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Decided to bring their dispute 
with the Iranian government on 

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the subject of the termination 
of the Anglo Iranian oil 

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companies. 
Throughout this night in 

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Washington, officials will 
continue their search for some 

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way to negotiate the hostages. 
Is the first movie from Iran to 

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win the Academy. 
Award for. 

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The game, some said, would never
take place here. 

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It is unfolding with real drama,
and it's Iran 5 minutes before 

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halftime. 
Hi, welcome to the Iran 1400 

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00:00:32,020 --> 00:00:35,500
podcast. 
I'm your host Sidney Martin and 

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00:00:35,500 --> 00:00:38,380
this is part two of our 
three-part conversations. 

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00:00:38,380 --> 00:00:42,300
Doctor Khave Assani about the 
social history of oil in Iran. 

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Doctor Assani is an Associate 
Professor of International 

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Studies at DePaul University. 
Among other things, he 

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specializes in the historical 
and contemporary impact of oil 

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on society and politics. 
In today's episode, he delves 

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into the evolution of Labor in 
the 20th century. 

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He analyzes the process through 
which rural Iranians came to 

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become incorporated into a new 
industrial system and discusses 

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the far reaching ramifications 
it had for future generations 

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and Iranian society as a whole. 
If you missed our first episode 

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where we discussed the 
significance of social history 

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and Iran's economy before the 
discovery of oil, please do 

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check that out. 
Enjoy. 

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So we've we've now talked about 
the establishment of the working

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class and the oil industry in 
Iran. 

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In working for oil, comparative 
social histories of Labor, and 

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the global oil industry, you 
wrote that the history of Iran 

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can be divided into 3 distinct 
periods. 

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Could you tell the audience what
those periods are and briefly go

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over the key events that 
occurred during them? 

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Well, I mean I, you know, I 
would probably kind of provide 

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different periodizations now, 
OK. 

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Offhand I can't, I can't recall 
exactly, but I think what I was 

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referring to was that you know, 
like there's a you know in terms

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of. 
In terms of Labor history and 

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oil and we have this, you know, 
if you look at the social 

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history of, you know, industrial
labor and wage labor under in a 

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market economy and capitalism, 
we always have like these 

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vaguely 3 periods that maybe 
that's what I was referring to. 

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These periods are like initially
when you have the rise of. 

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Capitalist industrialization, 
which forces workers to kind of 

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leave the land or forces people 
off the land and makes them 

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dependent on it, you know, 
creates a labor market, actually

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00:02:58,530 --> 00:03:01,050
quite violently, by 
dispossessing people from 

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00:03:01,530 --> 00:03:05,050
alternative modes of living. 
There's a huge resistance. 

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00:03:05,130 --> 00:03:08,290
There's so-called Luddite 
resistance, you know, like 

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seeing the machinery, seeing the
industry as an enemy. 

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00:03:12,290 --> 00:03:13,970
Workers see the industry as an 
enemy. 

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They they break the machines, 
they sabotage they. 

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They become bandits to attack, 
you know, the the, the industry 

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as as something evil in itself. 
Not capitalism, not the market, 

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but the, you know, the the 
emanations of it, the the, the 

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symbols of it, the machinery of 
it. 

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So that's that's usually the 
first phase. 

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And then you have a second phase
where you know, there's some 

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kind of, you know, okay, people 
get incorporated, they lose 

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other alternative forms of 
livelihood. 

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They have to kind of adapt A and
adopt themselves to a time 

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discipline, you know, like 
change the previous, you know, 

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modes of living, you know with 
seasons and with, you know, 

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migrations and you know, 
agricultural seasons and all 

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that. 
They have to become subject to 

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the clock time, you know, like 
which is a mechanical time. 

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It's a very different kind of 
time. 

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You don't have to appear at 8:00
o'clock and 8:00 o'clock is you 

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know, no matter what season you 
have to appear and you know like

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your, your later gets counted by
the hour, by the minute. 

