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Limitations and exceptions. 
In many jurisdictions, copyright

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law makes exceptions to these 
restrictions. 

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When the work is copied for the 
purpose of commentary or other 

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related uses United States. 
Copyright law does not cover 

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names titles, short phrases or 
listings, such as ingredients 

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recipes, labels or formulas. 
However, there are protections 

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available for those areas. 
Copyright, does not cover such 

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as trademarks and patents 
idea/expression dichotomy at the

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merger. 
Aaron the idea expression 

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divided, differentiates between 
ideas and expression and states,

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that copyright protects only the
original expression of ideas and

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not the ideas themselves. 
This principle first clarified 

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in the 1879 case of Baker. 
V Seldin has since been codified

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by the Copyright Act of 1976 at 
17 USC section. 10 to be the 

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first sale Doctrine and 
exhaustion of Rights. 

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Copyright law does not restrict 
the owner of a copy from 

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reselling legitimately In copies
of copyrighted Works provided 

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that those copies were 
originally produced by or with 

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the permission of the copyright 
holder it is therefore legal, 

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for example, to resell a 
copyrighted book or CD in the 

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United States. 
This is known as the first sale 

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Doctrine and was established by 
the courts to clarify the 

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legality of reselling books in 
secondhand bookstores. 

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Some countries may have parallel
importation restrictions that 

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allow the copyright holder to 
control the aftermarket. 

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This may mean for example that a
copy of a book that does not Not

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infringe copyright in the 
country where it was printed as 

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infringe copyright in a country 
into which it is imported for 

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retailing. 
The first sale Doctrine is known

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as exhaustion of Rights in other
countries. 

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And is a principle which also 
applies though somewhat 

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differently to patent and 
trademark rights. 

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It is important to note that the
first sale Doctrine, permits the

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transfer of the particular 
legitimate copy involved. 

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It does not permit making or 
Distributing additional copies. 

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In cursing, the John Wiley & 
Sons Incorporated in 2013. 

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The United States Supreme Court 
held in a 6-3 decision that the 

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first sale Doctrine applies to 
goods manufactured abroad with a

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copyright owner's permission and
then imported into the US 

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without such permission. 
The case involved a plaintiff 

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who imported Asian editions of 
text books that had been 

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manufactured abroad, with the 
publisher plaintiffs permission,

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the defendant without permission
from the publisher imported, the

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textbooks and resold them on 
eBay. 

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The Supreme Court's holding 
severely limits, the ability of 

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copyright holders to prevent 
such incidents Importation. 

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In addition copyright in those 
cases does not prohibit one from

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acts such as modifying to facing
or destroying one's own. 

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Legitimately obtain copy of a 
copyrighted work so long as 

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duplication is not involved. 
However, in countries that 

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Implement moral rights, a 
copyright holder can in some 

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cases successfully prevent the 
mutilation or destruction of a 

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work that is publicly visible 
fair use and fair. 

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Dealing copyright does not 
prohibit all copying or 

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replication in the United. 
Eight. 

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The fair use Doctrine codified 
by the Copyright Act of 1976 as 

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17. 
USC section, 107 permit, some 

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copying and distribution without
permission of the copyright 

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holder or payment to the same. 
The statute does not clearly 

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Define, fair use. 
But instead gives for 

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non-exclusive factors to 
consider it, a fair use 

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analysis. 
Those factors are the purpose 

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and character of one's use the 
nature of the copyrighted work. 

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What? 
Amount in proportion of the 

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whole work? 
Was taken and the effect of the 

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use upon the potential market 
for or value of the copyrighted 

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work in the United Kingdom, and 
many other commonwealth 

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countries. 
A similar notion of fair dealing

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was established by the courts or
through legislation the concept 

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is sometimes not. 
Well defined, however, in Canada

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private copying for personal. 
Use has been expressly permitted

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by Statute, since 1999 in 
Alberta education. 

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Be Canadian copyright licensing 
agency access 2012. 

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The Supreme Court of Canada 
concluded that limited copying 

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for educational purposes. 
Could also be justified under 

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the fair dealing exemption in 
Australia, the fair dealing 

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exception under the Copyright, 
Act 1968 are limited set of 

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circumstances under which 
copyrighted material can be 

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legally copied or adapted 
without the copyright holders. 

