1
00:00:00,100 --> 00:00:03,500
Registration in all countries 
where the Berne convention 

2
00:00:03,500 --> 00:00:06,600
standards. 
Apply copyright is automatic and

3
00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:09,300
need not be obtained Through 
official registration with any 

4
00:00:09,300 --> 00:00:12,500
government office. 
Once an idea has been reduced a 

5
00:00:12,500 --> 00:00:15,100
tangible form. 
For example, by securing it in a

6
00:00:15,108 --> 00:00:18,300
fixed medium, such as a drawing 
sheet music. 

7
00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:21,600
Photograph a video tape or a 
computer file. 

8
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The copyright holder is entitled
to enforce their exclusive 

9
00:00:24,700 --> 00:00:27,500
rights. 
However, while registration is 

10
00:00:27,500 --> 00:00:31,200
not needed to exercise copyright
in Jurisdictions where the laws 

11
00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:34,200
provide for registration. 
It serves as prima facie 

12
00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:37,400
evidence of a valid copyright 
and enables a copyright holder 

13
00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:41,400
to seek statutory, damages and 
attorneys fees in the u.s. 

14
00:00:41,500 --> 00:00:43,500
registering. 
After an infringement, only 

15
00:00:43,500 --> 00:00:47,600
enables one to receive actual 
damages and lost profits, a 

16
00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,900
widely circulated strategy to 
avoid the cost of copyright 

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00:00:50,900 --> 00:00:54,100
registration is referred to as 
the poor man's copyright. 

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It proposes that the Creator 
send the work to themself in a 

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sealed envelope by registered 
mail, using the Smart to 

20
00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:03,400
establish the date. 
This technique has not been 

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recognized in any published 
opinions of the United States 

22
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courts. 
The United States. 

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Copyright office says, the 
technique is not a substitute 

24
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for actual registration. 
The United Kingdom. 

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Intellectual property office. 
Discusses the technique in notes

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that the technique as well as 
commercial. 

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Registries does not constitute 
dispositive proof that the work 

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is original or establish who 
created the work. 

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Fixing the Berne convention 
allows member countries to 

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decide whether Creative Works 
must be fixed to enjoy copyright

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Article 2 Section 2 of the Berne
convention States, it shall be a

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matter for legislation in the 
countries of the Union to 

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prescribe that works in general 
or any specified categories. 

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Of work shall not be protected 
unless they have been fixed in 

35
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some material form, some 
countries do not require that a 

36
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work. 
Be produced in a particular form

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to obtain copyright protection, 
for instance, Spain, France, and

38
00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:57,400
Australia. 
Do not require fixation for 

39
00:01:57,408 --> 00:02:00,900
copyright protection, the United
It's in Canada. 

40
00:02:00,900 --> 00:02:04,200
On the other hand, require that 
most Works must be fixed in a 

41
00:02:04,208 --> 00:02:06,800
tangible medium of expression to
obtain copyright. 

42
00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:09,500
Protection. 
US law requires that the 

43
00:02:09,500 --> 00:02:12,400
fixation be stable and permanent
enough to be perceived 

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00:02:12,500 --> 00:02:15,700
reproduced or communicated for a
period of more than transitory 

45
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duration. 
Similarly Canadian courts, 

46
00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:21,400
consider fixation to require 
that the work, be expressed to 

47
00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:23,900
some extent. 
At least in some material form 

48
00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:27,200
capable of identification and 
having a more or less permanent 

49
00:02:27,200 --> 00:02:31,700
endurance, note this provision 
of US law, Law section c effect 

50
00:02:31,700 --> 00:02:34,800
of Berne convention. 
No, writer interest in a work 

51
00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:37,700
eligible for protection under. 
This title may be claimed by 

52
00:02:37,700 --> 00:02:41,200
virtue of, or in Reliance upon 
the provisions of the Berne 

53
00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:45,200
convention or the adherence of 
the United States there, to any 

54
00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:48,200
rights in a work eligible for 
protection under this title that

55
00:02:48,200 --> 00:02:52,000
derive from this title other 
federal or state statutes or the

56
00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:56,000
common law shall not be expanded
at were reduced by virtue of, or

57
00:02:56,000 --> 00:02:59,600
in Reliance upon the provisions 
of the Berne convention or the 

58
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adhesive. 
Prince of the United States 

59
00:03:01,100 --> 00:03:06,900
there to copyright notice before
1989 United States law. 