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So you know people kind of 
become subject to this, to this 

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discipline and they try to kind 
of you know adopt to it, adopted

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and adapt to it. 
And then the third phase is 

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usually when this has already 
happened and you know the next 

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generation of. 
Of Labor comes up and then 

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they're completely operate 
within within the system, you 

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know, and they can negotiate 
with it, but it's not that they 

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can imagine or work outside the 
system at all, right? 

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So they can unionize, they can 
force for unionization or 

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negotiations or like you know, 
fight for getting things that we

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take for granted now like a 
weekend. 

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00:05:01,870 --> 00:05:05,110
Or vacation time, you know that 
but that's like the third phase 

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that that that occurs and I 
think we see we see the same 

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thing in in in the social 
history of oil in Iran, you know

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in that in that industry that. 
So there's a first phase that's 

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you know roughly through the 
First World War and and the 

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00:05:19,630 --> 00:05:23,830
middle 1920s where it's it's 
tremendously violent. 

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We know very little about it. 
You know unless you kind of 

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actually study this history 
which is what I've tried to do. 

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It's tremendously violent 
because it displaces people. 

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It it it's kind of it's it's 
it's it's coercive, it's it's 

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socially destructive. 
It, you know, it destroys from 

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top down and bottom up the the 
whole social structures. 

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00:05:46,370 --> 00:05:50,850
You know, you have wrenching 
stories like starvation and 

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massive hunger and you know, 
constant warfare and and 

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banditry and and all that. 
And then you know, you have to. 

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The period of 1920s, roughly 
through 1940s, where you know, 

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okay, an industry has taken 
place and workers are kind of 

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oil workers and people working 
in the oil industry, the 

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00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:16,120
industrial working class is kind
of. 

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Has taken shape and has become 
mature and is kind of 

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incorporated into into the 
system. 

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And then you have to, you know 
this eruption which is in 1949 

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to 1953, which is like you know 
the, the, the, the sparks that 

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kind of actually lights up the 
Cold War. 

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It's global as well as it's 
local as well as it's national, 

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right. 
So I mean the the the oil 

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nationalization movement in Iran
is really cut kind of gets 

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initiated by the workers. 
You know in 195046 you have this

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huge labor strike that happens 
in Iran but also across the 

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world, in Kenya, in the US And 
you know you have this labor 

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eruption at the end of Second 
World War where people, you 

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know, workers and everywhere 
say, look, you know, we've made 

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all the sacrifice for this war 
that had nothing to do with us. 

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And we want our share, you know,
we want, we want to be, you 

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know, we don't want just to be 
victims we want. 

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Good hours. 
We want to be able to negotiate.

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We want to kind of not that 
we've made all the sacrifice, We

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want affluence, we want decent 
lives and all that. 

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And this is with housing, with 
education, with healthcare, with

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the right to collective 
bargaining. 

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It happens everywhere. 
It happens in Iran too. 

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And this is what sparks the oil 
nationalization movement in 

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Iran, which becomes a national 
thing, but it's also very global

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because it that's when kind of 
Soviet Union and the US really 

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start kind of. 
Instead of the wartime allies 

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become, you know, de facto 
enemies and you know, 

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00:07:47,770 --> 00:07:52,690
ideological rivals in a in an 
open warfare, which is cold, but

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00:07:52,770 --> 00:07:56,330
but it's it, it could be, you 
know, it could be quite as 

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vicious as as a as a hot 
warfare, right? 

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00:07:59,330 --> 00:08:02,890
And after this, after 1950s, 
after the coup d'etat in Iran, 

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you really kind of entered this 
era where you haven't 

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established working class. 
And the issues become quite 

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00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:13,160
different. 
You know that the issues become 

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less political, more kind of 
terms of in they become demands 

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00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:27,960
of a kind of a relatively well 
paid, relatively well taken care

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00:08:27,960 --> 00:08:31,080
of working class living in 
enclaves. 

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And that that is kind of 
struggles to some extent for you

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00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:37,159
know, for better conditions and 
all that. 

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Until you know the war, you know
until the revolution in 1979 and

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all that. 
So there you know these are the 

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00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:48,280
distinct periods that that 
matter. 

