1 00:00:10,800 --> 00:00:13,100 Hi everyone. Welcome back to the Daily 2 00:00:13,100 --> 00:00:16,800 gospel, exegesis podcast, where our goal is, to help you 3 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:19,700 understand the literal sense of scripture and hopefully you 4 00:00:19,700 --> 00:00:22,600 appreciate this approach to the Bible. 5 00:00:22,600 --> 00:00:25,500 This is the only Catholic podcast out there where every 6 00:00:25,500 --> 00:00:30,500 single day we give you a verse by verse exegesis of the text So 7 00:00:30,500 --> 00:00:34,500 we have a longer text today, Luke chapter 24 verses thirty 8 00:00:34,500 --> 00:00:39,100 five to forty eight. The disciples told their story 9 00:00:39,100 --> 00:00:41,800 of what had happened on the road, and how they had 10 00:00:41,800 --> 00:00:44,400 recognized. Jesus at the breaking of bread, 11 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:49,000 they were still talking about all this when Jesus himself 12 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:53,400 stood among them and said to them, peace be with you in a 13 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:56,300 state of alarm and fright. They thought they were seeing a 14 00:00:56,300 --> 00:01:00,100 ghost. But he said why are you so 15 00:01:00,100 --> 00:01:02,900 agitated? And why are these doubts rising 16 00:01:02,900 --> 00:01:06,600 in your hearts? Look at my hands and feet. 17 00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:10,800 Yes it is. I indeed touch me and see for 18 00:01:10,800 --> 00:01:14,100 yourselves. A ghost has no Flesh and Bones. 19 00:01:14,100 --> 00:01:18,300 As you see that I have And as he said this, he showed them his 20 00:01:18,300 --> 00:01:22,400 hands and feet. Their Joy was so great that they 21 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:25,600 could not believe it and they stood there dumbfounded. 22 00:01:25,700 --> 00:01:29,200 So he said to them, have you anything here to eat? 23 00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:33,800 And they offered him, a piece of grilled fish, which he took and 24 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:38,700 ate before their eyes. Then he told them this is what I 25 00:01:38,700 --> 00:01:42,800 meant when I said while I was still with you that everything 26 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,700 written about me, in the law of Moses in the prophets and in the 27 00:01:46,700 --> 00:01:51,700 Psalms has to be fulfilled. He then opened their minds to 28 00:01:51,700 --> 00:01:53,900 understand the scriptures and he said to them. 29 00:01:54,700 --> 00:01:58,500 So you see how it is written that the Christ would suffer and 30 00:01:58,500 --> 00:02:03,100 on the third day, rise from the dead and that in his name, 31 00:02:03,200 --> 00:02:07,000 repentance for the Forgiveness of sins would be He preached to 32 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:11,300 all the nations beginning from Jerusalem, you are witnesses to 33 00:02:11,300 --> 00:02:17,400 this. So that's our text for today and 34 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:20,400 there's a lot going on here. Let's start with the context. 35 00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:24,800 So this is Easter Sunday and Jesus has already appeared quite 36 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:27,700 a few times. So he's already appeared to the 37 00:02:27,700 --> 00:02:30,000 women on the way back to tell the disciples. 38 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:33,200 He has also appeared to Mary Magdalene and then the third 39 00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:37,400 appearance happens just before this in Luke, that's when a 40 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:40,600 clear pass and the other disciple on the road to Emmaus 41 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:45,600 encounter Jesus. And remember in that story, Your 42 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:48,800 pass, and the other disciple. Don't recognize Jesus at first, 43 00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:52,000 but eventually they do when Jesus breaks the bread. 44 00:02:53,100 --> 00:02:56,500 So, that would be the third appearance and then Jesus 45 00:02:56,500 --> 00:02:58,100 disappears. Remember, he breaks the bread 46 00:02:58,100 --> 00:03:01,100 with them with clear pass, and the other disciple in Emmaus, 47 00:03:01,100 --> 00:03:04,700 and then Jesus disappears. So now, the clear pass and the 48 00:03:04,700 --> 00:03:06,700 other disciple, go back to Jerusalem. 49 00:03:06,900 --> 00:03:10,100 That's only a few hours of walk, but it was already in the 50 00:03:10,100 --> 00:03:11,700 evening. So by the time they get back to 51 00:03:11,700 --> 00:03:15,200 Jerusalem, it's probably not time possibly about 10:00 p.m. 52 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:18,700 M, by the time they get back to the apostles and the other 53 00:03:18,700 --> 00:03:20,500 disciples. Now, during this time, 54 00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:24,300 apparently, Jesus appears to Peter at some point in here so 55 00:03:24,300 --> 00:03:28,000 it looks like Peter does already believe. 56 00:03:29,600 --> 00:03:33,500 Verse 35, the disciples told their story of what had happened 57 00:03:33,500 --> 00:03:36,400 on the road, and how they had recognized, Jesus at the 58 00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:38,600 breaking of the bread. So clear, passing the other 59 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:41,900 disciple, they come back to the apostles in Jerusalem at night 60 00:03:41,900 --> 00:03:44,800 time and they tell them what's happened to them on the road and 61 00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:47,100 how they recognized Jesus at the breaking of the bread. 