60
00:03:06,900 --> 00:03:09,800
Require the use of a copyright. 
Notice consisting of the 

61
00:03:09,800 --> 00:03:13,800
copyright symbol, the 
abbreviation copr period or the 

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00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:17,000
word copyright followed, by the 
year of the first publication of

63
00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:19,400
the work and the name of the 
copyright holder. 

64
00:03:19,900 --> 00:03:22,400
Several years may be noted. 
If the work has gone through 

65
00:03:22,400 --> 00:03:25,700
substantial, revisions the 
proper copyright, notice for 

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00:03:25,700 --> 00:03:29,100
sound recordings of musical or 
other audio works as a sound 

67
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recording cop. 
He writes in Bow, which 

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indicates a sound recording 
copyright with the letter P 

69
00:03:34,100 --> 00:03:37,700
indicating a Phenom record. 
In addition, the phrase All 

70
00:03:37,700 --> 00:03:40,600
Rights Reserved was once 
required to assert copyright, 

71
00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:44,400
but that phrase is now legally 
obsolete, almost everything on 

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the internet, has some sort of 
copyright attached to it, 

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whether these things are water. 
Marked signed, or have any other

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sort of indication of the 
copyright is a different story. 

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However, in 1989, the United 
States enacted, the Berne 

76
00:03:57,500 --> 00:04:02,200
convention implementation Act In
the 1976, Copyright Act to 

77
00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:04,100
conform to most of the 
provisions of the Berne 

78
00:04:04,100 --> 00:04:08,300
Convention, as a result, the use
of copyright notices, has become

79
00:04:08,300 --> 00:04:11,300
optional to claim copyright 
because the Berne convention 

80
00:04:11,300 --> 00:04:15,100
makes copyright automatic. 
However, the lack of notice of 

81
00:04:15,108 --> 00:04:17,000
copyright. 
Using these marks may have 

82
00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:20,200
consequences in terms of reduced
damages in an infringement 

83
00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:22,400
lawsuit using notices of this 
form. 

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May reduce the likelihood of a 
defense of innocent infringement

85
00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:29,700
being successful enforcement 
copyrights are generally in 

86
00:04:29,900 --> 00:04:32,600
Enforced by the holder, in a 
civil law court, but there are 

87
00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:34,700
also criminal infringement 
statutes. 

88
00:04:34,700 --> 00:04:38,300
In some jurisdictions while 
Central Registries are kept in 

89
00:04:38,300 --> 00:04:41,300
some countries which Aid in 
proving claims of ownership 

90
00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:44,700
registering does not necessarily
prove ownership nor does the 

91
00:04:44,700 --> 00:04:47,200
fact of copying. 
Even without permission 

92
00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:51,000
necessarily prove, that 
copyright was infringed criminal

93
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sanctions are generally aimed at
serious counterfeiting activity,

94
00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:57,000
but are now becoming more 
commonplace as copyright 

95
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Collective such as the riaa are 
increasingly. 

96
00:04:59,900 --> 00:05:03,400
Marketing, the file sharing home
internet user thus far. 

97
00:05:03,500 --> 00:05:06,700
However most such cases against 
file, sharers have been settled 

98
00:05:06,700 --> 00:05:09,500
out of court. 
In most jurisdictions, the 

99
00:05:09,500 --> 00:05:12,800
copyright holder must bear the 
cost of enforcing copyright. 

100
00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,400
This will usually involve 
engaging legal representation 

101
00:05:16,500 --> 00:05:20,800
administrative or court costs in
light of this many copyright 

102
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disputes are settled by a direct
approach to the infringing party

103
00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:28,600
in order to settle the dispute 
out of court, by 1978, the scope

104
00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:31,200
was expanded to apply. 
At any expression that has been 

105
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fixed in any medium, this 
protection, granted 

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00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:36,100
automatically whether the maker 
wants it or not. 

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No registration. 
Required copyright infringement 

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for a work to be considered to 
infringe upon copyright. 

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Its use, must have occurred in a
nation that has domestic 

110
00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:49,400
copyright laws or adheres to a 
bilateral treaty or established 

111
00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:52,200
International conventions. 
Such as the Berne convention or 

112
00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:56,100
repo copyright treaty improper 
use of materials outside of 

113
00:05:56,100 --> 00:05:58,700
legislation is deemed 
unauthorized addition. 