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But we can kind of think of the 
this history in many different 

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00:08:51,960 --> 00:08:56,120
periods but in that book that's 
what I was referring to. 

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I was referring to like this 
trajectory of of industrial 

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00:09:01,160 --> 00:09:05,080
working classes in oil that is 
pretty much happens everywhere 

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00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:07,080
you know that from this 
possession. 

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00:09:07,550 --> 00:09:10,990
To kind of getting, you know 
becoming incorporated and then 

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kind of accepting the system and
and kind of moving within it. 

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And this is this is what EP 
Thompson in particular kind of 

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00:09:18,630 --> 00:09:23,070
put his finger on the the 
prominent English social 

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00:09:23,070 --> 00:09:25,830
historian of of of of working 
class. 

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So you mentioned the 19 or 1949 
to 1953 and I I think that most 

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of the listeners probably know 
about. 

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The political implications of 
that, but not so much about the 

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00:09:42,070 --> 00:09:45,430
oil nationalization movement and
the oil workers themselves 

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00:09:45,430 --> 00:09:49,630
there. 
So and I know that this you 

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00:09:49,630 --> 00:09:52,390
might not be able to answer this
question exactly because you are

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00:09:52,390 --> 00:09:56,550
not in the heads of these 
people, but from from your 

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00:09:57,670 --> 00:10:02,110
studies, from your history. 
So with the failure of the 

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00:10:02,110 --> 00:10:05,310
nationalization movement, I 
would imagine that there's a 

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00:10:05,310 --> 00:10:07,990
great. 
Sort of disillusionment that's 

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occurred because of that. 
How did that affect the oil 

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00:10:12,230 --> 00:10:15,670
workers in that time period, in 
the decades after? 

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00:10:15,950 --> 00:10:22,390
Were they completely unwilling 
to try again because of how 

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00:10:22,790 --> 00:10:27,790
poorly it turned out? 
What were the ramifications of 

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that in sort of the the spirit 
of the Iranian worker, if that 

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00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:34,790
makes sense? 
And then a followup question 

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would be? 
Iran oil eventually did become 

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nationalized. 
Was that the same? 

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00:10:41,140 --> 00:10:44,660
Did those nationalized the same 
demands that not the not the 

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00:10:44,660 --> 00:10:50,780
workers were demanding for in 
1953 and also was the 1953 

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00:10:52,780 --> 00:10:56,980
movement, was that led more by 
the workers themselves as 

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00:10:56,980 --> 00:10:59,500
opposed to when Iran actually 
did nationalize? 

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00:10:59,500 --> 00:11:01,820
Was that more of, say, a 
government? 

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00:11:04,460 --> 00:11:12,260
Push if that makes sense. 
Let me, let me put it this way, 

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kind of dovetailing the previous
question we asked. 

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00:11:19,020 --> 00:11:23,180
We have these you know in my 
book I talk you know that I have

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00:11:23,180 --> 00:11:28,060
a chapter in there that which is
about this you know in the 

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00:11:28,060 --> 00:11:34,480
1920s, the oil company. 
You know, I mean this is, I mean

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00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:38,600
we we just are sort of emerging 
out of the COVID pandemic, 

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00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,720
right. 
And the previous global pandemic

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00:11:41,720 --> 00:11:46,640
was the the, you know, the, the 
socalled the, the Spanish 

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00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:48,800
influenza which killed millions 
in Iran. 

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00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:54,520
It killed you know millions of 
people really badly affected and

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the oil industry and the war had
a lot to do with it because of 

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00:11:57,120 --> 00:12:01,200
the vast movement of populations
you know armies and. 

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00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:04,400
You know, ships and so on and so
forth. 

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00:12:05,320 --> 00:12:08,840
You know, coming to, you know, 
to ports in in southwestern 

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00:12:08,840 --> 00:12:12,440
Iran, moving to Mesopotamia, to 
Iraq and all that. 

