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Intellectual property IP is a 
category of property that 

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includes intangible, creations 
of the human intellect. 

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There are many types of 
intellectual property and some 

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countries recognize more than 
others. 

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The best-known types are 
copyrights patents, trademarks 

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and Trade Secrets. 
The modern concept of 

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intellectual property developed 
in England in the 17th and 18th 

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centuries. 
The term intellectual property 

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began to be used in the 19th 
century though, it was not until

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the late 20th century. 
That intellectual property 

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became commonplace in the 
majority of the world's legal 

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systems. 
The main purpose of intellectual

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property law is to encourage the
creation of a wide variety of 

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intellectual Goods to achieve 
this. 

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The law gives people and 
businesses property rights to 

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the information and intellectual
Goods. 

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They create usually for a 
limited period of time. 

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This gives economic incentive 
for their creation because it 

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allows people to benefit from 
the information and intellectual

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Goods, they create that allows 
them to protect their ideas and 

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prevent copying. 
These economic incentives are 

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expected to stimulate Innovation
and contribute to the 

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technological progress. 
As of countries, which depends 

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on the extent of protection, 
granted to innovators the 

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intangible nature of 
intellectual property, presents 

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difficulties when compared with 
traditional property like land 

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or Goods unlike traditional 
property. 

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Intellectual property is 
indivisible since an unlimited 

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number of people can consume an 
intellectual good without its 

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being depleted. 
Additionally, investments in 

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intellectual. 
Good suffer, from problems of 

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appropriation, landowners, can 
surround their land with a 

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robust fans, and higher armed 
guards, to protect it, but 

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producers of information or 
literature can usually We do 

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little to stop their first buyer
from replicating it and selling 

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it at a lower price balancing, 
right? 

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So that they are strong enough 
to encourage the creation of 

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intellectual Goods, but not so 
strong that they prevent the 

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goods wide use is the primary 
focus of modern intellectual 

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property, law history, the 
statute of monopolies 1624 and 

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the British statute of Anne, 
1710 are seen as the origins of 

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patent law and copyright 
respectively firmly establishing

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the concept of intellectual 
property. 

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Literary property was the term. 
Only used in the British legal 

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debates of the 1760s and 1770s 
over the extent to which authors

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and Publishers of works also had
rights deriving from the common 

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law of property. 
Miller, V Taylor 1769 hint and V

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Donaldson 1773 Donaldson V. 
Beckett 1774, the first known 

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use of the term intellectual 
property dates to this time when

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a piece published in the monthly
review in 1769, use the phrase. 

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The first clear example of 
modern usage, goes back as early

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as eighteen. 
Oh, eight It was used as a 

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heading title in a collection of
essays. 

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The German equivalent was used 
with the founding of the north 

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German Confederation whose 
Constitution granted legislative

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power over the protection of 
intellectual property, should 

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stay guy Stiga negatives to the 
Confederation. 

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When the administrative 
secretary, it's established by 

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the Paris convention 1883, and 
the Berne convention 1886 merged

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in 1893. 
They located in Bern and also 

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adopted the term intellectual 
property in their new combined 

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title. 
The United International bureaus

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for the Of intellectual 
property, the organization, 

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subsequently relocated to Geneva
in 1960 and was succeeded in 

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1967 with the establishment of 
the world intellectual property 

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organization. 
Wipo by treaty is an agency of 

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the United Nations according to 
Legal scholar Mark. 

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Laemmle it was only at this 
point that the term really began

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to be used in the United States,
which had not been a party to 

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the Berne convention. 
And it did not enter popular 

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usage there until passage of the
bay Dole act in 1980. 

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The history of patents does not 
begin with inventions. 

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Yeah. 
But rather with royal grants by 

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Queen Elizabeth, the first 1558 
to 1603 for Monopoly privileges,

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approximately 200 years after 
the end of Elizabeth's Reign. 

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However, a patent represents a 
legal, right obtained by an 

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inventor providing for exclusive
control over the production and 

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sale of his mechanical or 
scientific invention. 

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Demonstrating the evolution of 
patents from Royal prerogative 

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to common law Doctrine. 
The term can be found used in an

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October 1845, Massachusetts 
Circuit Court ruling in the 

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patent case to volatile V Brown 
In which Justice Charles, L 

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Woodbury, wrote that only in 
this way. 

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Can we protect intellectual 
property the labors of the Mind 

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Productions and interests are as
much a man's own as the Ouija 

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cultivates or the flocks? 
Arrears, the statement that 

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discoveries are property goes 
back earlier Section, 1 of the 

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French law of 1791 stated, all 
new discoveries are the property

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of the author to assure, the 
inventor of the property and 

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temporary enjoyment of his 
Discovery. 

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There shall be delivered to him,
a patent for 5, 10 or 15 years 

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in Europe, French authoring. 
Ian mentioned, propriety 

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intellectual and is Drew a 
civils. 