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Not copyright Arrangement 
statistics regarding the effects

115
00:06:02,700 --> 00:06:06,300
of copyright infringement or 
difficult to determine Studies 

116
00:06:06,300 --> 00:06:09,000
have attempted to determine. 
Whether there is a monetary loss

117
00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:11,700
for Industries, affected, by 
copyright infringement by 

118
00:06:11,700 --> 00:06:14,100
predicting, what portion of 
pirated Works would have been 

119
00:06:14,100 --> 00:06:16,200
formally purchased. 
If they had not been freely 

120
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available, other reports 
indicate that copyright 

121
00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:21,600
infringement does not have an 
adverse effect on the 

122
00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:24,300
entertainment industry and can 
have a positive effect. 

123
00:06:24,300 --> 00:06:28,700
In particular, a 2014 
University, study concluded that

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00:06:28,708 --> 00:06:32,800
free music. 10th accessed on 
YouTube does not necessarily 

125
00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:36,200
hurt sales, instead has the 
potential to increase sales 

126
00:06:36,700 --> 00:06:39,700
according to the IP commission 
report, the annual cost of 

127
00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:43,000
intellectual property theft to 
the US, economy continues to 

128
00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:47,000
exceed 225 billion dollars in 
counterfeit Goods, pirated 

129
00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:50,300
software and theft of Trade, 
Secrets and could be as high as 

130
00:06:50,300 --> 00:06:54,200
600 billion dollars. 
A 20-19 study sponsored by the 

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00:06:54,200 --> 00:06:58,600
US Chamber of Commerce, Global 
Innovation policy Center GI PC 

132
00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:01,700
in partnership with me. 
Economic Consulting estimates 

133
00:07:01,700 --> 00:07:04,600
that Global online, piracy cost,
the US economy. 

134
00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,800
These twenty nine point, two 
billion dollars in Lost Revenue 

135
00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:11,100
each year. 
An August 20 21 report by the 

136
00:07:11,100 --> 00:07:14,600
digital citizens Alliance states
that online criminals, who offer

137
00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:18,800
stolen movies, TV shows games 
and live events through websites

138
00:07:18,800 --> 00:07:22,100
and apps are reaping 1.34 
billion dollars in annual 

139
00:07:22,100 --> 00:07:25,600
advertising revenues. 
This comes as a result of users 

140
00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:28,700
visiting pirate websites who are
then subjected to pirated 

141
00:07:28,700 --> 00:07:31,700
content. 
Now, now we're and fraud rights.

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00:07:31,700 --> 00:07:34,900
Granted, according to the world 
intellectual property 

143
00:07:34,900 --> 00:07:39,200
organization, copyright protects
two types of Rights economic 

144
00:07:39,200 --> 00:07:42,100
rights allow right owners to 
derive Financial reward. 

145
00:07:42,100 --> 00:07:45,500
From the use of their works by 
others moral rights, allow 

146
00:07:45,500 --> 00:07:48,400
authors and creators to take 
certain actions to preserve and 

147
00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:51,600
protect their link with their 
work, the author or Creator. 

148
00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:54,500
Maybe the owner of the economic 
rights of those rights may be 

149
00:07:54,500 --> 00:07:57,000
transferred to one or more 
copyright owners. 

150
00:07:57,500 --> 00:08:01,300
Many countries do not allow the 
transfer of Real rights economic

151
00:08:01,300 --> 00:08:05,000
rights, with any kind of 
property, its owner, may decide 

152
00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,800
how it is to be used and others 
can use it lawfully. 

153
00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:10,700
Only if they have the owner's 
permission often through a 

154
00:08:10,700 --> 00:08:14,900
license, the owners use of the 
property must, however, respect 

155
00:08:14,900 --> 00:08:17,600
the legally recognized rights 
and interests of other members 

156
00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:20,600
of society. 
So, the owner of a copyright 

157
00:08:20,600 --> 00:08:23,700
protected, work may decide how 
to use the work and may prevent 

158
00:08:23,700 --> 00:08:27,000
others from using it without 
permission National laws. 