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00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:16,320
So pandemics and public health 
was a huge issue because it, it 

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00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:19,680
was just decimating workers and 
expatriates working there, 

191
00:12:19,680 --> 00:12:21,320
right. 
So the oil company wanted to 

192
00:12:21,320 --> 00:12:25,600
kind of expel a lot of people in
Abaddon that were living around 

193
00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:29,740
the. 
The the oil refinery and you 

194
00:12:29,980 --> 00:12:35,860
start and for the first time you
get this huge pushback where 

195
00:12:35,860 --> 00:12:39,700
people refuse to move. 
You know people in in these like

196
00:12:39,700 --> 00:12:43,980
really poor. 
These are refugees 7-8 thousand 

197
00:12:43,980 --> 00:12:48,220
of them as far as I can tell 
that just kind of refused. 

198
00:12:48,220 --> 00:12:51,300
They they just kind of put up 
resistance they they stand in 

199
00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:54,170
front of demolition. 
Cruise and all that. 

200
00:12:54,170 --> 00:12:57,410
And what the oil company wants 
to do is to build a modern 

201
00:12:57,810 --> 00:13:01,890
market, a sanitary market as it 
calls it, because it kind of 

202
00:13:01,890 --> 00:13:05,730
realizes that or it argues that 
it's the mode of food 

203
00:13:05,730 --> 00:13:08,770
distribution and which is kind 
of really unhealthy and people 

204
00:13:08,770 --> 00:13:13,210
are living in filth and it wants
to basically move them away from

205
00:13:13,890 --> 00:13:15,810
the centers of industrial 
production. 

206
00:13:17,110 --> 00:13:20,230
And people refuse because they 
said, look we're we're refugees 

207
00:13:20,230 --> 00:13:23,310
with, you know this, we're 
living here and the compensation

208
00:13:23,310 --> 00:13:25,630
is not enough and they kind of 
put up a resistance. 

209
00:13:25,630 --> 00:13:29,350
And the central government in 
Iran, which is at that time in 

210
00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:34,990
transition the Dresser show has 
not become the Pallavi dynasties

211
00:13:34,990 --> 00:13:40,270
not established yet but it wants
to kind of take charge of 

212
00:13:40,350 --> 00:13:43,670
localities and making modern 
army and kind of imposes 

213
00:13:43,670 --> 00:13:47,860
sovereignty in this valuable. 
Province that it had very little

214
00:13:47,860 --> 00:13:52,220
to sway over. 
So you know, the, yeah, it's a, 

215
00:13:52,340 --> 00:13:54,860
it's a very important formative 
period, right. 

216
00:13:55,500 --> 00:13:59,340
And this is the first time that 
you start getting a kind of a 

217
00:13:59,340 --> 00:14:01,700
working class movement around 
oil. 

218
00:14:02,460 --> 00:14:05,220
But it's not a working class 
movement because if you know, at

219
00:14:05,380 --> 00:14:09,620
at the time where you have huge 
unemployment, refugees, hunger 

220
00:14:09,620 --> 00:14:13,980
and all that, if workers kind of
actually are. 

221
00:14:14,970 --> 00:14:17,690
To come out and protest because 
their housing is being taken 

222
00:14:17,690 --> 00:14:19,970
from them, because this is 
mostly, you know, workers with 

223
00:14:19,970 --> 00:14:23,010
their families and as refugees 
living, you know, right in 

224
00:14:23,010 --> 00:14:25,570
proximity as well as many 
others, right. 

225
00:14:25,650 --> 00:14:30,330
So the workers are mingled in 
these cities and the city in 

226
00:14:30,330 --> 00:14:33,570
Abadan, you know, and and quorum
shash, which is the main port 

227
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next to it, they're mixed with 
other populations, right. 

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And what they end up doing is 
they, the workers basically melt

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and become part of an urban 
craft. 

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That puts up a resistance over 
social citizenship, you know, 

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demands of the right to the city
that we're members of the city, 

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You know, we have the right to 
live. 

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We need dignity. 
We need housing. 

