1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,800
A copyright is a type of 
intellectual property that gives

2
00:00:02,800 --> 00:00:06,900
its owner the exclusive right to
copy distribute, adapt display, 

3
00:00:07,000 --> 00:00:10,600
and perform a creative work 
usually for a limited time, the 

4
00:00:10,600 --> 00:00:14,700
creative work maybe in a 
literary artistic educational or

5
00:00:14,700 --> 00:00:17,700
musical form. 
Copyright is intended to protect

6
00:00:17,700 --> 00:00:20,400
the original expression of an 
idea in the form of a creative 

7
00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:22,400
work. 
But not the idea itself. 

8
00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:25,600
A copyright is subject to 
limitations based on public 

9
00:00:25,600 --> 00:00:28,400
interest, considerations such as
the fair use Doctrine in the 

10
00:00:28,408 --> 00:00:31,200
United States. 
Some jurisdictions require 

11
00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:33,100
fixing. 
Copyrighted Works in a tangible 

12
00:00:33,100 --> 00:00:35,100
form. 
It is often shared among 

13
00:00:35,100 --> 00:00:38,300
multiple authors, each of whom 
holds a set of rights to use or 

14
00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:41,200
license the work and who are 
commonly referred to as rights 

15
00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:43,500
holders. 
These writes frequently include 

16
00:00:43,500 --> 00:00:47,000
reproduction control over 
derivative Works distribution 

17
00:00:47,100 --> 00:00:49,000
public performance and moral 
rights. 

18
00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:52,700
Such as attribution copyrights 
can be granted by public law and

19
00:00:52,700 --> 00:00:54,900
are in that case, considered 
territorial rights. 

20
00:00:55,200 --> 00:00:57,900
This means that copy rights. 
Granted by the law of a certain 

21
00:00:57,900 --> 00:01:01,000
state, do not extend beyond the 
Story of that specific 

22
00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:04,700
jurisdiction, copyrights of this
type vary by country, many 

23
00:01:04,700 --> 00:01:06,900
countries. 
And sometimes a large group of 

24
00:01:06,900 --> 00:01:09,300
countries have made agreements 
with other countries on 

25
00:01:09,300 --> 00:01:12,100
procedures applicable when works
across National Borders or 

26
00:01:12,100 --> 00:01:13,800
national rights are 
inconsistent. 

27
00:01:14,100 --> 00:01:17,200
Typically the public law 
duration of a copyright expires,

28
00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:20,400
50 to 100 years after the 
creator dies, depending on the 

29
00:01:20,400 --> 00:01:23,700
jurisdiction some countries 
require certain copyright, 

30
00:01:23,700 --> 00:01:26,500
formalities to establish a 
copyright, others recognize 

31
00:01:26,500 --> 00:01:29,800
copyright in any completed work 
without a formal registration. 

32
00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:33,100
So when the copyright of a work 
expires, it enters the public 

33
00:01:33,100 --> 00:01:38,200
domain history background, the 
concept of copyright developed 

34
00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:41,000
after the printing, press came 
into use in Europe in the 15th 

35
00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,400
and 16th. 
Centuries, the printing, press 

36
00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:45,900
made it much cheaper to produce 
works but as there was 

37
00:01:45,900 --> 00:01:49,000
initially, no copyright law, 
anyone could buy or rent a press

38
00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:51,500
and print, any text popular. 
New works. 

39
00:01:51,500 --> 00:01:54,100
Were immediately reset and 
republished by competitors. 

40
00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:57,700
So, printers needed a constant 
stream of new material, fees 

41
00:01:57,700 --> 00:01:59,700
paid to authors for new works, 
were high. 

42
00:01:59,900 --> 00:02:02,600
Significantly, supplemented the 
incomes of many academics 

43
00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:06,100
printing brought profound. 
Social changes the rise in 

44
00:02:06,100 --> 00:02:08,600
literacy across Europe. 
Led to a dramatic increase in 

45
00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:11,900
the demand for reading material.
Prices of reprints were low. 

