1 00:00:00,100 --> 00:00:06,700 The law school of America. Today's lesson will play 2 00:00:06,800 --> 00:00:10,700 uninterrupted right after a brief message from our sponsor. 3 00:00:10,700 --> 00:00:19,400 The lowest School of America in English, common law, real 4 00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:22,600 property. Real estate Realty, were movable 5 00:00:22,600 --> 00:00:25,500 properties land, which is the property of some person and all 6 00:00:25,500 --> 00:00:28,600 structures also called improvements or fixtures 7 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:31,900 integrated with or affixed to the land including crops 8 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:34,800 buildings, Machinery. Wells, damn. 9 00:00:34,900 --> 00:00:39,300 Eames puns, mine's canals and Roads among other things. 10 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:42,900 The term is historic arising from the now-discontinued form 11 00:00:42,900 --> 00:00:46,200 of action, which distinguish between real property disputes 12 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:50,100 and personal property disputes. Personal property was and 13 00:00:50,100 --> 00:00:53,500 continues to be all property that is not real property. 14 00:00:54,100 --> 00:00:57,400 In countries with personal ownership of real property civil 15 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:00,900 law, protects the status of real property and real estate markets 16 00:01:00,900 --> 00:01:03,600 where estate agents work in the market of buying and selling 17 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:06,400 real estate. Out of civil law calls real 18 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:10,000 property heritable property and in french-based, law, it is 19 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:12,400 called immobiliare immovable property. 20 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:16,200 The conceptual difference was between immovable property which 21 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:19,300 would transfer title along with the land and movable property, 22 00:01:19,300 --> 00:01:23,100 which a person would retain title to in modern legal 23 00:01:23,100 --> 00:01:25,100 systems. Derived from English, common 24 00:01:25,100 --> 00:01:28,600 law, classification of property is real or personal may vary 25 00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:31,300 somewhat according to jurisdiction or even within 26 00:01:31,300 --> 00:01:34,700 jurisdictions, according to purpose as in defining whether 27 00:01:34,900 --> 00:01:39,800 How the property may be taxed. Bethel 1998 contains much 28 00:01:39,800 --> 00:01:42,800 information on the historical evolution of real property and 29 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,400 property rights. Identification of real property 30 00:01:46,900 --> 00:01:49,800 to be of any value. A claim to any property must be 31 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:53,100 accompanied by a verifiable and legal property description. 32 00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:56,400 Such a description usually makes use of natural or man-made 33 00:01:56,400 --> 00:02:00,500 boundaries, such as seacoast's Rivers streams, the crests of 34 00:02:00,500 --> 00:02:04,700 ridges lakeshore's, highways roads and rail road tracks, 35 00:02:04,900 --> 00:02:08,699 Purpose-built markers such as Karen's surveyors posts iron 36 00:02:08,699 --> 00:02:12,300 pins or pipes concrete monuments, fences, official 37 00:02:12,300 --> 00:02:15,500 government, surveying marks such as one's a fixed by the national 38 00:02:15,500 --> 00:02:19,700 geodetic, survey and so forth. In many cases a description 39 00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:23,000 refers, to one or more Lots on a plant, a map of property 40 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,200 boundaries, kept in public records, these legal 41 00:02:26,200 --> 00:02:29,100 descriptions are usually described in two different ways, 42 00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:33,000 metes and Bounds and lot and block a third way, is the public 43 00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:37,900 land survey system as you And in the United States meets the term 44 00:02:37,900 --> 00:02:40,600 meets refers to a boundary defined by the measurement of 45 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:43,500 each straight run specified. By a distance between the 46 00:02:43,500 --> 00:02:46,900 terminal points and an orientation or Direction a 47 00:02:46,900 --> 00:02:49,000 direction. Maybe a simple Compass bearing 48 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:52,300 magnetic or a more precise orientation, determined by 49 00:02:52,300 --> 00:02:55,700 accurate. Survey methods bounds, the term 50 00:02:55,700 --> 00:02:59,000 bounce refers to a more General boundary description such as 51 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,900 along, a certain Watercourse, a stone wall, an adjoining public, 52 00:03:02,900 --> 00:03:06,600 roadway, and adjoining property. Or an existing building. 