159
00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:30,200
Usually Grant copyright owners, 
exclusive rights to to allow 

160
00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:33,299
third parties, to use their 
Works subject to the legally 

161
00:08:33,299 --> 00:08:35,600
recognized rights and interests 
of others. 

162
00:08:36,100 --> 00:08:38,799
Most copyright laws state, that 
authors or other, right? 

163
00:08:38,799 --> 00:08:41,299
Owners have the right to 
authorize her prevent certain 

164
00:08:41,299 --> 00:08:43,700
acts in relation to a work, 
right? 

165
00:08:43,700 --> 00:08:47,700
Owners can authorize or prohibit
reproduction of the work in 

166
00:08:47,700 --> 00:08:51,600
various forms such as printed 
Publications or sound recordings

167
00:08:52,300 --> 00:08:56,000
distribution of copies of the 
work public performance of the 

168
00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,300
work. 
Broadcasting or other 

169
00:08:58,300 --> 00:09:02,000
communication of the work to the
public translation of the work 

170
00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:06,800
into other languages and 
adaptation of the work such as 

171
00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:10,000
turning a novel into a 
screenplay moral rights. 

172
00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:13,100
Moral rights are concerned with 
the non economic rights of a 

173
00:09:13,108 --> 00:09:15,400
Creator. 
They protect the Creator's 

174
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connection with a work as well 
as the Integrity of the work. 

175
00:09:18,700 --> 00:09:22,000
Moral rights are only according 
to individual authors, and in 

176
00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:25,100
many national laws, they remain 
with the authors, even after the

177
00:09:25,100 --> 00:09:29,800
authors have transferred their 
Rights in some EU countries such

178
00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:33,800
as France moral rights last 
indefinitely in the UK. 

179
00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:36,300
However, world rights are 
finite. 

180
00:09:36,700 --> 00:09:40,000
That is the right of attribution
and the right of Integrity lasts

181
00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:41,400
only. 
As long as the work is in 

182
00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:44,800
copyright, when the copyright 
term comes to an end. 

183
00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:48,300
So to do the moral rights in 
that work, this is just one 

184
00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:51,400
reason why the moral rights 
regime within the UK is often 

185
00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:54,500
regarded as weaker or inferior 
to the protection of moral 

186
00:09:54,500 --> 00:09:56,800
rights, in Continental Europe 
and elsewhere in the world. 

187
00:09:56,900 --> 00:09:59,700
World the Berne convention in 
article 6. 

188
00:09:59,700 --> 00:10:02,800
This requires its members to 
Grant authors the following 

189
00:10:02,800 --> 00:10:06,700
rights, the right to claim 
authorship of a work sometimes 

190
00:10:06,700 --> 00:10:11,000
called the right of paternity or
the right of attribution and the

191
00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:13,800
right to object to any 
Distortion, or modification of a

192
00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:17,500
work or other derogatory action 
in relation to a work, which 

193
00:10:17,500 --> 00:10:20,600
would be prejudicial to the 
authors honor or reputation 

194
00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:22,700
sometimes called the right of 
Integrity. 

195
00:10:23,100 --> 00:10:26,000
These and other similar rights, 
granted and National laws are 

196
00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:29,800
generally known The moral rights
of authors, the Berne convention

197
00:10:29,800 --> 00:10:32,500
requires these rights to be 
independent of authors. 

198
00:10:32,500 --> 00:10:35,600
Economic rights. 
Moral rights are only according 

199
00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:39,000
to individual authors, and in 
many national laws, they remain 

200
00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:41,800
with the authors even after the 
authors have transferred their 

201
00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:44,800
economic rights. 
This means that even where, for 

202
00:10:44,800 --> 00:10:48,300
example, a film producer or 
publisher, owns the economic 

203
00:10:48,300 --> 00:10:51,200
rights in a work in many 
jurisdictions, the individual 

204
00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:55,200
author continues to have moral 
rights recently as a part of the

205
00:10:55,208 --> 00:10:58,400
debates being held at the u.s. 
Copyright office on the question

206
00:10:58,400 --> 00:11:01,200
of inclusion of moral rights as 
a part of the framework of the 

207
00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,900
copyright line United States. 
The copyright office concluded 

208
00:11:04,900 --> 00:11:08,200
that many diverse aspects of the
current moral rights Patchwork, 

209
00:11:08,300 --> 00:11:11,400
including copyright laws, 
derivative work, right State, 

210
00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:14,700
moral rights statutes and 
contract law are generally 

211
00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:18,500
working well and should not be 
changed further the office. 