46
00:02:11,900 --> 00:02:15,600
So Publications could be bought 
by poor people creating a mass 

47
00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:18,800
audience in German language 
markets before the Advent of 

48
00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:22,300
copyright technical materials, 
like popular fiction were 

49
00:02:22,300 --> 00:02:23,600
inexpensive and widely 
available. 

50
00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:26,300
It has been suggested this 
contributed to Germany's 

51
00:02:26,300 --> 00:02:29,800
industrial and economic success 
after copyright law became 

52
00:02:29,900 --> 00:02:34,100
Established in 1710 in England 
and Scotland and in the 1840s in

53
00:02:34,100 --> 00:02:37,700
german-speaking areas the low 
price mass-market vanished and 

54
00:02:37,700 --> 00:02:41,000
fewer more expensive editions 
were published distribution of 

55
00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:43,000
scientific. 
And Technical information was 

56
00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:47,000
greatly reduced, conception the 
concept of copyright first 

57
00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,700
developed in England in 
reaction, to the printing of 

58
00:02:49,700 --> 00:02:52,600
scandalous books and pamphlets. 
The English parliament passed 

59
00:02:52,600 --> 00:02:56,700
the licensing of the press act 
1662, which required all 

60
00:02:56,700 --> 00:02:58,800
intended Publications to be 
registered with a 

61
00:02:58,808 --> 00:03:01,600
government-approved. 
Is company giving the stationers

62
00:03:01,600 --> 00:03:04,400
the right to regulate what 
material could be printed the 

63
00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:08,000
statute of Anne and acted in 
1710 in England, and Scotland 

64
00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:09,900
provided. 
The first legislation to protect

65
00:03:09,900 --> 00:03:12,000
copyrights, but not authors 
rights. 

66
00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:15,400
The Copyright Act of 1814 
extended more rights for 

67
00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:17,800
authors, but did not protect 
British from reprinting in the 

68
00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:21,800
US, the burnt International 
copyright Convention of 1886, 

69
00:03:21,800 --> 00:03:24,500
finally provided protection, for
authors among the countries who 

70
00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:26,800
sign the agreement. 
Although, the US did not join 

71
00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:31,100
the Berne convention until 1989 
in the Yes, the Constitution 

72
00:03:31,100 --> 00:03:33,300
grants Congress. 
The right to establish copyright

73
00:03:33,300 --> 00:03:36,800
and patent laws shortly after 
the Constitution was passed 

74
00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:38,700
Congress. 
Enacted, the Copyright Act of 

75
00:03:38,700 --> 00:03:42,200
1790 modeling it. 
After the statute of Anne, while

76
00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:44,600
the national law protected, 
authors published Works 

77
00:03:44,700 --> 00:03:47,200
Authority was granted to the 
states to protect authors 

78
00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:49,600
unpublished. 
Works the most recent major 

79
00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:54,300
overhaul of copyright in the US,
the 1976 Copyright Act extended 

80
00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:56,800
Federal copyright to works, as 
soon as they are created and 

81
00:03:56,800 --> 00:03:59,600
fixed without requiring 
publication or registration. 

82
00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,000
State law continues to apply to 
unpublished works that are not 

83
00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:05,000
otherwise copyrighted by federal
law. 

84
00:04:05,400 --> 00:04:08,100
This act also change the 
calculation of copyright term 

85
00:04:08,100 --> 00:04:11,500
from a fixed term, then a 
maximum of 56 years to life of 

86
00:04:11,508 --> 00:04:14,800
the author plus 50 years. 
These changes brought the u.s. 

87
00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:17,100
closer to Conformity with the 
Berne convention. 

88
00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:20,600
And in 1989, the United States 
further revised its copyright 

89
00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:23,600
law and join the Berne 
convention, officially copyright

90
00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:26,500
laws, allow products of creative
human activities such as 

91
00:04:26,500 --> 00:04:29,700
literary and artistic production
to be preferentially exploited. 