62 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:51,900 Now, we need to be careful here because we have to factor in 63 00:03:51,900 --> 00:03:54,100 what the other gospels tell us at this point. 64 00:03:54,100 --> 00:03:58,200 So, apparently, at this point, even after the two disciples 65 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:02,100 tell their story, Mark's gospel tells us that the eleven 66 00:04:02,100 --> 00:04:06,300 disciples perhaps excluding Peter, don't believe the story. 67 00:04:06,300 --> 00:04:08,600 They still don't believe. Jesus is resurrected. 68 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:11,700 Even after these two disciples clear passing the other one. 69 00:04:11,900 --> 00:04:14,100 Come back and say we saw Jesus on the road. 70 00:04:14,100 --> 00:04:18,100 The eleven are still skeptical, but there are some others in the 71 00:04:18,100 --> 00:04:20,800 room. Um, some other disciples as part 72 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:23,300 of a bigger group of Christian disciples, who do believe the 73 00:04:23,300 --> 00:04:24,400 story. So, get the picture. 74 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:27,300 You've got a clear path and the other disciple, coming back from 75 00:04:27,300 --> 00:04:30,900 Emmaus into this room in Jerusalem where the disciples 76 00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:33,600 the broader disciples and the apostles are sitting. 77 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:36,500 They tell their story. The 11, don't believe them, but 78 00:04:36,500 --> 00:04:40,200 the other disciples do. So that's the situation by this 79 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:42,100 point, the apostles really should believe. 80 00:04:42,100 --> 00:04:43,400 They've heard quite a few stories. 81 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:47,300 Today of people saying they've seen Jesus and yet, for whatever 82 00:04:47,300 --> 00:04:50,900 reason they You don't believe Jesus has resurrected. 83 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:53,700 Now, notice what the two disciples say that was they 84 00:04:53,700 --> 00:04:56,300 recognize Jesus at the breaking of the bread. 85 00:04:57,400 --> 00:05:00,800 So breaking of the bread is a phrase that could be unpacked a 86 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:03,200 lot. It's shorthand for the whole 87 00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:06,500 process of taking bread blessing, it breaking it and 88 00:05:06,500 --> 00:05:09,800 then giving it out and that's what Jesus did when they got to 89 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:13,200 Emmaus. Now there's some dispute about 90 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,800 whether Jesus was intending to do this as a Eucharistic thing. 91 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:19,600 But I think it's, if we compare this with other passages in 92 00:05:19,600 --> 00:05:23,400 Luke, and in Acts where Jesus does the so sorry, where the 93 00:05:23,400 --> 00:05:27,100 apostles do the same thing, it appears that Jesus was doing a A 94 00:05:27,108 --> 00:05:29,600 Eucharistic celebration with them at Emmaus. 95 00:05:31,300 --> 00:05:34,800 So it could well be in this is probably the case that Jesus 96 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:38,900 deliberately wanted the two disciples in a maze to only 97 00:05:38,900 --> 00:05:42,400 recognize him once. He started doing the Eucharist, 98 00:05:43,200 --> 00:05:45,900 so he wants them to make a connection between his identity 99 00:05:46,100 --> 00:05:48,800 and the Eucharist and st. Augustine says this, in his 100 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:53,200 commentary on Luke 24. Saint Augustine says, where did 101 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:56,600 the Lord wish to be recognized in the breaking of the bread? 102 00:05:56,800 --> 00:05:59,800 It was for our sakes that he didn't want to be recognized 103 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:02,700 because we weren't going. To see him in the flesh. 104 00:06:03,100 --> 00:06:05,400 And yet we were going to eat his flesh. 105 00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:09,900 So if you're a Believer, you may take comfort in the breaking of 106 00:06:09,900 --> 00:06:11,600 bread. The Lord's. 107 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:16,900 Absence is not an absence have faith, and the one you cannot 108 00:06:16,900 --> 00:06:20,500 see is with you. So that's quite amazing words 109 00:06:20,500 --> 00:06:24,100 from Saint, Augustine about how Christ veiled his presence until 110 00:06:24,100 --> 00:06:27,000 they got to the Eucharist because he wants a disciples and 111 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:30,400 us to know that he is there in the breaking of the bread. 