212
00:11:18,500 --> 00:11:21,200
Concludes that there is no need 
for the creation of a blanket 

213
00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:23,100
moral rights statute at this 
time. 

214
00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:27,300
However, there are aspects of 
the u.s. moral rights patch That

215
00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:30,100
could be improved to the benefit
of individual authors and the 

216
00:11:30,108 --> 00:11:33,700
copyright system is a whole the 
copyright law in the United 

217
00:11:33,700 --> 00:11:35,800
States. 
Several exclusive rights are 

218
00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:39,000
granted to the holder of a 
copyright, as are listed below 

219
00:11:39,700 --> 00:11:43,200
protection of the work to 
determine and decide how. 

220
00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:46,700
And under what conditions the 
work may be marketed publicly 

221
00:11:46,700 --> 00:11:50,200
displayed reproduced 
distributed, Etc to produce 

222
00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:52,200
copies or reproductions of the 
work do. 

223
00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:56,700
Sell those copies including 
typically electronic copies to 

224
00:11:56,800 --> 00:12:01,100
Artwork sport the work to create
derivative works, works that 

225
00:12:01,100 --> 00:12:03,400
adapt the original work to 
perform or display. 

226
00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:08,700
The work publicly to sell or CDs
rights to others to transmit or 

227
00:12:08,700 --> 00:12:12,500
display by radio video, or 
Internet the basic, right? 

228
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:15,000
When a work is protected by 
copyright, is that the holder 

229
00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:17,800
May determine and decide how and
under what conditions the 

230
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:19,900
protected work may be used by 
others. 

231
00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:22,900
This includes the right to 
decide to distribute the work 

232
00:12:22,900 --> 00:12:25,800
for free. 
This part of copyright is often 

233
00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,500
over scene. 
The phrase exclusive right means

234
00:12:28,500 --> 00:12:31,500
that only the copyright holder 
is free to exercise those rights

235
00:12:31,500 --> 00:12:34,600
and others are prohibited from 
using the work without the 

236
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holders permission. 
Copyright is sometimes called 

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the - right as it serves to 
prohibit certain people for 

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example, readers, viewers or 
listeners, and primarily 

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00:12:44,100 --> 00:12:47,000
Publishers, and would be 
Publishers from doing something,

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00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:49,700
they would, otherwise be able to
do rather than permitting 

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00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:52,000
people. 
For example, authors to do 

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00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:55,300
something, they would otherwise 
be unable to do in this way. 

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00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:56,600
It is similar to the 
unregistered. 

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00:12:56,800 --> 00:13:00,700
Stir design right in English law
in European law, the rights of 

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00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:03,500
the copyright holder. 
Also permit him or her to not 

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00:13:03,500 --> 00:13:06,900
use or exploit their copyright 
for some or all of the term. 

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00:13:07,300 --> 00:13:10,600
There is however a critique 
which rejects this assertion as 

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00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,800
being based on a philosophical 
interpretation of copyright law.

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00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,400
That is not universally shared. 
There is also debate on whether 

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00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:19,600
copyright should be considered a
property, right? 

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00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:23,200
Or a moral, right? 
UK copyright law gives creators 

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00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:27,400
both economic rights and moral 
rights while copying One else's 

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00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,000
work without permission May 
constitute an infringement of 

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00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,100
their economic rights. 
That is the reproduction right 

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00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,100
or the right of communication to
the public. 

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00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:38,200
Whereas mutilating, it might 
infringe the Creator's, moral 

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00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:41,900
rights in the UK moral rights 
include the right to be 

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00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:44,800
identified as the author of the 
work, which is generally 

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00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:47,800
identified as the right of 
attribution and the right not to

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00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:50,800
have your work subjected to 
derogatory treatment, that is 

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the right of Integrity. 
Indian copyright lies at parity 

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00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,700
with the international standards
as contained in. 