92
00:04:29,900 --> 00:04:32,100
Danis. 
Incentivized different cultural 

93
00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:35,600
attitudes, social organizations 
economic models and legal 

94
00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:38,400
Frameworks are seen to account 
for why copyright emerged in 

95
00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:42,000
Europe and not, for example, in 
Asia, in the Middle Ages in 

96
00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:44,900
Europe, there was generally, a 
lack of any concept of literary 

97
00:04:44,900 --> 00:04:47,400
property due to the general 
relations of production. 

98
00:04:47,500 --> 00:04:50,300
The specific organization of 
literary production and the role

99
00:04:50,300 --> 00:04:53,700
of culture and Society, the 
latter refers to the tendency of

100
00:04:53,700 --> 00:04:57,100
oral societies such as that of 
Europe in the medieval period to

101
00:04:57,100 --> 00:04:59,100
view knowledge as the product 
and expression of the 

102
00:04:59,100 --> 00:05:00,900
collective. 
Rather than to see it as 

103
00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:04,300
individual property. 
However, with copyright laws, 

104
00:05:04,400 --> 00:05:07,000
intellectual production comes to
be seen as a product of an 

105
00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:08,800
individual with attendant 
rights. 

106
00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:12,100
The most significant point is 
that patent and copyright laws, 

107
00:05:12,100 --> 00:05:14,300
support the expansion of the 
range of creative human 

108
00:05:14,300 --> 00:05:16,100
activities that can become 
modified. 

109
00:05:16,500 --> 00:05:19,100
This parallels, the ways in 
which capitalism led to the 

110
00:05:19,100 --> 00:05:22,200
commodification of many aspects 
of social life that earlier had 

111
00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:24,600
no monetary or economic value 
per se. 

112
00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:27,800
Copyright has developed into a 
concept that has a significant 

113
00:05:27,800 --> 00:05:29,700
effect on nearly every modern 
industry. 

114
00:05:29,900 --> 00:05:31,600
Including not just literary 
work. 

115
00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:35,300
But also forms of creative work,
such as sound recordings, films,

116
00:05:35,300 --> 00:05:38,800
photographs, software, and 
architecture National 

117
00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:41,300
copyrights. 
Often seen, as the first real 

118
00:05:41,300 --> 00:05:44,400
copyright law. 
The 1709 British statute of 

119
00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:47,300
Anne, gave the Publishers rights
for a fixed period after which 

120
00:05:47,300 --> 00:05:49,300
the copyright expired. 
The ACT. 

121
00:05:49,300 --> 00:05:51,700
Also alluded to individual 
rights of the artist. 

122
00:05:52,100 --> 00:05:55,800
It began whereas printers, 
booksellers and other persons 

123
00:05:55,900 --> 00:05:58,900
have of late frequently taken 
the liberty of printing books 

124
00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:01,900
and other writings Without the 
consent of the author's to their

125
00:06:01,900 --> 00:06:04,600
very great detriment and too 
often to the ruin of them and 

126
00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:07,300
their families. 
A right to benefit financially 

127
00:06:07,300 --> 00:06:10,400
from the work as articulated and
court rulings and legislation 

128
00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:12,900
have recognized a right to 
control the work, such as 

129
00:06:12,900 --> 00:06:16,100
ensuring that the Integrity of 
it is preserved on a revocable, 

130
00:06:16,100 --> 00:06:17,700
right? 
To be recognized as The Works, 

131
00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:20,800
Creator appears in some 
countries, copyright laws, the 

132
00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:25,100
copyright Clause of the United 
States Constitution 1787, 

133
00:06:25,300 --> 00:06:28,500
authorized copyright legislation
to promote the progress of 

134
00:06:28,500 --> 00:06:31,100
Science and useful Arts. 
It's by securing for limited 