53 00:03:06,900 --> 00:03:09,700 The system is often used to define larger pieces of 54 00:03:09,700 --> 00:03:12,500 property. For example, farms and political 55 00:03:12,500 --> 00:03:16,400 subdivisions, for example, Town boundaries, where precise 56 00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:19,800 definition is not required, or would be far too expensive or 57 00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:22,900 previously designated boundaries can be incorporated into the 58 00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:25,600 description. The laden block system is 59 00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:28,400 perhaps the simplest of the three main survey systems to 60 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:31,600 understand for a legal description in the lot and block 61 00:03:31,600 --> 00:03:34,800 system. A description must identify the 62 00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:38,400 Visual lat the Block in which the lot is located, if 63 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:42,000 applicable a reference to a plat, it subdivision or a face 64 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:46,400 there of a reference to find the cited plat map, for example a 65 00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:50,300 page and or volume number. And a description of the maps, 66 00:03:50,300 --> 00:03:53,600 place of official recording. For example, recorded in the 67 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:57,700 files of the County engineer, the public land survey system. 68 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:01,400 Plss is the surveying method developed and used in the United 69 00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:05,500 States to divide real property for sale in settling the LSS 70 00:04:05,500 --> 00:04:09,100 used nominally rectangular shapes to divide the basic unit 71 00:04:09,100 --> 00:04:11,400 in the plss is the section of land. 72 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:15,500 Typically One Mile Square, a six by six mile grid of sections of 73 00:04:15,500 --> 00:04:17,100 land form. What is referred to as a 74 00:04:17,108 --> 00:04:20,100 Township townships, are laid out, east and west of a 75 00:04:20,100 --> 00:04:23,200 principal Meridian, and north, and south of a baseline. 76 00:04:23,800 --> 00:04:27,700 Estates in ownership interests, defined the law recognizes 77 00:04:27,700 --> 00:04:31,300 different sorts of interests called Estates in Real Property, 78 00:04:31,700 --> 00:04:34,400 the type of estate is generally determined by the language of 79 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:37,400 the deed. Ed lease bill of sale will land 80 00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:40,700 grant Etc through which the estate was acquired. 81 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:43,700 Estates are distinguished by the varying property rights that 82 00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:47,200 best in each and that determine the duration and transferability 83 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:50,400 of the various Estates. A party enjoying, an estate is 84 00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:54,600 called a tenant, some important types of Estates in land include 85 00:04:55,100 --> 00:04:57,100 fee. Simple and estate of indefinite 86 00:04:57,100 --> 00:05:00,800 duration that can be freely transferred, the most common and 87 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:04,000 perhaps most absolute type of estate under which the tenant 88 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,700 enjoys, the Great Discretion over the disposal of the 89 00:05:06,700 --> 00:05:10,000 property fee. Simple conditional and estate 90 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:11,900 lasting forever. As long as one or more 91 00:05:11,900 --> 00:05:15,600 conditions stipulated by the Deeds, grantor does not occur if 92 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:19,300 such a condition does occur the property reverts to the grantor 93 00:05:19,300 --> 00:05:23,100 or a remainder interest is passed on to a third party, the 94 00:05:23,100 --> 00:05:26,500 tail and a state, which upon the death of the tenant is 95 00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:30,700 transferred to his or her heirs. Life is date and estate lasting 96 00:05:30,700 --> 00:05:34,500 for the Natural Life of the grantee called a life, tenant if 97 00:05:34,500 --> 00:05:36,700 life. Estate can be sold a sale does 98 00:05:36,700 --> 00:05:39,900 not change its duration which is limited by the Natural Life of 99 00:05:39,908 --> 00:05:42,600 the original grantee. A life is day. 100 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,700 Pur autre V is held by one person for the Natural Life of 101 00:05:45,700 --> 00:05:48,200 another person, such an estate, may arise. 102 00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:50,900 If the original life tenant sells her life estate to 103 00:05:50,900 --> 00:05:54,100 another, or if the life estate is originally, granted Pura 104 00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:58,300 travaille, leasehold an estate of limited term as set out in 105 00:05:58,300 --> 00:06:01,000 the contract called a lease between the party. 106 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:04,500 Granted, the leasehold called the lessee and another party. 107 00:06:04,800 --> 00:06:07,800 Called the lessor having a longer estate in the property, 108 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:10,900 for example, an apartment dweller with a one-year lease, 109 00:06:10,900 --> 00:06:13,800 has a leasehold estate in her apartment lessees. 110 00:06:13,800 --> 00:06:16,900 Typically agree, to pay a stated rent to the lessor though, a 111 00:06:16,908 --> 00:06:18,900 leasehold relates to real property. 