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Consent, Fair dealing uses our 
research and study review and 

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critique news, rapportage. 
And the giving of professional 

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advice, for example, legal 
advice. 

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Ice under current Australian 
law. 

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Although it is still a breach of
copyright to copy reproduce or 

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adapt copyright material for 
personal or private use without 

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permission from the copyright 
owner owners of a legitimate 

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copy are permitted to format 
shift that work from one medium 

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to another for personal private 
use or to timeshift, a broadcast

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work for later once and only 
once viewing or listening other 

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technical. 
Exemptions from infringement may

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also apply such as the temporary
reproduction of a working 

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machine readable, Form for a 
computer in the United States, 

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the ARA audio home recording act
codified in section 10 1992, 

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prohibits action, against 
consumers. 

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Making non commercial recordings
of Music in return for royalties

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on both media and devices plus 
mandatory copy control 

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mechanisms on recorders section.
1,008.00 M bishan on certain 

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infringement actions. 
No action may be brought under 

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this title alleging infringement
of copyright based on the 

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manufacture importation or The 
bution of a digital audio 

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recording device, a digital 
audio recording, medium and 

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analog. 
Recording device or an analog 

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recording, medium, or based on 
the non-commercial use by a 

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consumer of such a device or 
medium for making digital 

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musical recordings or analog 
musical recordings later, acts 

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amended u.s. copyright law. 
So that for certain purposes 

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making ten copies are more is 
construed to be commercial but 

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there is no general rule 
permitting. 

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Such copying, indeed, making one
complete copy of a work. 

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Or, in many cases, using a 
portion of it for commercial 

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purposes, will not be considered
fair use. 

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The Digital Millennium. 
Copyright Act prohibits the 

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manufacture, importation, or 
distribution of devices, whose 

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intended use or only significant
commercial. 

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Use is to bypass an access or 
copy control. 

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Put in place by a copyright 
owner, an appellate court has 

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held that fair. 
Use is not a defense to engaging

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in such distribution. 
EU copyright laws, recognize the

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right of EU member states to 
implement some national 

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Exceptions. 
To copyright examples of those 

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exceptions are photographic 
reproductions on paper or any 

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similar medium of Works, 
excluding sheet music provided 

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that the right holders receives 
Fair. 

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Compensation reproduction made 
by libraries educational, 

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establishments, museums or 
archives, which are non 

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commercial archival 
reproductions of broadcasts uses

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for the benefit of people with a
disability. 

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For demonstration or repair of 
equipment for non-commercial 

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00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:05,600
research or private study. 
And when used in parity 

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00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:09,900
accessible copies, it is legal 
in several countries including 

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the United Kingdom and the 
United States to produce 

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00:07:12,400 --> 00:07:15,500
alternative versions. 
For example, in large print, or 

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00:07:15,500 --> 00:07:19,000
Braille of a copyrighted work to
provide improved access to a 

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00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:20,800
work for blind and visually 
impaired. 

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People without permission from 
the copyright holder religious 

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service exemption in the u.s. 
there is a Service exemption 

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1976 law section, 110, namely 
performance of a non-traumatic 

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literary, or musical work, or of
a dramatic, own musical work of 

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00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:40,200
a religious nature, or display 
of a work in the course of 

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services at a place of worship 
or other religious assembly, 

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shall not constitute 
infringement of copyright 

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transfer assignment and 
Licensing, a copyright or 

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00:07:50,300 --> 00:07:53,000
aspects of it. 
For example, reproduction alone 

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all but moral rights may be 
assigned or transferred from one

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party to another Other, for 
example, a musician, who records

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an album will often signed an 
agreement with a record company,

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in which the musician agrees to 
transfer, all copyright, in the 

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recordings in exchange for 
royalties and other 

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00:08:08,600 --> 00:08:12,700
considerations, the Creator, an 
original copyright holder 

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benefits or expects to from 
production and marketing 

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capabilities. 
Far beyond those of the author 

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in the digital age of music 
music may be copied and 

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distributed at minimal cost 
through the internet. 