135
00:06:31,100 --> 00:06:33,800
times to authors and inventors 
the exclusive right to their 

136
00:06:33,800 --> 00:06:36,800
respective writings and 
discoveries that is by 

137
00:06:36,800 --> 00:06:39,300
guaranteeing them a period of 
time in which they alone could 

138
00:06:39,300 --> 00:06:41,500
profit from their Works. 
They would be enabled and 

139
00:06:41,500 --> 00:06:44,200
encouraged to invest the time 
required, to create them and 

140
00:06:44,200 --> 00:06:47,400
this would be good for society 
as a whole, a right to profit 

141
00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:49,600
from the work has been the 
philosophical underpinning for 

142
00:06:49,608 --> 00:06:52,700
much legislation, extending the 
duration of copyright to the 

143
00:06:52,700 --> 00:06:56,100
life of the Creator and Beyond 
to their heirs, the original 

144
00:06:56,100 --> 00:06:59,200
length of copyright in the 
United States, was 14 years and 

145
00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:02,700
it had to be Recently, applied 
for if the author wished they 

146
00:07:02,700 --> 00:07:06,000
could apply for a second 14 year
Monopoly Grant but after that 

147
00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:09,000
the work enter the public domain
so it could be used in built 

148
00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:12,700
upon by others copyright law was
enacted, rather late in German 

149
00:07:12,700 --> 00:07:14,800
states and the historian Eckhart
Hoffner. 

150
00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:16,900
Argues that the absence of 
copyright laws. 

151
00:07:16,900 --> 00:07:19,600
In the early 19th century 
encouraged publishing was 

152
00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:23,000
profitable for authors led to a 
proliferation of books and hence

153
00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:25,600
knowledge and was ultimately an 
important factor in the 

154
00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:28,000
ascendancy of Germany as a power
during that Century. 

155
00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:31,500
However, empirical Evidence 
derived from the exogenous 

156
00:07:31,500 --> 00:07:34,000
differential introduction of 
copyright and Napoleonic. 

157
00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:36,400
Italy shows that basic 
copyrights increase both the 

158
00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:39,400
number and the quality of operas
measured by their popularity and

159
00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:41,600
durability. 
International copyright 

160
00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:45,200
treaties, the 1886 Berne 
convention, first established 

161
00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:48,200
recognition of copyrights among 
Sovereign Nations, rather than 

162
00:07:48,200 --> 00:07:50,200
merely bilaterally under the 
Berne. 

163
00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:52,600
Convention copyrights for 
Creative Works. 

164
00:07:52,600 --> 00:07:55,000
Do not have to be asserted or 
declared as they are 

165
00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,700
automatically enforce a 
creation, an author need not 

166
00:07:57,700 --> 00:08:00,500
register or apply for a 
copyright in Adhering to the 

167
00:08:00,500 --> 00:08:03,500
Berne Convention. 
As soon as a work is fixed, that

168
00:08:03,500 --> 00:08:06,200
is written or recorded on some 
physical medium. 

169
00:08:06,300 --> 00:08:08,900
Its author is automatically 
entitled to all copyrights in 

170
00:08:08,908 --> 00:08:11,700
the work and to any derivative 
Works unless and until the 

171
00:08:11,700 --> 00:08:14,500
author explicitly, disclaims 
them or until the copyright 

172
00:08:14,500 --> 00:08:16,000
expires. 
The Berne. 

173
00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:18,700
Convention also resulted in 
foreign authors being treated 

174
00:08:18,700 --> 00:08:21,800
equivalently to domestic authors
in any country signed on to the 

175
00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:25,700
convention, the UK signed the 
Berne convention in 1887, but 

176
00:08:25,700 --> 00:08:28,700
did not Implement large parts of
it until 100 years later with 

177
00:08:28,700 --> 00:08:33,400
the passage of the right designs
and patents Act 1988 specially 

178
00:08:33,500 --> 00:08:36,100
for educational and scientific 
research purposes. 

