 463 00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:40,120 had a curse. They had a mission to avenge 464 00:31:40,120 --> 00:31:43,200 Ditto. OK, so let me explain to you how 465 00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:46,240 this publicaner works in Carthage. 466 00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:49,960 Understanding of Ditto. She's the founder. 467 00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:53,960 She's the queen of Carthage. What happened was that, you 468 00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:56,520 know, she, her husband was killed in Phoenicia. 469 00:31:56,800 --> 00:32:01,160 So she and some refugees sought refuge in northern Africa. 470 00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:04,880 So we found a city of Carthage and they worked really hard to 471 00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:07,280 build a city. And she was very attractive. 472 00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:11,840 So she won the attention of some local warlords and they demanded 473 00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:15,240 her hand in marriage. And her response was to kill 474 00:32:15,240 --> 00:32:20,280 herself. And by killing herself that her 475 00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:23,680 sacrifice embolden her people to build a great city. 476 00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:27,840 But also it won the respect of the local warlords as well. 477 00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:30,960 And from then on everyone understood the Carthaginians as 478 00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:35,080 a free and proud people who would rather die for the liberty 479 00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:39,560 than than become a slave. OK, so that's the Carthaginian 480 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:45,280 understanding of Ditto. Here in the iniad, it is almost 481 00:32:45,440 --> 00:32:54,040 the reverse, where Ditto Ditto's love for Ineos becomes a poison. 482 00:32:54,040 --> 00:32:58,480 It poisons her soul, and it leads her to poison her people 483 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:00,880 as well. And rather than give them 484 00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:07,880 freedom, she enslaves them into a mission to avenge her. 485 00:33:08,280 --> 00:33:11,480 OK, so it's basically inversion, right? 486 00:33:11,480 --> 00:33:14,040 So that's what the Indian is doing. 487 00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:17,880 It's inverting Homer, but it's also inverting history to serve 488 00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:25,400 the blog purposes of Rome. All right, all right, so we come 489 00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:32,920 to the ending of the ENIAC. So with the, with the sort of 490 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:37,080 Ditto what what what Virgil is doing is inverting the story of 491 00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:41,440 the Odyssey. Now we come to the ending of the 492 00:33:41,440 --> 00:33:45,680 Iliad and here Virgil is going to invert the story of the 493 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:48,520 Iliad. OK, remember we call what 494 00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:52,880 happened the Iliad where Achilles tricks Patroclus into 495 00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:56,920 sacrificing himself and this allows Achilles an excuse to 496 00:33:56,960 --> 00:33:58,480 enter the battlefield against Hector. 497 00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:03,480 He kills Hector and he believes that this is the height, the 498 00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:09,440 apex of his glory, but instead it causes him in to fall into a 499 00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:13,719 deep depression. It's really Prion promisingly 500 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,040 willingness to forgive him because of his love for Hector 501 00:34:17,239 --> 00:34:22,760 that frees Achilles from his guilt and the two Achilles and 502 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:29,120 Prion cry together and they become friends because of this. 503 00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:34,760 OK, so the Iliad is fundamentally a story of the 504 00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:41,360 curse of power, the evil power and the ability of love to both 505 00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:46,920 redeem and to save. What Virgil's going to do is 506 00:34:46,920 --> 00:34:49,840 take the story of the Iliac and invert it. 507 00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:58,920 OK, so it so it ends actually with with an analogy to the 508 00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:00,640 battle between Achilles and Hector. 