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This is geology B with all of us
trampled. 

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Many countries have National 
museums that house collections 

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of rocks, minerals and fossils, 
but the UK has two major 

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collections. 
The one at the Natural History 

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Museum in London. 
And in addition the National 

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Geological repository located at
keyworth near Nottingham which 

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is part of the British 
Geological Survey and which 

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actually has the larger of the 
two collections. 

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Mike, how is head of the 
National Geological repository 

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under his leadership? 
The British Geological Survey 

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has become a world leader in 
promoting access to the 

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collection through digitization 
and web delivery. 

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Perhaps most remarkably 3D 
digital models have been made 

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from 3D scans of over 2,000 of 
the type fossils in the 

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Repository. 
Mike, how welcome to geology B, 

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it's a pleasure to talk to you 
what distinguishes, our national

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repository from a museum 
collection. 

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Well, the tends to be only one 
National repository per country 

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and they often concentrate on 
borehole corn samples, 

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particularly, for mineral ball 
holes or hydrocarbon Wells. 

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They underpin the development of
key mineral resources and can 

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contribute significantly to the 
country's economy. 

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Now safely, drilling a borehole 
is very expensive. 

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If it can be easily a million 
pounds, plus on Shore, and often

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10 times that offshore, you 
can't just drill down 2,000 

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meters and take out a 2000 meter
long, stick of core. 

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Put it in boxes, you have to do 
it a few meters at a time and 

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it's the pulling everything out,
retrieving the core and then 

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putting it back that takes the 
time and costs the money if you 

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were to re-drill everything in 
our Our store, we estimate. 

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It would cost, probably over 200
billion pounds. 

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If you're an oil company, 
considering Drilling and 

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exploration, well, being able to
study the cause and samples 

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drilled by other companies, 
nearby enables you to reduce the

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risk and increase the likelihood
there for are actually investing

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in a particular project. 
So can you give us an overview 

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of what the repository contains?
It is wide. 

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We have over 600 km of Bohol 
core. 

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So if you are drilling for oil, 
for example, as you drill down, 

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sometimes you take solid sticks 
of core so that you can study 

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the the sedimentary rocks or the
Rocks you encounter in detail, 

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and that's often the case, if 
you're drilling a borehole to 

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look for minerals or cold, 
you'll probably take solid rock 

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out of that. 
And if you took all these sticks

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of core that we've got put them 
into end, it's over. 

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Hundred kilometers in addition 
to that, we've got another 

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probably couple of million 
samples from boreholes and then 

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a million other rock and mineral
specimens three or four million 

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fossil samples. 
And the whole total comes to 

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something like 60 million, 
specimens course that's 

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enormous. 
What is the national repository 

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used for? 
Where, the collections used 

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party for queuing reports, maps 
and Publications. 

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And more importantly, the 
samples are available. 

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For new projects, probably using
different role, new techniques. 

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The so-called repurposing 
studying one of our archive, 

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boreholes is often more 
productive than drilling a new 

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ball hole because there's often 
already a lot of data available 

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and we actually encourage the 
subsampling of the course and 

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samples for further analysis, on
the condition that the data and 

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results returned and added to 
Archive. 

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The repository collections are 
also used for Education and 

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Training. 
And each year or normal year, we

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accommodate a large number of 
commercial and academic 

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visitors. 
And we even loan smaller 

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specimens for specialist 
research and for exhibitions 

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could you pick out some 
particular items from the 

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collection that you find 
especially interesting? 

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Well if we look at Coors to 
start with one of those I'd like

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to highlight is call from the 
40s oil field. 

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This is the largest oil field in
the North Sea discovered by Ibp 

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and 1970, and oil started to 
flow in 1975 and it changed the 

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economic fortunes of the UK. 
Now, the reservoir for this oil 

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is roughly 60 million year old 
Sandstone. 

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It was formed from the rapid 
erosion of Scotland, due to the 

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uplift related to the volcanism 
that was then going on along 

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the, The Western Isles on the 
west of Scotland. 

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And because it was deposited 
rapidly. 

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It's not that strong is 
cemented, but it represents 

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really a resource that the 
times. 

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I think accounted for something,
like, a fifth of the petroleum 

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needs in the UK. 
So it was a major player in the 

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UK's economic fortunes during 
the 1970s and 1980s. 

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And if you go onto our website, 
we have high resolution, 

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photographs of all, the core 
from hydrocarbons, Wells. 

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And you can actually locate some
of this poorly Consolidated, 40s

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and stone. 
If I think of another thing when

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you drill a borehole, it is or 
an oil. 

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Well, it is very expensive. 
And there are other ways of 

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working out what's beneath the 
ground? 