179
00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:38,700
The Berne convention provides 
for developing countries to 

180
00:08:38,700 --> 00:08:41,700
issue compulsory licenses for 
the translation or reproduction 

181
00:08:41,700 --> 00:08:44,100
of copyrighted Works within the 
limits, prescribed by the 

182
00:08:44,100 --> 00:08:46,500
convention. 
This was a special provision 

183
00:08:46,500 --> 00:08:49,400
that have been added at the time
of the 1971, revision of the 

184
00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:52,100
convention because of the strong
demands of the developing 

185
00:08:52,100 --> 00:08:54,600
countries. 
The United States did not sign 

186
00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:58,700
the Berne convention until 1989,
the United States and most Latin

187
00:08:58,700 --> 00:09:01,100
American countries. 
Stead entered into the Buenos 

188
00:09:01,100 --> 00:09:04,600
Aires convention in 1910 which 
required a copyright notice on 

189
00:09:04,600 --> 00:09:07,700
the work such as all rights 
reserved and permitted signatory

190
00:09:07,700 --> 00:09:10,400
Nations to limit the duration of
copyrights to shorter and 

191
00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:14,000
renewable terms, the universal 
copyright convention was drafted

192
00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:17,000
in 1952 as another less 
demanding alternative to the 

193
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:19,400
Berne convention and ratified by
Nations. 

194
00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:21,700
Such as the Soviet Union and 
developing nations. 

195
00:09:22,100 --> 00:09:24,800
The regulations of the Berne, 
convention are incorporated into

196
00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:28,700
the World, Trade organization's 
trips agreement, 1995, thus 

197
00:09:28,700 --> 00:09:31,100
giving the Berne convention. 
In virtually near Global 

198
00:09:31,100 --> 00:09:34,100
application. 
In 1961, the United 

199
00:09:34,100 --> 00:09:35,900
International bureaus. 
For the protection of 

200
00:09:35,900 --> 00:09:38,300
intellectual property, signed 
the Rome convention for the 

201
00:09:38,300 --> 00:09:40,900
protection of performers. 
Producers of phonograms and 

202
00:09:40,900 --> 00:09:45,300
broadcasting organizations. 
In 1996, this organization was 

203
00:09:45,300 --> 00:09:47,800
succeeded by the founding of the
world intellectual property 

204
00:09:47,800 --> 00:09:51,400
organization, which launched the
1996 weep o performances and 

205
00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:55,000
phonograms treaty in the 2002, 
weep o copyright treaty which 

206
00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:57,800
enacted greater restrictions on 
the use of technology to copy 

207
00:09:57,800 --> 00:09:59,500
works in the Nations that 
ratified it. 

208
00:09:59,900 --> 00:10:02,700
The trans-pacific partnership 
includes intellectual property. 

209
00:10:02,700 --> 00:10:05,700
Provisions relating to 
copyright, copyright laws are 

210
00:10:05,700 --> 00:10:08,300
standardized somewhat through 
these International conventions 

211
00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:11,300
such as the Berne convention and
Universal copyright convention. 

212
00:10:11,700 --> 00:10:14,500
These multilateral treaties have
been ratified by nearly all 

213
00:10:14,500 --> 00:10:17,200
countries and international 
organizations such as the 

214
00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:20,000
European Union or World Trade 
Organization, require their 

215
00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:21,500
member states to comply with 
them. 

216
00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:25,600
Obtaining protection ownership, 
the original holder of the 

217
00:10:25,600 --> 00:10:28,300
copyright may be the employer of
the author rather than the 

218
00:10:28,300 --> 00:10:30,200
author themself. 
If the work is a A work for 

219
00:10:30,200 --> 00:10:34,000
hire, for example, in English 
law, the copyright designs and 

220
00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:37,600
patents Act 1988 provides that 
if a copyrighted work is made by

221
00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:39,500
an employee in the course of 
that employment. 