509 00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:06,760 OK, so in the Iliac it's between Achilles and Hector, but here 510 00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:10,400 it's going to be between Ilias and Turnus. 511 00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:15,920 OK, So what happened is that Ineus lands in Italy and the 512 00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:21,560 Latin tribes see Ineus as his great hero and the king there 513 00:35:21,680 --> 00:35:26,160 Latinus marries his daughter to Ineus. 514 00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:34,080 But the wife, for whatever reason, like the woman in the in 515 00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:39,720 the Indian, all all the villains OK, the the wife, the queen has 516 00:35:39,720 --> 00:35:43,640 already promised her daughter to turn US, who is another warlord. 517 00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:50,000 And so it starts off a war between the Trojans and Chernus. 518 00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:53,120 OK. And ultimately this leads to a 519 00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:57,640 final conflict of great battle between Indians and Chernus. 520 00:35:57,640 --> 00:36:00,480 OK. So this this is the very ending 521 00:36:01,280 --> 00:36:04,160 of the Indian OK OK. Can you read? 522 00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:07,680 I read. As he hangs back, the fatal 523 00:36:07,720 --> 00:36:11,120 spear of Amia streaks on, spotting a lucky opening. 524 00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:15,080 He had flown from a distance, all his might and mane rocks 525 00:36:15,080 --> 00:36:17,880 heaved by a catapult pounding city ramparts. 526 00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:21,200 Never stormed so loudly, never such a shattering bolt of 527 00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:24,280 Thunder crashing forth like a black whirlwind. 528 00:36:24,280 --> 00:36:28,560 Turning on, that spear flies on with his weight of iron death to 529 00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:34,840 Pierce of the round shield with his seven plys, and right at the 530 00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:36,880 thick of turning to his thigh it whizzes through. 531 00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:41,280 It strikes home, and the blow drops great Turnus, and the blow 532 00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:44,560 drops great Turnus down to the ground, batter down on his bent 533 00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:47,200 knees. The Rotilians spring up with a 534 00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:51,320 groan, and the hillsides round grow back, groan back, and the 535 00:36:51,320 --> 00:36:54,800 tall Groves far and wide resound with the long drawn moan. 536 00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:58,640 Turnus lowered his eyes and reached with like with his with 537 00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:00,880 his right hand and begged a suppliant. 538 00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:04,720 I deserve it all. No mercy, please, Turns his 539 00:37:04,720 --> 00:37:07,560 pleaded. Seize your moment now, or if 540 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:10,880 some care for a parent's grief can touch you still, I pray you, 541 00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:14,280 you had such a father in old antrises. 542 00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:17,800 Pity Adonis in his old age and send me back to my own people, 543 00:37:18,240 --> 00:37:21,160 or if you would prefer, send them my dead body stripped of 544 00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:24,000 life here, the Victorian vanquished. 545 00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:27,880 I stretch my hands to you, so the men in lithium have seen me 546 00:37:27,880 --> 00:37:30,240 in defeat. Lavinia is your bride. 547 00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:32,520 Go no further down the road of hatred. 548 00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:36,640 OK, all right, all right. OK, So again, this is rewriting 549 00:37:36,680 --> 00:37:39,600 of the battle between Hector and Achilles. 