112 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:21,700 The leasehold interest is historically classified as 113 00:06:21,700 --> 00:06:25,100 personal property. A tenant enjoying an undivided 114 00:06:25,100 --> 00:06:27,500 estate in some property. After the termination of some 115 00:06:27,500 --> 00:06:30,100 estate of limited term. Is said to have a future 116 00:06:30,100 --> 00:06:35,200 interest two, important types of future interests are Reversion a 117 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:37,700 reversion arises. When a tenant grants in a state 118 00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:40,800 of lesser maximum term than his own ownership of the land, 119 00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:43,600 returns to the original tenant. When the grantees estate 120 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:47,200 expires, the original tenants, future interest is a reversion 121 00:06:47,200 --> 00:06:50,500 remainder. A remainder arises when a tenant 122 00:06:50,500 --> 00:06:52,300 with a fee. Simple Grant, someone a life 123 00:06:52,300 --> 00:06:55,500 estate or conditional fee, simple and specifies, a third 124 00:06:55,500 --> 00:06:58,300 party to whom the land goes. When the life is State ends or 125 00:06:58,300 --> 00:07:01,100 the condition occurs. The third party is said to have 126 00:07:01,100 --> 00:07:03,400 a remainder. The third party may have a 127 00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:05,400 legal, right. Right to limit the life, tenants 128 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:08,400 use of the land. Estates may be held jointly as 129 00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:11,200 joint tenants with rights of survivorship or as tenants in 130 00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:14,700 common, the difference in these 2 types of joint ownership of an 131 00:07:14,700 --> 00:07:17,600 estate in land is basically the in heritability of the estate. 132 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:21,200 And the shares of interest that each tenant owns in a joint 133 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:25,200 tenancy, with rights of survivorship deed or J TW R OS, 134 00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:27,900 the death of one tenant, means that the surviving tenants 135 00:07:27,900 --> 00:07:29,800 become the sole owners of the estate. 136 00:07:30,100 --> 00:07:33,400 Nothing passes to The Heirs of the deceased tenant in some 137 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:35,800 jurisdictions. Actions the specific words with 138 00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:38,900 right of survivorship must be used or the tenancy will be 139 00:07:38,900 --> 00:07:42,100 assumed to be tenants in common without rights of survivorship. 140 00:07:42,300 --> 00:07:46,600 The co-owners always take a j, TW R OS, deed in equal shares. 141 00:07:46,700 --> 00:07:49,500 So each tenant must own, an equal share of the property, 142 00:07:49,500 --> 00:07:52,100 regardless of any contribution to purchase price. 143 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:55,800 If the property is some days older subdivided, the proceeds 144 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:59,000 must be distributed equally with no credits given for any excess 145 00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:01,700 than anyone co-owner may have contributed to purchase the 146 00:08:01,700 --> 00:08:05,600 property, the death of a ER of a tenants in common t.i. 147 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:08,300 C deed will have a heritable portion of the estate in 148 00:08:08,308 --> 00:08:11,300 proportion to his ownership interest which is presumed to be 149 00:08:11,300 --> 00:08:14,300 equal among all tenants unless otherwise stated in the transfer 150 00:08:14,300 --> 00:08:16,800 deed. However, if take property is 151 00:08:16,800 --> 00:08:21,600 sold or subdivided in some states, provinces Etc, a credit 152 00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:24,500 can be automatically made for unequal contributions to the 153 00:08:24,500 --> 00:08:28,100 purchase price. Unlike a partition of a j, TW R 154 00:08:28,100 --> 00:08:31,500 OS, deed real property may be owned jointly with several 155 00:08:31,500 --> 00:08:36,000 tenants through devices, such as the I am housing cooperative and 156 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:40,799 building Cooperative bundle of Rights real property is unique 157 00:08:40,799 --> 00:08:43,400 because there are multiple rights associated with each 158 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:46,500 piece of property. For example, most u.s. 159 00:08:46,500 --> 00:08:50,100 jurisdictions recognize the following rights right to sell, 160 00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:54,500 right, to lease, right, to acquire minerals, gas oil, Etc, 161 00:08:54,500 --> 00:08:58,000 within the land right to use, right to possess right to 162 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,100 develop Etc, these multiple rights are important because 163 00:09:01,100 --> 00:09:03,800 owners of the real property can generally do what they choose. 164 00:09:03,900 --> 00:09:06,500 With each, right? For example, the owner could 165 00:09:06,500 --> 00:09:09,000 choose to keep all the rights but least the right to drill for 166 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:12,100 oil to an oil company or the owner could choose to keep all 167 00:09:12,100 --> 00:09:14,400 the rights but least the property to a tenant. 