222
00:10:39,500 --> 00:10:42,100
The copyright is automatically 
owned by the employer, which 

223
00:10:42,100 --> 00:10:45,200
would be a work for hire. 
Typically, the first owner of a 

224
00:10:45,208 --> 00:10:48,300
copyright is the person who 
created the work, for example, 

225
00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:50,900
the author. 
But when more than one person 

226
00:10:50,900 --> 00:10:53,800
creates the work, then a case of
joint authorship can be made 

227
00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:56,500
provided. 
Some criteria are met eligible 

228
00:10:56,500 --> 00:10:59,000
Works. 
Copyright May apply to a wide 

229
00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:02,100
range of creative. 
Intellectual or artistic forms 

230
00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:05,900
or Works specifics vary by 
jurisdiction, but these can 

231
00:11:05,900 --> 00:11:09,500
include poems Theses, fictional 
characters plays, another 

232
00:11:09,500 --> 00:11:13,000
literary Works Motion, Pictures,
choreography, musical 

233
00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:17,400
compositions sound recordings, 
paintings, drawings, sculptures 

234
00:11:17,500 --> 00:11:20,700
photographs, computer software 
radio and television, 

235
00:11:20,700 --> 00:11:24,300
broadcasts, and Industrial, 
designs, graphic, designs, and 

236
00:11:24,300 --> 00:11:27,000
Industrial designs may have 
separate or overlapping laws 

237
00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:28,900
applied to them in some 
jurisdictions. 

238
00:11:29,300 --> 00:11:31,200
Copy. 
Right does not cover ideas and 

239
00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:34,200
information themselves only the 
form or manner in which they are

240
00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:37,000
expressed. 
For example, the copyright to a 

241
00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:39,700
Mickey Mouse cartoon restricts 
others, from making copies of 

242
00:11:39,700 --> 00:11:42,000
the cartoon or creating 
derivative Works based on 

243
00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:44,600
Disney's particular, 
anthropomorphic Mouse, but does 

244
00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:46,600
not prohibit the creation of 
other works about 

245
00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,600
anthropomorphic mice in general.
So long as they are different 

246
00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:52,900
enough to not be judged copies. 
Of Disney's note additionally 

247
00:11:52,900 --> 00:11:55,400
that Mickey Mouse is not 
copyrighted because characters 

248
00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:58,400
cannot be copyrighted. 
Rather Steamboat Willie is 

249
00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:00,800
copyrighted and Mickey Mouse. 
As a character in that 

250
00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:03,100
copyrighted work, is afforded 
protection. 

251
00:12:03,500 --> 00:12:06,300
Originality. 
Typically a work must meet 

252
00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:08,900
minimum standards of originality
in order to qualify for 

253
00:12:08,900 --> 00:12:11,900
copyright and the copyright 
expires after a set period of 

254
00:12:11,900 --> 00:12:14,000
time. 
Some jurisdictions may allow 

255
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:16,900
this to be extended different 
countries, impose different 

256
00:12:16,900 --> 00:12:19,800
tests, although generally the 
requirements are low in the 

257
00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:22,500
United Kingdom. 
There has to be some skill labor

258
00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:25,800
and judgment, that has gone into
it in Australia and the United 

259
00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,400
Kingdom, it has been held that a
single word is insufficient to 

260
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:30,000
comprise a copyright work. 
Work. 

261
00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:33,100
However, single words, or a 
short string of words can 

262
00:12:33,100 --> 00:12:36,700
sometimes be registered as a 
trademark instead copyright, law

263
00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:39,100
recognizes the right of an 
author based on whether the 

264
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:42,100
work, actually is an original 
creation rather than based on 

265
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:44,100
whether it is unique to authors 
May own. 

266
00:12:44,100 --> 00:12:46,600
Copyright on to substantially, 
identical works. 

267
00:12:46,700 --> 00:12:49,500
If it is determined that the 
duplication was coincidental and

268
00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:50,700
neither was copied from the 
other.