550 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:45,040 But in this battle, it is Hector who wins, and Achilles is 551 00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:48,360 basically begging for mercy. And what's really interesting is 552 00:37:48,360 --> 00:37:53,680 that to beg for mercy, Chernis basically uses the words of 553 00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:58,520 Priam from the Iliad, right? Remember what Prime says to 554 00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:01,280 Achilles is I've kissed your hand. 555 00:38:01,720 --> 00:38:04,280 Have mercy for me. Look at my face. 556 00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:07,080 Remember of your father, Achilles. 557 00:38:07,080 --> 00:38:11,040 Remember your father Pelias, OK, Same exact words, right? 558 00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:18,560 Care for a parent's grieve, OK? And I stretch my hands to you, 559 00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:22,960 right? So, so, so basically virtuous 560 00:38:22,960 --> 00:38:27,920 plagiarizing homework, but he's plagiarizing a way as to invert 561 00:38:28,080 --> 00:38:35,760 and subvert Homer. OK, so at this point, Inez is 562 00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:40,760 drawn to pity, right? Because his great enemy Churnus 563 00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:43,000 has submitted himself before him. 564 00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:47,160 So in his heart, he's like, you know what? 565 00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:52,560 I've defeated him. He's been destroyed, he's lost 566 00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:54,880 space, he's lost great ability. I didn't let him go. 567 00:38:55,640 --> 00:38:58,160 I've won, OK. And that's what he wants to do. 568 00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:01,440 He just wants to let him go. But this is the very ending, OK? 569 00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:05,280 This is the very ending of the iniad. 570 00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:11,280 And the ending is surprising because from for many scholars, 571 00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,680 they read this, they're like, this is not an end. 572 00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:20,400 This is too abrupt. And they think like Virgil was 573 00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:24,200 not able to finish the ENIAC. But what I'll show you is that 574 00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:28,520 no, you're reading the the ENIAC improperly, incorrectly. 575 00:39:28,720 --> 00:39:30,720 We do not believe this is the full ending. 576 00:39:30,720 --> 00:39:32,000 OK? This is exactly the ending. 577 00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:33,320 OK, Can you read? I read. 578 00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:39,120 Aeneas, ferocious in armor, stood there still, shifting his 579 00:39:39,120 --> 00:39:43,520 gaze and held his sword arm back, holding himself back to as 580 00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:47,400 Turnus's words began to sway him more and more when old ones he 581 00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:50,760 caught sight of the faithful sword belt of palace swept over 582 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:54,200 Turnus's shoulder, gleaming with shining studs in his new by 583 00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:54,720 heart. Wait, sorry. 584 00:39:54,760 --> 00:39:58,600 Palace. Palace is the version of 585 00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:01,400 Patroclus. Remember how Patroclus died and 586 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,520 that enraged Achilles? Well, Palace. 587 00:40:04,840 --> 00:40:09,320 Is a friend of Ineus who fell in battle to Turnus and Turnus to 588 00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:14,640 celebrate his victory over Palace, stole the sword belt of 589 00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:17,280 Palace. OK, so and Ineus recognizes 590 00:40:17,280 --> 00:40:19,920 this. Keep on going, young Palace, 591 00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:23,480 whom Turnus had overpowered, taken down with a wound, and now 592 00:40:23,480 --> 00:40:26,440 his shoulder flaunted his enemy's battle emblem like a 593 00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:29,960 trophy Ineus. Soon his eyes drink in that 594 00:40:29,960 --> 00:40:34,520 plunder keepsake of his savage, of his own savage grief, flaring 595 00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:38,520 up in fury, terrible in his rage, he cries, decked in the 596 00:40:38,520 --> 00:40:42,080 spoils who strips when 1 I loved escaped my clutches. 