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However the record industry 
attempts to provide Motion and 

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marketing for the artists and 
their work so it can reach a 

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much larger audience, a 
copyright holder need not 

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transfer all rights. 
Completely though, many 

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00:08:35,900 --> 00:08:39,799
Publishers will insist some of 
the rights may be transferred or

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else. 
The copyright holder, May Grant 

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another party a non-exclusive 
license to copy or distribute 

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the work in a particular region 
of for a specified period of 

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time. 
A transfer or license may have 

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to meet particular formal 
requirements. 

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In order to be effective, for 
example, under the Australian 

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Copyright Act 1968, Copyright 
itself must be expressly 

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transferred in writing under the
US, Copyright Act, a transfer of

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00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:06,500
ownership, and copyright must be
memorialized in a writing signed

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00:09:06,500 --> 00:09:10,700
by the transfer for that purpose
ownership and copyright includes

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00:09:10,700 --> 00:09:15,000
exclusive licenses of Rights. 
Thus exclusive licenses to be 

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effective. 
Must be granted in a written 

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instrument signed by the 
grantor, no special form of 

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00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:24,800
transfer or Grant is required a 
simple document that identifies 

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the work involved. 
And the rights being granted is 

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And non-exclusive grants often 
called non exclusive licenses 

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need not be in writing under us 
law. 

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They can be oral or even implied
by the behavior of the parties 

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transfers of copyright 
ownership, including exclusive 

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00:09:41,500 --> 00:09:44,300
licenses May, and should be 
recorded in the US. 

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Copyright office information on 
recording transfers is available

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00:09:48,500 --> 00:09:51,500
on the offices website. 
While recording is not required 

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to make the grant effective. 
It offers important benefits 

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much like those obtained by 
recording a deed in a Real 

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00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:01,700
estate transaction copyright, 
may also be licensed some 

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00:10:01,700 --> 00:10:04,900
jurisdictions may provide that 
certain classes of copyrighted 

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00:10:04,900 --> 00:10:06,500
Works. 
Be made available under a 

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00:10:06,508 --> 00:10:10,100
prescribed statutory license. 
For example, musical works in 

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00:10:10,100 --> 00:10:13,500
the United States used for radio
broadcast or performance. 

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00:10:13,900 --> 00:10:16,900
This is also called the 
compulsory license because under

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00:10:16,900 --> 00:10:19,600
this scheme, anyone who wishes 
to copy a covered. 

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00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:21,800
Work does not need the 
permission of the copyright 

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00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:24,900
holder, but instead merely 
files, the proper notice and 

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00:10:24,900 --> 00:10:27,100
pays a set fee established by 
Statute. 

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00:10:27,300 --> 00:10:30,700
Or by an agency decision. 
Under statutory, guidance for 

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00:10:30,700 --> 00:10:34,100
every copy, made failure to 
follow the proper procedures, 

195
00:10:34,100 --> 00:10:37,700
would Place The copier at risk 
of an infringement suit because 

196
00:10:37,700 --> 00:10:41,200
of the difficulty of following 
every individual work copyright 

197
00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:43,900
collectives or collecting 
societies and Performing rights 

198
00:10:43,900 --> 00:10:48,600
organizations such as ASCAP. 
BMI and sasak have been formed a

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00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:52,600
collect royalties for hundreds, 
thousands and more works at once

200
00:10:53,100 --> 00:10:56,500
though this Market solution 
bypasses, the statutory license,

201
00:10:56,700 --> 00:11:00,100
the Ability of the statutory fee
still helps dictate the price 

202
00:11:00,100 --> 00:11:03,400
per work, Collective rights 
organizations charged driving it

203
00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:05,200
down to what avoidance of 
procedural. 

204
00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:09,000
Hassle would justify free 
licenses copyright. 

205
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:12,500
License is known as open or free
licenses seek to Grant several 

206
00:11:12,500 --> 00:11:16,800
rights to licensees either for a
fee or not free in this context,

207
00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:19,700
is not as much of a reference to
price as it is to Freedom. 

208
00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:23,100
What constitutes free licensing 
has been characterized in a 

209
00:11:23,108 --> 00:11:26,700
number of similar definitions, 
including by order of longevity,

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00:11:26,700 --> 00:11:29,200
the free software. 
We're definition the Debian free

211
00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:32,600
software guidelines. 
The open source definition and 

212
00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:34,500
the definition of free cultural 
Works. 