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You can extrapolate from a 
surface map or you can use 

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geophysics. 
You can measure gravity and that

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can give you an idea of the 
density of the Rocks below. 

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You, you can check magnetics and
you can do seismic studies. 

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Normally it works. 
They well occasionally get it 

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slightly wrong and a good 
example of that is the ma Chris 

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ball hole on the northwest coast
of Wales. 

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It's a very deep hole 1938 
meters deep and they expected 

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from the geophysics. 
That would be in lower Paleozoic

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rocks. 
That's rocks of 400 500 million 

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years, very similar so much of 
what you find in Wales but they 

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actually found was tertiary and 
Jurassic rocks. 

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It's so that's rocks from sort 
of 50 to 200 million years, 

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they're in much younger than 
they were expecting and that's 

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because of a major fault between
the mockers ball hold and the 

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rest of Wales. 
Another good example, is The 

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Rook hope ball hole in weirdo. 
North East England. 

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Now there was a lot of 
discussion on the origin of the 

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mineralization in the northern 
pennines in Cornwall, the 

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mineralization is clearly 
related to the emplacement of 

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the granite. 
And it was suggested that the 

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same happened in the Northern 
pennines and geophysics studies.

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In fact, picked up a lighter, 
Granite around, 400 meters depth

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below Weirdo. 
And when it was drilled in 

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1960s, they indeed found a 
granite at 390 meters down the 

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bore hole, but they also have a 
surprise. 

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They were expecting that the 
granite had intruded, the 

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Carboniferous rocks at the base 
where the mineralization is. 

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But in actual fact, Fat, it 
turned out that the granite was 

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at least 50 million years older.
And there's an unconformity. 

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In other words, you could see in
a Rosy of surface, on the, top 

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of the Granite representing this
break of some 50 million years 

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between the exposure of the 
granite and then the D position 

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of the Carboniferous rocks. 
So, in this case, it wasn't the 

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direct emplacement of the 
Granite that had produced, the 

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mineralisation, although it is 
believed that the emplacement of

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the granite. 
Has affected ground water, 

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circulation that actually 
promoted the mineralization. 

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Could you give us an example 
from the collection of fossils? 

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Yes, I think one of my favorite 
projects has been working with 

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the so-called Ed car and all 
Precambrian fossils. 

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We've got a really interesting 
example. 

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We've actually got 120 square 
meters of silicon rubber molds 

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and plaster, cast of a bedding 
plane in the local Charter of 

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forest ediacaran rocks. 
This is a very famous area for 

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Ed car and fossils. 
Now, the story actually goes 

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back to 1848, we have a letter 
from James Holley, a local 

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naturalist to Professor, William
macgillivray of Aberdeen 

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University describing how on a 
visit to a place called Green 

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Quarry. 
He had discovered some fossils. 

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That included. 
He described it as seal, like 

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Impressions, like an ammonite. 
So they assumed that these were 

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some sort of primitive. 
Fossils. 

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It was visited by survey 
officers in the 1850s and they 

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interpreted the Rings as seaweed
actually being sort of rotated 

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by the tides and the swelling, 
the sea. 

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But then in the 1870s to 
Cambridge Patrol, adjusts looked

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at them and because they were 
virtually circular. 

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They thought that they were 
relatively recent inorganic 

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compressions, The logic was that
if they were original fossils, 

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when The Rock was deformed into 
slate, they would have been 

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deformed into ellipses, but the 
story continues in 1957 when a 

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local school boy along, with 
couple of his mates went 

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climbing in the Quarry and they 
found as well as the discs are 

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frond. 
Now, it looked like a plant 

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though, it's subsequently turned
out not to be a plant but they 

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reported their findings. 
First through their school 

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master and it got to Trevor Ford
who was a lecturer at the 

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Leicester University he visited.
And realized it was definitely a

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fossil. 
Definitely in Precambrian rocks 

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and he published it in 1958 on, 
on the basis of this definite 

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discovery of Precambrian 
fossils. 

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Some Australian fossils that 
have been found a few years 

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earlier in a sequence of rocks, 
from the Precambrian into the 

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Cambrian and therefore 
interpreted as very early 

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Cambrian, fossils were now 
realized to be Precambrian to 

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probably some examples of 
fossils in the collection that 

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helped us nail down the dates of
certain sedimentary strata. 

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Yeah, a good example of that. 
We have very large collections 

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of fossils called grapdelites. 
Now, this is a extinct, Colonial

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organism, planktonic organism in
the group of hemichordate It's 

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related to wrap the pleura and 
careful a discus that are 

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actually alive. 
Today, these are Colonial 

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animals that in crust Pebbles on
the seafloor off the south coast

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of England and bottom of 
Norwegian fjords. 