597 00:40:42,480 --> 00:40:47,320 Never Palace strikes this blow. Palace sacrifices you now, makes 598 00:40:47,320 --> 00:40:49,960 you pay, makes you pay the price with your own guilty blood. 599 00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:54,400 In the same breath, blazing with wrath, he plants his iron sword 600 00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:58,480 held deep into Zenemies heart, Turnus his limbs when slimp and 601 00:40:58,480 --> 00:41:01,800 the chill of death. His light breath fled with a 602 00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:04,240 groan of outrage, down to the shades below. 603 00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,880 And that's it. This is the ending of the INIAC. 604 00:41:08,080 --> 00:41:09,960 And again, scholars are confused by this. 605 00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:15,040 Like how? How could the epic end like 606 00:41:15,040 --> 00:41:17,400 this? It's a very long epic, 24 books 607 00:41:17,640 --> 00:41:21,520 and it ends with the death of Turnus and nothing more. 608 00:41:23,720 --> 00:41:28,680 And it's confusing because scholars and literal critics are 609 00:41:28,680 --> 00:41:35,160 taught to believe that a good book has an epiphany and a 610 00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:42,920 catharsis. OK, epiphany, catharsis and a 611 00:41:42,960 --> 00:41:47,520 resolution. Basically, a character 612 00:41:47,640 --> 00:41:51,720 recognizes himself and changes for the better. 613 00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:56,640 It's almost like a death and letting go of the pass. 614 00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:01,480 And so scholars read this and like they're completely 615 00:42:01,480 --> 00:42:03,960 confused. Where is the epiphany? 616 00:42:04,120 --> 00:42:06,080 Where's the catharsis? Where's the resolution? 617 00:42:06,720 --> 00:42:12,000 And the answer is because you're misreading the iniad. 618 00:42:12,920 --> 00:42:16,120 First and foremost, it is a work of political propaganda. 619 00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:19,960 So how has Inias changed as a person? 620 00:42:20,720 --> 00:42:27,080 Well, the change is this. Previously, whenever Ieneas has 621 00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:37,160 a doubt, OK, OK, Like, for example, he is changing his 622 00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:40,240 emotions. Each time this happened 623 00:42:40,320 --> 00:42:44,680 previously, the gods had to intervene, right? 624 00:42:44,960 --> 00:42:52,040 So remember how Ieneas is back in Troy and he's witnessed the 625 00:42:52,080 --> 00:42:55,520 killing of his king Priam, and he's really angry. 626 00:42:55,640 --> 00:42:59,840 And then he sees Helen and he wants to kill Helen because he 627 00:42:59,960 --> 00:43:04,120 understands that Helen is the cause of all the death and 628 00:43:04,120 --> 00:43:06,840 destruction in Troy. And he wants to, like, just kill 629 00:43:06,840 --> 00:43:08,200 her. And then what happens? 630 00:43:08,920 --> 00:43:15,000 His mother, Venus intervenes and says, no, Ienus, you must stop. 631 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:17,240 There's a mission for you. Go complete your mission. 632 00:43:17,240 --> 00:43:20,920 And then Ienus is like, fine, mother, I'll I'll go home. 633 00:43:21,440 --> 00:43:29,640 And then when he goes home and he sees her, his son Elias, he 634 00:43:29,640 --> 00:43:32,480 wants to return and fight the Greeks because he doesn't. 635 00:43:32,480 --> 00:43:36,160 He wants to protect the city. And then Elias, there's aside 636 00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:38,960 from the gods, Elias. His here is on fire. 637 00:43:38,960 --> 00:43:45,600 OK, It's an image. And this tells Elias, no, your 638 00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:46,760 son is destined for great things. 639 00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:49,240 You must fulfil the mission again. 640 00:43:49,480 --> 00:43:53,880 When Inez is with Ditto, he would just want to stay, stay 641 00:43:53,880 --> 00:43:55,640 with Ditto and build up Carthage. 