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Des auteurs. 
Artie said, inventors published 

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in 1846 until recently. 
The purpose of intellectual 

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property law was to give as 
little protection as possible in

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order to encourage Innovation, 
historically there for legal 

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protection was granted only when
necessary to encourage invention

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and it was limited in time and 
scope. 

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This is mainly as a result of 
knowledge, being traditionally 

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viewed as a public good in order
to allow its extensive 

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dissemination and Improvement. 
The concepts origin can 

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Attentively. 
Be traced back further. 

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Jewish law includes several 
considerations whose effects are

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similar to. 
Those of modern intellectual 

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property laws though, the notion
of intellectual Creations. 

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As property does not seem to 
exist. 

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Notably, the principle of a saga
GE Vol. 

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Unfair encroachment was used to 
justify limited term publisher, 

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but not author. 
Copyright in the 16th century in

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500 BCE the government of the 
Greek state of Sybaris. 

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Offered one years patent to all 
who should discover any new 

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refinement and luxury. 
According to Jean Frederick 

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Morin, In the global 
intellectual property regime is 

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currently in the midst of a 
paradigm shift, indeed up until 

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the early 2000s. 
The global IP regime used to be 

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dominated by high standards of 
protection. 

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Characteristic of Ip laws from 
Europe or the United States with

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a vision that uniform 
application of these standards 

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over every country into several 
Fields, with little 

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consideration, over social 
cultural, or environmental 

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values, or of the national level
of Economic Development. 

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More argues that the emerging 
discourse of the global IP 

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regime advocates for greater 
policy flexibility and greater, 

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Access to knowledge, especially 
for developing countries indeed 

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with the development. 
Agenda adopted by weep o in 

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2007, a set of 45 
recommendations to adjust. 

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We posed activities to the 
specific needs of developing 

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countries and aim to reduce 
distortions, especially on 

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issues such as patients access 
to medicines internet, users 

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access to information Farmers, 
access to seeds, programmers 

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access to Source codes or 
students access to scientific 

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articles. 
However, this Paradigm Shift has

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not yet manifested itself in 
concrete legal reforms. 

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At the international level. 
Similarly, it is based on these 

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background that the 
trade-related aspects of 

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intellectual property rights. 
Trips agreement requires members

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of the WTO to set minimum 
standards of legal protection. 

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But its objective to have a one 
fits all Protection. 

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Law on intellectual property, 
has been viewed with 

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controversies regarding 
differences in the development 

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level of countries. 
Despite the controversy, the 

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agreement has extensively 
Incorporated intellectual 

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property rights into the global 
trading system for the first 

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time in 1995 and has prevailed 
as the most comprehensive. 

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Raymond reached by the world 
rights intellectual property. 

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Rights include patents 
copyright, industrial design 

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rights, trademarks plant, 
variety rights trade dress, 

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geographical indications and in 
some jurisdictions Trade 

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Secrets. 
There are also more Specialized 

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or derived varieties of sweet 
generous exclusive rights such 

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as circuit design rights called 
mask work rights. 

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In the US supplementary 
protection, certificates for 

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pharmaceutical products, after 
expiry of a patent, protecting 

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them and database rights. 
In European law, the term 

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industrial property is sometimes
used to refer to a large subset 

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of intellectual property rights 
including patents, trademarks 

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industrial designs, utility 
models, service marks trade 

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names and geographical 
indications patents. 

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A patent is a form of, right? 
Granted by the government to an 

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inventor, or their successor and
title, giving the owner, the 

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right to exclude, others from 
making using selling offering to

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sell and importing, an invention
for a limited period of time. 

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In exchange for the public 
disclosure of Invention, an 

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invention is a solution to a 
specific technological problem, 

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which may be a product or 
process. 

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In generally has to fulfill 
three main requirements. 

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It has to be new, not obvious, 
and there needs to be an 

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industrial applicability to 
enrich the body of knowledge and

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stimulate Innovation. 
It is an obligation for patent 

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owners to disclose valuable 
information about their 

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inventions to the public 
copyright. 

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A copyright gives the creator of
an original work, exclusive 

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rights to it. 
Usually, for a limited time. 

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Copyright May apply to a wide 
range of Creative intellectual 

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or artistic forms or Works. 
Copyright does not cover ideas 

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and information themselves. 
Only the form or manner in which

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they are expressed industrial 
design, rights an industrial 

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design, right? 
Sometimes called design Rider 

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design, patent protects the 
visual design of objects that 

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are not purely. 
Utilitarian, an industrial 

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design consists of the creation 
of a shape configuration or 

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composition of pattern or color 
or combination of pattern and 

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color. 
And three-dimensional form 

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containing aesthetic value, an 
Drill design can be a two or 

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00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:04,200
three dimensional pattern used 
to produce a product industrial 

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00:09:04,200 --> 00:09:07,600
commodity or handicraft. 
Generally, speaking it is, what 

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00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:10,800
makes a product look appealing. 
And as such it increases, the 

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commercial value of goods, plant
varieties, plant breeders rights