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But their relatives, the 
grapdelites were planktonic and 

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very widespread. 
They also evolved quickly, which

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means that they are excellent 
for correlating rocks and trans 

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lapworth, who was a Schoolmaster
demonstrated that you could use 

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them in the the southern Uplands
of Scotland which is a 

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fossilized subduction zone in 
the late 19th. 

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Century to actually tie the bits
of rock in the area together and

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to put them into the correct 
sequence because the rocks are 

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strongly folded and faulted and 
it is very difficult to make 

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sense of what seems to be a 
large thickness of black shells 

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and Peach and Horn used. 
This work and amassed large 

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collections of grapdelites when 
they were studying and mapping 

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the southern Uplands to put 
structure and understanding into

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the whole area. 
But we still have these 

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Collections and a modern 
interpretation of the 

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grapdelites earns means that we 
can actually increase the finest

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of the correlation by a factor 
of 10 without actually going 

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back out into the field, but 
purely using the collections, 

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That peach and Horn had put 
together in the late 1890s. 

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Early 1900's, was that possible 
in part because the grapdelites 

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evolved rather rapidly. 
So, you could quite easily 

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distinguish different layers 
because of the morphological 

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changes. 
It's exactly that and grabs a 

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lights are really good. 
Example, because the shell, 

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there's actually secreted by the
grapdelites and it's a slightly 

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strange way of doing it. 
It's not like a mollusk that has

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a mantle That just seems to 
secrete the shell around it in a

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fairly fixed path. 
In the grapdelites. 

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They actually have secrete re 
organs that they can move 

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around. 
So they actually add the shell, 

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like a series of bandages 
almost. 

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So they have quite a lot of 
capabilities of changing that 

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rapidly in evolutionary terms. 
And of course, if you've got 

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these rapidly evolving, but 
widespread fossils. 

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And if you find it, Nuclear 
species or subspecies in let's 

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say, Wales and Scotland and 
probably Norway and Sweden maybe

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Australia as well. 
Then, you know, that those rocks

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were laid down as exactly the 
same time give or take perhaps 

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100,000 years and given that 
you're talking about 400 million

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years ago, that's a very precise
date. 

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You have a collection of over 
7,000 type fossils. 

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What exactly is a type fossil 
and And what do you some of your

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favorite examples? 
Every time somebody describes a 

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new species of fossil, you have 
to select one example that 

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represents that species and you 
cite it in your descriptive 

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paper and that then becomes the 
reference sample for that 

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species or subspecies. 
I'm trying to be cramped lights.

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The been cases, where ideas or 
interpretations of species have 

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been a little vague. 
So many grapdelites for 

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described initially from Flat 
material, and then when they 

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found material preserved in a 
write-in for three dimensions, 

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certainly there was a little bit
of confusion as to which 2D 

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species were equivalent to which
3D and if you've got at least a 

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type specimen, then you've got 
some way of going Going back to 

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try and work out, exactly what a
species concept is. 

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And because, of course, the 
survey collections go back a 

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long way, and fact, they go back
prior to 1835, because we have 

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material that was in the 
collections of the Geological 

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Society of London and that goes 
back to 1807. 

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So because we've been around a 
long time, we have amassed a 

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large collection of these 
reference or type fossils. 

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And these are the ones that 
Intelligence visit on a regular 

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basis to compare with material 
that they've collected to see 

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whether or not their species are
the same as the type or not an 

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interesting story. 
Also in the collection we've 

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discovered material that may 
have been around a little while 

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and its significance is only 
much later realized and that's 

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the story of conodonts. 
Now kind of dance. 

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Look like Teeth their 
microfossils made a calcium 

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phosphate first described in G6 
and say they look like very, 

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very small teeth. 
There are mini meter or 

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thereabouts in size, but 
initially, because they showed 

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very little where there was 
doubt as to whether they were 

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teeth or not, but they do occur 
in many shapes Dickie cones 

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blades some platforms. 
So presumably, they do represent

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slightly different functions. 
Now, over time, they realized 

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that there were certain commonly
found associations or sembly 

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jizz So you quite often find 
particular cones blades and 

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platforms together and they were
very rare examples particular in

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Shale of a whole assemblage of 
cones Blaze maybe platforms 

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preserved in life position and 
they seem to give you an idea 

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what the fossil might have 
looked like or at least the 

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orientation of the Kona don't. 
But nobody have any evidence as 

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to what the actual fossil itself
was it was Uma bleep. 

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He had no other hard Parts than 
the confidence and had never 

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been preserved. 
But and this is a good example 

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of the value of historic 
collections in February 1982 

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paleontologist. 
You and Clarkson was visiting 

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the Edinburgh collection and 
Peter brand. 