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00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:02,200
Trips the Indian Copyright Act. 
1957 pursuant to the amendments 

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00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:07,500
in 1999, 2002 and 2012, fully 
reflects the Berne convention, 

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and the universal copyright 
convention to, which India is a 

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00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:13,000
party. 
India is also a party to the 

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00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:15,200
Geneva Convention for the 
protection of Rights of 

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00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,400
producers of phonograms and is 
an active member of the world, 

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00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,200
intellectual property 
organization wipo and United 

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00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:26,600
Nations educational scientific 
and cultural organization UNESCO

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00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:30,400
The Indian system provides both 
the economic and moral rights 

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00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:34,500
under different provisions of 
its Indian Copyright Act of 1957

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00:14:34,900 --> 00:14:38,300
duration. 
Copyrights of sis for a variety 

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00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:40,300
of lengths in different 
jurisdictions. 

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00:14:40,700 --> 00:14:43,300
The length of the term, can 
depend on several factors, 

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00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:47,000
including the type of work. 
For example, musical composition

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00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:50,300
novel, whether the work has been
published and whether the work 

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00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:54,200
was created by an individual or 
Corporation in most of the 

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00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:56,400
world. 
The default length of copyright 

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00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:00,300
is the Life of the author Plus 
either 50 or 70 years in the 

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00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:03,900
United States, the term for most
existing works is a fixed number

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00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:07,400
of years after the date of 
creation or publication under 

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00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,800
most countries laws. 
For example, the United States 

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00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:13,700
in the United Kingdom 
copyrights, expire at the end of

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00:15:13,708 --> 00:15:16,400
the calendar year in which they 
would otherwise expire. 

286
00:15:16,800 --> 00:15:19,700
The length and requirements for 
copyright duration are subject 

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00:15:19,700 --> 00:15:23,200
to change by legislation. 
And since the early 20th century

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00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:25,500
there have been a number of 
adjustments made in various 

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00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:28,100
countries, which can make 
Determining the duration of a 

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00:15:28,108 --> 00:15:30,200
giving copyright somewhat 
difficult. 

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00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:34,300
For example, the United States 
used to require copyrights to be

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00:15:34,300 --> 00:15:37,900
renewed after 28 years to stay 
in force and formally required. 

293
00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:41,800
A copyright, notice upon first 
publication to gain coverage in 

294
00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:44,100
Italy and France. 
There were post-war time 

295
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:47,300
extensions that could increase 
the term by approximately 6 

296
00:15:47,300 --> 00:15:50,100
years in Italy and up to about 
14 in France. 

297
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,800
Many countries have extended the
length of their copyright terms 

298
00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:58,200
sometimes retroactively All 
treaties, establish minimum 

299
00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:01,500
terms for copyrights, but it 
individual countries May enforce

300
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:05,400
longer terms than those in the 
United States, all books and 

301
00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:09,700
other works, except for sound 
recordings published before 1926

302
00:16:09,700 --> 00:16:12,500
have expired copyrights and are 
in the public domain. 

303
00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:16,100
The applicable date for sound 
recordings in the United States 

304
00:16:16,100 --> 00:16:21,600
is before 1923 in addition Works
published before 1964 that did 

305
00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,000
not have their copyrights 
renewed, 28 years. 

306
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:26,700
After first publication year 
also are in the public domain. 

307
00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:30,300
Main hurdle points out that the 
great majority of these Works. 

308
00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:34,700
Including 93% of the books were 
not renewed after 28 years and 

309
00:16:34,700 --> 00:16:38,400
are in the public domain books. 
Originally published outside the

310
00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:42,300
US by non-americans are exempt 
from this renewal requirement if

311
00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:44,800
they are still under copyright 
in their home country. 

312
00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:48,700
But if the intended exploitation
of the work includes publication

313
00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:52,000
or distribution of derivative 
work, such as a film based on a 

314
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:55,500
book protected by copyright 
outside the US, the terms of 

315
00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:59,000
copyright around the And must be
considered if the author has 

316
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:02,000
been dead, for more than 70 
years, the work is in the public

317
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:06,300
domain in most but not all 
countries in 1998. 

318
00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:09,300
The length of a copyright in the
United States was increased by 

319
00:17:09,300 --> 00:17:12,099
20 years under the copyright 
term extension act. 

320
00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:15,599
This legislation was strongly 
promoted by corporations which 

321
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:19,000
had valuable copyrights, which 
otherwise would have expired and

322
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:21,400
has been the subject of 
substantial criticism on this 

323
00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:21,800
point.