168 00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:18,400 In other words, the owner oh can elect to keep lease or sell the 169 00:09:18,400 --> 00:09:22,500 rights to the land. Other ownership types, allodial 170 00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:25,700 title, real property that is independent of any Superior 171 00:09:25,700 --> 00:09:30,000 landlord, allodium is land held. Absolutely in one's own, right? 172 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,300 And not of any Lord or Superior land, not subject to feudal 173 00:09:33,300 --> 00:09:37,200 duties or It has an estate held by absolute ownership, without 174 00:09:37,200 --> 00:09:40,400 recognizing any Superior, to whom any duty, is due on account 175 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:44,600 thereof jurisdictional peculiarities in the law of 176 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:47,600 almost every country. The state is the ultimate owner 177 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:50,300 of all land under its jurisdiction because it is The 178 00:09:50,300 --> 00:09:53,800 Sovereign or Supreme lawmaking Authority, physical and 179 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:57,000 corporate persons do not have allodial title, they do not own 180 00:09:57,000 --> 00:09:59,100 land but only enjoy states in the land. 181 00:09:59,100 --> 00:10:03,700 Also known as Equitable interests United States, each 182 00:10:03,700 --> 00:10:05,900 year, U.s. State except Louisiana, has its 183 00:10:05,900 --> 00:10:09,200 own laws governing real property in the Estates there in grounded 184 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:12,900 in the common law in Arizona. Real property is generally 185 00:10:12,900 --> 00:10:16,000 defined as land and the things permanently attached to the land 186 00:10:16,300 --> 00:10:19,200 things that are permanently attached to the land which also 187 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,200 can be referred to, as improvements include homes 188 00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:26,100 garages and buildings, manufactured, homes can obtain 189 00:10:26,100 --> 00:10:30,600 an Affidavit of a fixture. Australia, New Zealand, in many 190 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:33,700 countries, the torrents title system of real estate ownership 191 00:10:33,700 --> 00:10:36,300 is Managed and guaranteed by the government and replaces 192 00:10:36,300 --> 00:10:39,800 cumbersome tracing of ownership, the Torrens title system 193 00:10:39,800 --> 00:10:42,700 operates on the principle of Title by registration. 194 00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:45,600 For example, the into feasibility of a registered 195 00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:48,500 interest rather than registration of title, the 196 00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,300 system does away with the need for a chain of title, for 197 00:10:51,300 --> 00:10:54,900 example, tracing title through a series of documents and does 198 00:10:54,900 --> 00:10:58,200 away with the conveyancing costs of such searches, the state, 199 00:10:58,200 --> 00:11:01,400 guarantees title, and is usually supported by a compensation 200 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:03,700 scheme for those who lose their title due to the states. 201 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:06,200 Operation. It has been in practice in all 202 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:10,100 Australian States and in New Zealand, since between 1858 and 203 00:11:10,100 --> 00:11:14,500 1875, has more recently been extended to straight a title and 204 00:11:14,500 --> 00:11:18,400 has been adopted by many states provinces and countries and in 205 00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:23,300 modified form in nine states of the USA United Kingdom in the 206 00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:25,700 United Kingdom. The crown is held to be the 207 00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:28,200 ultimate owner of all, real property in the realm. 208 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:31,900 This fact is material. When for example, property has 209 00:11:31,900 --> 00:11:33,700 been disclaimed by its erstwhile owner. 210 00:11:33,900 --> 00:11:36,000 In which case the law of escheat applies. 211 00:11:36,300 --> 00:11:40,300 In some other jurisdictions, not including the United States real 212 00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:43,800 properties, help. Absolutely England and Wales. 213 00:11:44,300 --> 00:11:47,300 English law has retained the common law distinction between 214 00:11:47,300 --> 00:11:50,500 real property and personal property, whereas the civil law 215 00:11:50,500 --> 00:11:53,800 distinguishes between movable and immovable property in 216 00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:56,600 English law. Real property is not confined to 217 00:11:56,600 --> 00:11:59,800 the ownership of property in the building cited are on often 218 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:03,100 refer to as land. Real property, also includes 219 00:12:03,100 --> 00:12:06,600 many legal Relationships between individuals or owners of land 220 00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:09,800 that are purely conceptual one. Such relationship is the 221 00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:12,900 easement where the owner of one property has the right to pass 222 00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:15,600 over a neighboring