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00:11:34,500 --> 00:11:37,800
Further refinements to these 
definitions have resulted in 

214
00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:41,800
categories such as copyleft and 
permissive common examples of 

215
00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:45,600
free licenses of the gnu. 
General public license, BSD 

216
00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:49,400
licenses and some Creative, 
Commons licenses, founded in 

217
00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:53,600
2001 by James Boyle Lawrence 
lessig and how Abelson the 

218
00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,800
Creative Commons cc is a 
nonprofit organization. 

219
00:11:57,200 --> 00:12:00,500
Which aims to facilitate the 
legal sharing of creative Works 

220
00:12:00,900 --> 00:12:03,000
to this end. 
The organization provides a 

221
00:12:03,008 --> 00:12:06,300
number of generic copyright 
license options to the public 

222
00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:09,200
Gratis. 
These licenses allow copyright 

223
00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:12,000
holders to Define conditions 
under which others may use a 

224
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,000
work. 
And to specify what types of use

225
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:16,800
are acceptable. 
Terms of use have traditionally 

226
00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:20,500
been negotiated on an individual
basis between copyright holder 

227
00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:25,400
and potential licensee there for
a general CC license outlining 

228
00:12:25,400 --> 00:12:28,200
which writes the copyright 
holder is Linda wave enables the

229
00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,600
general public to use. 
Such Works more freely six, 

230
00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:34,300
General types of CC licenses are
available. 

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00:12:34,500 --> 00:12:36,900
Although some of them are not 
properly free per the above 

232
00:12:36,900 --> 00:12:40,600
definitions and per Creative, 
Commons own advice, these are 

233
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:43,700
based upon copyright holder 
stipulation such as whether they

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00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:46,200
are willing to allow 
modifications to the work 

235
00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,100
whether they permit the creation
of derivative works and whether 

236
00:12:49,100 --> 00:12:51,600
they are willing to permit 
commercial use of the work. 

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As of 2009, approximately 130 
million individuals had received

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such licenses has criticism. 
Some sources are critical of 

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particular aspects of the 
copyright system. 

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This is known as a debate over 
copy Norms, particularly to the 

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background of uploading content 
to internet platforms and the 

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digital exchange of original 
work. 

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There is discussion about the 
copyright aspects of downloading

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and streaming the copyright 
aspects of hyper linking and 

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framing concerns are often 
couched in the language of 

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digital rights, digital Freedom,
database rights open data, or 

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00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:28,400
censorship. 
Discussions include free 

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00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:33,100
culture, a 2004 book by Lawrence
lessig lessee coined, the term 

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00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:37,000
permission culture to describe a
worst-case system, good copy, 

250
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:41,200
bad copy documentary and rip a 
remix Manifesto discuss, 

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00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:45,300
copyright some suggest an 
alternative compensation system 

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in Europe, consumers are acting 
up against the rising cost of 

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Music, film and books. 
And as a result, pirate parties 

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have been created some groups. 
Reject copyright, all together, 

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00:13:55,900 --> 00:13:59,500
taking an anti copy. right 
stance the perceived inability 

256
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:03,000
to enforce copyright online lead
some to Advocate ignoring legal 

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00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:07,700
statutes when on the web public 
domain copyright, like other 

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00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:11,000
intellectual property rights is 
subject to a statutorily 

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00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:14,900
determine term once the term of 
a copyright has expired, the 

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00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:17,800
formerly, copyrighted work, 
enters the public domain, and 

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00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:20,600
may be used or exploited by 
anyone without obtaining 

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00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:24,200
permission and normally without 
payment, however, in paying 

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00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:27,100
public domain regimes, the user 
may still have to pay royalties,

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Royalties to the state or to an 
author's Association courts in 

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common law countries such as the
United States and the United 

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00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:37,000
Kingdom have rejected, the 
doctrine of a common law. 

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Copyright public domain Works 
should not be confused with 

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works that are publicly 
available Works. 

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00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:46,700
Posted on the internet, for 
example, are publicly available,

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00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:50,600
but are not generally in the 
public domain copying such Works

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00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:52,900
May therefore violate the 
author's copyright.