642 00:43:55,640 --> 00:43:59,120 And so Jupiter has to send a messenger, Mercury, to tell him 643 00:43:59,320 --> 00:44:08,880 no Inez, no go to Italy. OK, so each time that Inez went 644 00:44:08,880 --> 00:44:12,000 off mission or he has his own ideas, the guys have to 645 00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:16,320 intervene. What makes this an epiphany, A 646 00:44:16,320 --> 00:44:21,280 catharsis revolution, is the fact that here, when Inez wants 647 00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:26,760 so mercy, when in his heart he's like he This is a pitiful man. 648 00:44:27,040 --> 00:44:29,120 It gives me no pleasure to kill him. 649 00:44:29,320 --> 00:44:35,400 It gives me no glory and honor to kill this pathetic man he 650 00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:38,400 recognizes. No, I must kill him because it 651 00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:41,520 is a duty. This is the IT is the will of 652 00:44:41,520 --> 00:44:47,960 the gods. Now he has become fully pious 653 00:44:50,160 --> 00:45:00,880 and that is the epiphany. OK, I must abandoned all pity, I 654 00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:05,320 must abandoned all emotions, I must abandoned my own soul if I 655 00:45:05,320 --> 00:45:11,360 am to serve the gods. He is now the perfect soldier. 656 00:45:12,080 --> 00:45:20,960 And that's why Virgil wrote the iniad, because it is a piece of 657 00:45:20,960 --> 00:45:23,880 propaganda. It's a piece of brainwashing, 658 00:45:23,920 --> 00:45:27,720 indoctrination, where you read it and you go on the same 659 00:45:27,720 --> 00:45:33,080 journey as Inias and step by step you let go of everything 660 00:45:33,080 --> 00:45:36,400 that makes you weak. Your humanity, your willingness, 661 00:45:36,760 --> 00:45:39,200 your desire to love someone, throw it out. 662 00:45:39,520 --> 00:45:42,720 Your pity, your sense of decency. 663 00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:46,240 Get rid of it, OK? And what you do, once you pledge 664 00:45:46,240 --> 00:45:49,920 yourself of all human emotions, then you can serve the gods 665 00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:55,840 completely. You are now fully pious, and as 666 00:45:55,840 --> 00:46:00,920 such, you can now complete your mission. 667 00:46:01,840 --> 00:46:07,800 All right, so that's the power of the INIAC. 668 00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:11,040 You didn't know what's happening, but as you memorize 669 00:46:11,040 --> 00:46:14,160 it, because back then, the way to educate yourself was just 670 00:46:14,160 --> 00:46:17,600 memorized. Memorized the poetry. 671 00:46:18,640 --> 00:46:23,600 You became Inias himself, OK. You transformed yourself from 672 00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:27,360 someone who was a human to someone who is now basically a 673 00:46:27,360 --> 00:46:29,720 robot. OK Does that make sense? 674 00:46:30,280 --> 00:46:34,360 Any questions? Yeah. 675 00:46:35,480 --> 00:46:41,400 Yeah. Yeah, I think it's true that 676 00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:46,480 like Aeneas, he didn't fail embassy towards Turnus because 677 00:46:46,480 --> 00:46:50,840 he killed him him later. But I I I mean, I think that is 678 00:46:50,840 --> 00:46:55,880 still because like he loved palace, his friend who was 679 00:46:55,880 --> 00:47:00,160 killed by Turnus. So that's also kind of feeling, 680 00:47:00,160 --> 00:47:02,040 right. That's an emotion that and 681 00:47:02,040 --> 00:47:04,200 that's contributes to Turnus death. 682 00:47:05,080 --> 00:47:10,480 So isn't that different from what you said about maybe Ienius 683 00:47:10,480 --> 00:47:13,440 being a robot and fulfilling his fate? 684 00:47:14,720 --> 00:47:17,320 OK, yeah, All right. That's that's a good point. 685 00:47:17,320 --> 00:47:25,200 OK, so your point is, well, Ienius loves his friend Palace, 686 00:47:26,240 --> 00:47:31,440 and as a result, it's this love for Palace that drives Ienius to 687 00:47:31,480 --> 00:47:37,000 kill Chenius, right? That's fine, that makes sense. 688 00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:43,200 But go back to the Iliad, right? Where Achilles is saddened and 689 00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:49,320 anger by the death of Metropolis and he kills Hector, right? 690 00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:53,480 But then what happens? He falls into deep depression 691 00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:58,160 because in his heart he recognizes that you don't avenge 692 00:47:58,760 --> 00:48:00,960 someone you love by killing someone. 693 00:48:03,040 --> 00:48:04,520 That's not how the universe works. 694 00:48:05,560 --> 00:48:10,840 You, if you truly love someone, you do not turn the memory of 695 00:48:10,840 --> 00:48:13,840 that person into hatred and violence. 