property. Another is the various 223 00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:19,700 incorporeal her edit events such as Prophet saw prendre, where an 224 00:12:19,700 --> 00:12:22,200 individual may have the right to take crops from land. 225 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:25,000 That is part of another's, estate English law. 226 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:27,500 Retains a number of forms of property, which are largely 227 00:12:27,500 --> 00:12:28,800 unknown. In other common law, 228 00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:32,700 jurisdictions, such as the ad boson, chancel repair liability 229 00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:36,800 and Lordships of the These are all classified as real property 230 00:12:36,900 --> 00:12:39,300 as they would have been protected by real actions in the 231 00:12:39,300 --> 00:12:42,200 early. Common law, economic aspects of 232 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:46,400 real property land. Use land valuation and the 233 00:12:46,408 --> 00:12:49,900 determination of the incomes of landowners are among the oldest 234 00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:52,500 questions. In economic theory, land is an 235 00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:56,200 essential input factor of production, for agriculture. 236 00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:59,300 And agriculture, is by far, the most important, economic 237 00:12:59,300 --> 00:13:02,900 activity, in pre-industrial societies, with the Advent of 238 00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:07,200 Ation important new uses for land emerge, as sites for 239 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:11,400 factories, warehouses offices, and urban agglomerations. 240 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:15,100 Also the value of real property taking the form of man-made 241 00:13:15,100 --> 00:13:17,900 structures and Machinery, increases relative to the value 242 00:13:17,900 --> 00:13:21,700 of land alone, the concept of real property eventually comes 243 00:13:21,700 --> 00:13:25,000 to Encompass, effectively, all forms of tangible, fixed Capital 244 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:27,400 with the rise of extractive Industries. 245 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,900 Real property comes to Encompass, natural, Capital with 246 00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:33,700 the rise of Tourism. And Leisure, real property comes 247 00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:37,300 Include Scenic and other amenities values starting in the 248 00:13:37,300 --> 00:13:41,300 1960s as part of the emerging field of Law and economics, 249 00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:44,300 economists and legal Scholars began to study the property 250 00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,400 rights enjoyed by tenants under the various Estates and the 251 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:50,800 economic benefits and costs of the various estates this 252 00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:54,300 resulted in a much improved, understanding of the property 253 00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:57,700 rights, enjoyed by tenants under the various Estates these 254 00:13:57,700 --> 00:14:01,300 include the right to decide how a piece of real property. 255 00:14:01,300 --> 00:14:03,600 Is used exclude others from enjoy. 256 00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:07,700 On the property transfer, alienate some or all of these 257 00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:11,300 rights to others on mutually agreeable, terms, nature, and 258 00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:13,300 consequences of transaction costs. 259 00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:16,900 When changing and transferring a States, for an introduction to 260 00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:21,300 the economic analysis of property law, see Chevelle, 2004 261 00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:25,500 and Cooter and Newland 2003 for a collection of related. 262 00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:31,600 Scholarly articles, see, Epstein, 2007, election, 1993 263 00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:35,100 broadens, the economic analysis of Real property with a variety 264 00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:37,600 of facts drawn from history and ethnography. 265 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,300 The lowest School of America, this has been a Creative, 266 00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:47,200 Commons, licensed podcast, the content used in the podcast is 267 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:50,300 licensed by the Wikimedia Foundation Incorporated under a 268 00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:53,700 Creative Commons attribution/share-alike license. 269 00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:58,300 The text has been modified for audio the content of these 270 00:14:58,300 --> 00:15:01,600 podcasts is for informational purposes only and do not 271 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:05,700 constitute professional advice. These podcasts are not 272 00:15:05,700 --> 00:15:09,100 associated with the Wikimedia foundation in any context, 273 00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:24,600 the law school of America.