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Our curator at the time 
commented to you. 

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And here's a strange creature, 
it's official some kind and when

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you and examine them, he 
realized that around where the 

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mouth would have been the worst.
Set of conodont. 

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He borrowed, the specimen, took 
it to London, talked to another 

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cana-don't expert and a third 
expert happened to be in London 

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for a meeting. 
He looked and agreed, they all 

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agreed that this was indeed the 
conodont animal and the 

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discovery was announced in 1983.
So it had been sitting in the 

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BDS collections for good number 
of years. 

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Before its full significance was
realized you've been a world 

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leader in Making your collection
accessible to the public. 

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Tell us how you did that. 
We started in the early 2000s 

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with online databases as 
specimens first with rocks and 

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minerals and then fossils, and 
then bore holes. 

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And then by 2012, we started 
adding high resolution images to

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some of these. 
So the first ones were 

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high-resolution, photographs of 
all are United Kingdom, 

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00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:17,900
continental shelf, that's 
hydrocarbon. 

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And we followed on with 
high-resolution images of thin 

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sections of our rock collection.
And so we have photographed, all

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00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:31,700
the slides we have of our 
reference collection of rocks 

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and they're all online for 
anybody to use and study. 

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00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,200
And we have, it's not just a 
few. 

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00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:43,300
We actually have 160,000 of 
these online. 

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00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:46,500
Go pretty much anywhere that you
can look in Britain. 

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00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:49,600
You'll find that we've got a 
thin section with photographs 

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00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:52,300
online. 
What about access to the fossil 

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00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:54,900
collection? 
Again, there's an online 

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00:18:54,900 --> 00:19:01,900
database and we've also laser 
scanned 2000 of the best fossils

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00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:06,500
to produce 3D digital models. 
And that's what we call the GB 

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00:19:06,500 --> 00:19:11,500
3D type fossils, online 
database, and they're all there 

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00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:16,000
for anybody to use, purely free 
for academic and personal use. 

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00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:22,100
That's a fantastic resource. 
Will put a link to GB 3D on the 

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podcast webpage. 
Geology bias.com. 

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00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:28,400
You also created something 
called the Geo index. 

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00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:30,900
What's that? 
Or do you index? 

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00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,900
It's a GIS system or 
geographical information. 

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00:19:33,900 --> 00:19:37,800
System, is basically a map of 
Britain with a couple of hundred

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00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:41,600
data sets that you can select 
and turn off and on that, will 

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00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:47,200
you can look at a map and you 
can pull up for example, the At 

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00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:51,800
a variety of scales 50k. 
For example, is the standard one

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00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:54,300
that gives you normally the most
usable detail. 

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00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:59,000
You can pull that up and then 
you can click fossils, or rock 

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00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:02,800
and mineral samples. 
And if you select the rock 

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00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:06,100
collection, you'll see little 
triangles for wherever, we have 

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00:20:06,100 --> 00:20:10,700
a rock in the collection and if 
those are black triangles, it 

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00:20:10,700 --> 00:20:13,000
means that we've actually got a 
photograph of a thin section. 

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00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:17,000
So as I say, in total there's 
about there's about David 

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00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:22,900
different datasets ranging from 
bore hole locations, there's 

315
00:20:22,900 --> 00:20:27,400
geophysics including gravity 
magnetics, there's areas of 

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00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:30,800
outstanding, natural beauty 
mineral planning areas. 

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00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:33,800
There's at hols wave of 
different data sets. 

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00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:37,700
The main Geo index. 
We have is the onshore one but 

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00:20:37,700 --> 00:20:40,900
we have another very important 
one for offshore as well. 

320
00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:44,700
Yeah, it really does have an 
extraordinary number of layers 

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00:20:44,700 --> 00:20:48,400
that one can choose to display. 
I came across one of Building, 

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00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:50,300
Stone building sense is 
excellent. 

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00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:54,000
The selection of just under 
5,000 building, Stones all 

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00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:57,200
photographed at fairly high 
resolution that you can use gain

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00:20:57,200 --> 00:20:59,600
for any sort of academic 
personal projects. 

326
00:21:00,100 --> 00:21:03,800
And will also put a link to that
on the podcast. 

327
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:07,900
Webpage, my count, thank you 
very much, many. 

328
00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:11,100
Thanks, I've really enjoyed 
talking to you for more about 

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00:21:11,100 --> 00:21:14,500
geology b, as well as pictures 
and diagrams that illustrate 

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00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:16,400
this podcast. 
You can go to jail. 

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00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:17,700
Geology B.com.