696 00:48:15,920 --> 00:48:19,840 You celebrate the person's life by being open and generous with 697 00:48:19,920 --> 00:48:21,960 others. OK, And this is something that 698 00:48:21,960 --> 00:48:24,520 Dante will will explain. This is a really hard idea to 699 00:48:24,520 --> 00:48:27,000 understand. OK, but if you truly love 700 00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:31,200 someone, love means that you cannot do something evil. 701 00:48:31,680 --> 00:48:35,360 Love is pure good. If you're using evil, it needs 702 00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:37,680 you actually. Don't love that person, OK? 703 00:48:38,400 --> 00:48:40,960 Doesn't make sense to you. If you truly love palace as a 704 00:48:40,960 --> 00:48:49,440 person, you will not use him as an excuse to kill someone, all 705 00:48:49,440 --> 00:48:52,200 right. Same thing with with with the 706 00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:57,200 Iliad, where Achilles thought he loved the chocolates, but he's 707 00:48:57,200 --> 00:48:59,680 actually using chocolates as an excuse to kill Hephor. 708 00:49:00,600 --> 00:49:05,240 And in his heart he knows that. All right, this is really 709 00:49:05,240 --> 00:49:09,120 confusing to understand, but when when we define comedy, it 710 00:49:09,120 --> 00:49:10,840 will make sense to you. All right. 711 00:49:11,480 --> 00:49:13,680 OK All right. Any more questions, guys? 712 00:49:16,440 --> 00:49:19,360 OK, Yeah, so that's a great question. 713 00:49:19,360 --> 00:49:26,880 And it shows you how basically in this world, this is a world 714 00:49:26,920 --> 00:49:34,880 of anti love because you've been you've received an education in 715 00:49:34,880 --> 00:49:42,280 utility, right, obedience, compliance, but what you have 716 00:49:42,280 --> 00:49:45,320 not received is an education in love. 717 00:49:45,880 --> 00:49:50,400 What is love? How do we know we're in love? 718 00:49:50,880 --> 00:49:52,960 What draws us to love? OK. 719 00:49:52,960 --> 00:49:54,320 And that's what the great books are about. 720 00:49:54,560 --> 00:49:57,720 The great books you read Homer and Dante, they really think 721 00:49:57,720 --> 00:50:02,440 deeply about what love is because in love is where God is 722 00:50:02,440 --> 00:50:06,800 all right. OK, so so again, by by asking 723 00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:10,880 this question what what what you're really doing is revealing 724 00:50:11,040 --> 00:50:13,680 the sort of education you've you've received when you're 725 00:50:13,680 --> 00:50:16,840 mine. You think that what is right is 726 00:50:16,840 --> 00:50:20,680 one of utility and where when when when 1 of compliance. 727 00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:25,040 If palace my best friend died, then I need to seek vengeance 728 00:50:25,040 --> 00:50:26,280 against the person who killed him. 729 00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:31,280 OK, but I know it's hard to understand. 730 00:50:31,280 --> 00:50:33,160 But that is. But you've been brainwashed to 731 00:50:33,160 --> 00:50:34,760 think that that's not actually true. 732 00:50:36,240 --> 00:50:41,800 If your best friend were to be killed, someone else to 733 00:50:41,800 --> 00:50:45,120 demonstrate love to your best friend, you would actually 734 00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:49,120 forgive that person. OK. 735 00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:52,800 And I I I know this is a hard idea to understand, but when we 736 00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:55,800 read the Divine Comedy, it'll become more obvious. 737 00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:58,560 OK. OK, any, any more questions, 738 00:50:58,560 --> 00:51:03,600 guys? All right, so let me explain the 739 00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:07,200 plans for the Divine Comedy, which we will end the semester 740 00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:10,880 with, OK? So there'll be 4 lectures on the 741 00:51:10,880 --> 00:51:17,240 Divine Comedy, so I'll be doing a lecture every two weeks, all 742 00:51:17,240 --> 00:51:20,080 right? And then for the other classes, 743 00:51:20,320 --> 00:51:23,040 we'll just be reading the Divine Comedy line by line. 744 00:51:23,120 --> 00:51:28,360 By line, right? OK All right, So what? 745 00:51:28,360 --> 00:51:30,160 We start the Divine Comedy on Friday. 746 00:51:30,160 --> 00:51:31,760 All right. Very good. 747 00:51:35,680 --> 00:51:37,680 Do you understand? OK, It's very hard. 748 00:51:37,680 --> 00:51:39,720 I didn't understand. OK, but it's hard. 749 00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:42,320 It's hard. I didn't understand just because 750 00:51:42,760 --> 00:51:44,120 I had to say this. But but but but, you've been 751 00:51:44,120 --> 00:51:44,880 brainwashed.