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We need, you know, basic 
sanitary, you know, 

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infrastructure. 
We can't just be pushed out as 

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chattel, right. 
So this is a very important 

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00:15:04,830 --> 00:15:08,230
moment because it shows us and 
this is something that is missed

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00:15:08,230 --> 00:15:13,270
often in terms of, you know, the
politics of Labor is that often.

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Kind of Labor resistance, which 
is over not just workplace 

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things, you know, like 
struggles, but you know safety 

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00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:25,150
or wages and so on and so forth,
but also over housing and 

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00:15:25,150 --> 00:15:29,830
everyday life and you know 
provisions and you know and 

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00:15:30,430 --> 00:15:33,230
access to health and you know 
public health and all that. 

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00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:39,750
They kind of they they kind of 
work workers work with oil 

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00:15:39,750 --> 00:15:42,550
workers work with, you know, 
other ethnic groups, other 

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00:15:42,550 --> 00:15:47,260
social classes. 
To fight for this urban rights, 

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right. 
So the point I'm making is that 

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a lot of, and this is very 
important because it, you know 

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Abaddon and the oil cities in 
Iran are the first instances of 

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a modern urban culture. 
And I don't use modern as as a 

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normative. 
You know it's it's modern is 

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good, tradition is bad. 
It's just like this historical 

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00:16:07,060 --> 00:16:08,540
transformation that we're 
talking about. 

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You know modern means like you 
have people from all sorts of 

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00:16:12,660 --> 00:16:17,240
ethnic. 
Cultural you know, racial 

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backgrounds mingling and 
becoming neighbors. 

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You know like all becoming 
Abadani's instead of being you 

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00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:27,320
know Bakhtiorri or Arab or 
Pucheri and all that simply 

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00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:29,560
because they have to, you know 
because they're kind of forced 

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00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:36,080
into this filthy difficult you 
know unhealthy, you know hell, 

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00:16:36,080 --> 00:16:40,280
like you know industrial city 
that is Abadan and you know with

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00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:42,030
50,000 population. 
Right. 

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00:16:42,550 --> 00:16:47,790
So this is a very important 
moment where, you know, labor 

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struggles are kind of melded 
with with urban struggles and 

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00:16:54,390 --> 00:16:56,870
with other members of, you know,
population. 

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00:16:56,910 --> 00:17:00,150
The same thing happens in the 
5th in the 40s with the oil 

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00:17:00,150 --> 00:17:04,750
nationalization, right. 
So you have a lot of urban 

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00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:07,390
struggles, you know, because 
housing is a huge and pressing 

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00:17:07,390 --> 00:17:10,190
issue. 
Remember, Iran was occupied by 

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00:17:10,190 --> 00:17:12,910
force. 
Again in the Second World War by

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00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:17,829
the allies by Britain and and US
to kind of provision you know 

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00:17:17,829 --> 00:17:20,470
Soviet Union through the Iranian
railroad. 

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00:17:21,430 --> 00:17:25,349
So the you know you had a huge 
pressure on population because 

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00:17:25,349 --> 00:17:28,790
you know it was wartime and you 
know you had an occupying army 

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00:17:28,790 --> 00:17:34,830
and and you know you know and 
and then you know the the the 

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00:17:34,990 --> 00:17:39,230
issues that kind of really 
mobilized workers where. 

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00:17:40,020 --> 00:17:44,580
And urbanites and urban citizens
in Abaddon and oil cities where 

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00:17:44,580 --> 00:17:47,420
issues like housing, public 
health and so on and so forth. 

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00:17:47,740 --> 00:17:51,820
But in the 40s, what you start 
getting is for the first time, 

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00:17:51,820 --> 00:17:56,780
workers actually also become 
very active and resistant in the

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00:17:56,780 --> 00:18:00,580
workplace itself, right? 
So it's not just urban anymore. 

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00:18:00,580 --> 00:18:04,660
They don't need to hide as much.
They become much more kind of 

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00:18:04,660 --> 00:18:07,340
selfconfident and kind of press 
their. 

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00:18:08,090 --> 00:18:12,890
Demands in the workplace to 
demanding for unionization, for 

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00:18:12,970 --> 00:18:15,530
better wages and and so on and 
so forth, Right. 