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00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:17,700
or plant variety rights, are the
rights to commercially use a new

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00:09:17,700 --> 00:09:20,600
variety of a plant. 
The variety must amongst others 

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00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:22,700
be novel, indistinct. 
And for registration, the 

193
00:09:22,700 --> 00:09:25,200
evaluation of propagating 
material of the variety is 

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considered trademarks. 
A trademark is a recognizable 

195
00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:31,000
sign. 
Design or expression which 

196
00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:33,800
distinguishes products or 
Services of a particular Trader 

197
00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:37,000
from similar products or 
Services of other Traders trade 

198
00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:39,400
dress. 
Trade dress is a legal term of 

199
00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:42,100
art that generally refers to 
characteristics of the visual 

200
00:09:42,100 --> 00:09:45,200
and aesthetic appearance of a 
product or its packaging or even

201
00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:47,700
the design of a building that 
signify, the source of the 

202
00:09:47,708 --> 00:09:51,500
product to Consumers. 
Trade Secrets a trade, secret is

203
00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:56,000
a Formula practice process 
design, instrument pattern, or 

204
00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:58,700
compilation of information, 
which is not generally known or 

205
00:09:58,700 --> 00:10:01,500
reasonably ascertainable. 
By which a business can obtain 

206
00:10:01,500 --> 00:10:03,900
an economic advantage over 
competitors and customers. 

207
00:10:03,900 --> 00:10:06,100
There is no formal government 
protection. 

208
00:10:06,100 --> 00:10:09,400
Granted each business must take 
measures to guard its own trade 

209
00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:12,800
secrets, for example, formula of
its soft drinks as a trade 

210
00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:16,000
secret for Coca-Cola. 
Motivation and justification, 

211
00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:18,000
the main purpose of intellectual
property. 

212
00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:21,000
Law is to encourage the creation
of a wide variety of 

213
00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,800
intellectual goods for consumers
to achieve this, the law gives 

214
00:10:24,800 --> 00:10:27,400
people and businesses property 
rights to the information and 

215
00:10:27,408 --> 00:10:29,800
intellectual Goods. 
They create usually for A 

216
00:10:29,808 --> 00:10:33,000
limited period of time because 
they can then profit from them. 

217
00:10:33,100 --> 00:10:35,400
This gives economic incentive 
for their creation. 

218
00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:38,400
The intangible nature of 
intellectual property presents 

219
00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:41,200
difficulties when compared with 
traditional property like land 

220
00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:43,600
or Goods unlike traditional 
property. 

221
00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:46,500
Intellectual property is 
indivisible, an unlimited number

222
00:10:46,500 --> 00:10:48,800
of people can consume an 
intellectual good without it 

223
00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:51,700
being depleted. 
Additionally, investments in 

224
00:10:51,700 --> 00:10:54,700
intellectual good suffer, from 
problems of appropriation, while

225
00:10:54,700 --> 00:10:57,300
a landowner can surround their 
land with a robust fence and 

226
00:10:57,300 --> 00:11:00,400
higher armed guards to protect 
it, a producer of Nation or an 

227
00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:02,600
intellectual good. 
Can usually do very little to 

228
00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:05,100
stop their first buyer from 
replicating it and selling it at

229
00:11:05,100 --> 00:11:07,000
a lower price balancing. 
Right? 

230
00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,400
So that they are strong enough 
to encourage the creation of 

231
00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:11,800
information and intellectual 
Goods but not so strong. 

232
00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:14,700
That they prevent their wide use
is the primary focus of modern 

233
00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:18,300
intellectual property law by 
exchanging limited exclusive 

234
00:11:18,300 --> 00:11:20,800
rights for disclosure of 
inventions and creative Works 

235
00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:23,700
society, and the patentee or 
copyright owner mutually 

236
00:11:23,700 --> 00:11:25,700
benefit. 
And an incentive is created for 

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inventors and authors to create 
and disclose their work. 

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Some commentators have have 
noted that the objective of 

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intellectual property 
legislators and those who 

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00:11:33,100 --> 00:11:35,400
support its implementation 
appears to be absolute 

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protection. 
If some intellectual property is

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desirable because it encourages 
Innovation, they reason more is 

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better. 
The thinking, is that creators 

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will not have sufficient 
incentive to invent unless they 

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are legally entitled to capture 
the full social value of their 

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inventions. 
This absolute protection or full

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00:11:51,500 --> 00:11:54,500
value view treats intellectual 
property as another type of real

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00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:56,500
property. 
Typically adopting its law and 

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rhetoric other recent 
developments in intellectual 

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00:11:59,100 --> 00:12:02,300
property law. such as the 
America invents, act stress 

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00:12:02,300 --> 00:12:05,400
International harmonization 
recently, there is also been 

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much debate over the 
desirability of using 

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intellectual property rights to 
protect cultural heritage, 

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including intangible ones, as 
well as over risks of 

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commodification derived from 
this possibility, the issue 

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00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:18,100
Still Remains open in legal 
scholarship