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00:18:15,530 --> 00:18:18,570
So it's a, it's a more mature 
working class that begins to 

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00:18:18,570 --> 00:18:21,730
emerge with its own voice. 
And this is part of a global 

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00:18:21,970 --> 00:18:25,050
process that's happening. 
You know, in the UN you have the

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00:18:25,050 --> 00:18:27,290
ILO, the, you know, 
International Labor 

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00:18:27,290 --> 00:18:29,170
Organization. 
That's established because it 

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00:18:29,170 --> 00:18:32,330
wants to kind of standardize, 
prevent communism, you know, 

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00:18:32,610 --> 00:18:35,130
prevent the working classes from
kind of gravitating towards 

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00:18:35,130 --> 00:18:39,700
communism by giving them some. 
Some welfare and protection and 

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00:18:39,700 --> 00:18:42,460
and legal protection and all 
that and trying to standardize 

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00:18:42,460 --> 00:18:46,500
this in the so-called free world
or you know non non communist 

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00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:50,020
world. 
So you have this these struggles

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00:18:50,020 --> 00:18:52,820
that are kind of taking place 
you know in the 50s. 

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00:18:54,940 --> 00:18:59,900
So oil nationalization is part 
of is part of the political 

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00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:03,860
demand because workers become 
real begin to realize or at 

300
00:19:03,860 --> 00:19:08,300
least begin to argue that. 
This cannot be done. 

301
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:11,820
You know the the demands that we
have cannot be done only under 

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00:19:11,820 --> 00:19:15,140
the rubric of this multinational
oil corporation that basically 

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00:19:15,140 --> 00:19:18,300
treats us like a that colonial 
sub colonial subjects. 

304
00:19:18,860 --> 00:19:21,700
That's simply simply at some 
point arbitrarily decides to 

305
00:19:21,700 --> 00:19:26,860
give us some things and you know
denies us the rights that other 

306
00:19:26,860 --> 00:19:30,700
workers doing exactly the same 
work elsewhere are being denied,

307
00:19:31,060 --> 00:19:33,160
right. 
So oil nationalization becomes 

308
00:19:33,160 --> 00:19:36,560
part of this discourse And of 
course political activists, you 

309
00:19:36,560 --> 00:19:40,240
know, communist activists to the
activists, others play a big 

310
00:19:40,240 --> 00:19:41,640
role. 
You know, it's not workers by 

311
00:19:41,640 --> 00:19:44,520
themselves, but you know, like 
this mobilization that kind of 

312
00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:52,360
ties them with others, right. 
So in the after the 1953, what 

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00:19:52,360 --> 00:19:56,240
happens with the, with the, with
the, with the working class 

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00:19:56,240 --> 00:19:58,640
movement is that you really, 
it's a, you know, it's a martial

315
00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:02,020
law. 
It's a you know it's a it's it's

316
00:20:02,020 --> 00:20:07,700
a beginning of a autocracy. 
But the labor force in oil 

317
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:10,180
becomes sort of an labor 
aristocracy. 

318
00:20:10,180 --> 00:20:12,660
They're highly demanded. 
You know you have set instead of

319
00:20:12,660 --> 00:20:16,780
1, you have 7 multinational 
corporations participating in 

320
00:20:16,780 --> 00:20:21,100
oil production in Iran. 
The Iranian government basically

321
00:20:21,100 --> 00:20:23,820
negotiates with them to pay 
better the actually the national

322
00:20:23,820 --> 00:20:29,050
Iranian oil Company that. 
Becomes part of this consortium 

323
00:20:29,050 --> 00:20:31,890
is in charge of taking care of 
the labor forces in Iran. 

324
00:20:31,890 --> 00:20:36,530
So you get sort of a welfare 
state for the workers but 

325
00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:38,930
actually not others. 
You know So if you're if you're 

326
00:20:38,930 --> 00:20:42,690
not part of the oil industry you
you don't get benefits but if 

327
00:20:42,690 --> 00:20:45,050
you are part of the oil 
industry, you get a permanent 

328
00:20:45,050 --> 00:20:47,170
contract. 
You get fairly good wages. 

329
00:20:47,170 --> 00:20:50,450
You get good schooling housing 
you know company housing and so 

330
00:20:50,450 --> 00:20:54,590
on and so forth. 
In 1973, when oil is nominally 

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00:20:54,590 --> 00:21:00,390
nationalized in Iran during the,
you know, OPEC oil crisis, it's 

332
00:21:00,390 --> 00:21:04,230
this is very top down and it's 
meant to kind of increase Iran's

333
00:21:04,230 --> 00:21:09,510
share of the of the oil 
revenues, you know, versus the 

334
00:21:09,510 --> 00:21:11,710
other company. 
The other oil multinationals 

335
00:21:11,790 --> 00:21:15,750
stay in Iran, continue to 
operate, but they don't own, you

336
00:21:15,750 --> 00:21:17,750
know, shares anymore. 
They become basically 

337
00:21:17,750 --> 00:21:20,790
subcontractors but actually 
still continue to be in charge. 

338
00:21:21,370 --> 00:21:25,530
It is in 1979 eighty, you know, 
after the revolution that de 

339
00:21:25,530 --> 00:21:30,490
facto nationalization takes 
place and all the oil, you know,

340
00:21:30,490 --> 00:21:36,690
multinationals get, you know, 
kicked out and primarily workers

341
00:21:36,690 --> 00:21:39,090
and managers take take over. 
So these, you know, these are 

342
00:21:39,090 --> 00:21:42,210
very kind of distinct periods 
with different, with different 

343
00:21:42,210 --> 00:21:44,010
demands and different kind of 
agency. 

344
00:21:44,330 --> 00:21:48,410
In the 1979 revolution, oil 
workers played a key role. 

345
00:21:48,730 --> 00:21:50,570
I mean they were the first time 
where in. 

346
00:21:51,460 --> 00:21:56,260
The kind of the so-called third 
world workers actually took over

347
00:21:56,260 --> 00:21:59,780
an industry, an oil industry, 
advanced oil industry and shut 

348
00:21:59,780 --> 00:22:02,900
it down and then began to 
operate it on their own, showing

349
00:22:02,900 --> 00:22:05,980
that actually this is not the 
kind of technical skill that 

350
00:22:06,540 --> 00:22:10,620
relies only on international 
technology, but they can kind of

351
00:22:10,780 --> 00:22:14,740
manage it. 
But of course after that, you 

352
00:22:14,740 --> 00:22:17,940
know, you have the Iran, Iraq 
war and you know sanctions and 

353
00:22:17,940 --> 00:22:20,660
so on and so forth so. 
The story keeps changing, but 

354
00:22:21,780 --> 00:22:24,700
but this is basically the the 
the kind of sequence of events 

355
00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:31,820
that we're dealing. 
We hope you enjoyed this talk 

356
00:22:31,820 --> 00:22:34,980
with Dr. Kaveh Asani. 
If you missed the first part of 

357
00:22:34,980 --> 00:22:38,180
our conversation, which 
discussed around social history 

358
00:22:38,180 --> 00:22:41,340
and Labor Relations before the 
discovery of oil, please check 

359
00:22:41,340 --> 00:22:43,260
it out. 
You can also find our episodes 

360
00:22:43,260 --> 00:22:46,300
with Ida Niku on the labor 
movement throughout the past 40 

361
00:22:46,300 --> 00:22:49,040
years in Iran. 
Part three of our conversation 

362
00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:52,600
with Doctor Asani, which 
analyzes Labor Relations today, 

363
00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:56,240
will be out soon, so please 
subscribe to the podcast to stay

364
00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:58,760
up to date. 
If you would like to keep up 

365
00:22:58,760 --> 00:23:01,720
with the rest of our content, 
you can find the Iran 1400 

366
00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:06,560
Project on social media or visit
ourwebsite@iran1400.org. 

367
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:08,280
Thanks again for listening.