112 00:06:31,900 --> 00:06:35,600 Now, this conversation between the two disciples from Emmaus 113 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:39,000 and the 11 is taking place in some room. 114 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:42,600 In Jerusalem somewhere, there's actually only 10 Apostles here. 115 00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:46,200 That the common phrase, the 11 is used to symbolize the 116 00:06:46,200 --> 00:06:49,600 apostles, but there's only 10 here, because Thomas is not 117 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:53,300 present as we learn later. Thomas is out somewhere else at 118 00:06:53,300 --> 00:06:57,000 this time. There were still talking about 119 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,800 all this when Jesus himself stood among them. 120 00:07:00,500 --> 00:07:03,900 So the implication is that Jesus all of a sudden just appears in 121 00:07:03,900 --> 00:07:08,200 the room without walking through the door and the catechism talks 122 00:07:08,200 --> 00:07:10,700 a lot about this because it appears that Jesus has new 123 00:07:10,700 --> 00:07:12,800 abilities after his resurrection. 124 00:07:14,100 --> 00:07:16,300 Prior to his death. There were times when he 125 00:07:16,300 --> 00:07:19,000 apparently disappeared. Now, we do see that. 126 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:21,100 For example, when they try and throw him off the cliff, he 127 00:07:21,100 --> 00:07:24,800 disappears, but before his death, he never does this thing 128 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:28,300 where he appears in a room just out of nowhere. 129 00:07:28,500 --> 00:07:31,000 So there's a new ability and lots has been written about 130 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:34,600 these new abilities particularly in terms of how Christians when 131 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:38,100 they are resurrected will also have very similar abilities. 132 00:07:38,100 --> 00:07:41,100 So that's kind of cool. So the first thing he says to 133 00:07:41,100 --> 00:07:44,000 them is peace be with you. He knows that they're going to 134 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:46,800 be in a State of Shock and he tries to calm them down. 135 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:51,600 And Luke, he is says, in a state of alarm and fright. 136 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:53,700 They thought they were seeing a ghost. 137 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:56,500 Now, that's understandable because John does not 138 00:07:56,500 --> 00:08:00,200 miraculously. Sorry, let me try to get Jesus. 139 00:08:00,200 --> 00:08:03,500 Does he does just miraculously appear in the room? 140 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:06,500 So it makes sense that they're going to be quite afraid. 141 00:08:07,700 --> 00:08:10,500 Now, the thought they were seeing a ghost Jews did believe 142 00:08:10,500 --> 00:08:13,200 in ghosts or Spirits is another translation of that. 143 00:08:14,100 --> 00:08:16,900 So, they believed that there were Spirit entities that don't 144 00:08:16,900 --> 00:08:19,700 have bodies and they thinking that Jesus might be one of those 145 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:22,800 though when the Jews believed in spirits. 146 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:25,900 They basically believe them to be manifestations of Satan, they 147 00:08:25,900 --> 00:08:28,200 kind of, like, demons appearing as ghosts. 148 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:29,900 So, that's what they're wondering. 149 00:08:29,900 --> 00:08:33,799 If this is there. Quite frightened verse 38, Jesus 150 00:08:33,799 --> 00:08:37,400 says, why are you so agitated and why are these doubts right? 151 00:08:37,500 --> 00:08:42,000 I think in your hearts now, Jesus is about to explain why he 152 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:45,700 says that because he thinks Jesus says there's some features 153 00:08:45,700 --> 00:08:48,900 of my body that you should have noticed and which should have 154 00:08:48,900 --> 00:08:51,000 made them realize that he isn't a ghost. 155 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:53,000 So they should have worked it out just by looking at him. 156 00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:57,900 Now look includes this appearance and the physicality 157 00:08:57,900 --> 00:09:01,800 of this whole appearance as we go on to see when Jesus shows 158 00:09:01,800 --> 00:09:02,700 them. His body. 159 00:09:03,700 --> 00:09:06,700 Think about Luke's audience, Luke is primarily writing for 160 00:09:06,700 --> 00:09:08,600 Greeks. They're not Jews. 161 00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:11,400 And these Greeks don't believe in the resurrection of the body. 162 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,200 They think that's a ridiculous idea. 163 00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:17,000 So Luke is including this story and living out some others that 164 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:21,200 he could have included because he wants his Gentile, Greek 165 00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:24,800 readers to understand the bodily nature of the Resurrection. 166 00:09:25,100 --> 00:09:31,700 So that there is no mistake. Verse 39, it Jesus says for the 167 00:09:32,100 --> 00:09:35,000 11 look at my hands and feet. Yes it is. 168 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:39,800 I indeed So, Jesus new body, although it probably looks a bit 169 00:09:39,800 --> 00:09:41,700 different and it has new abilities. 170 00:09:41,800 --> 00:09:44,700 It's still apparently bore the marks of the crucifixion. 171 00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:47,700 And in fact, if you look at the Book of Revelation, he still has 172 00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:49,700 the marks of crucifixion even in heaven. 173 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:54,200 He wants to the apostles to recognize that yes, this is the 174 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:56,900 same body that was crucified. This is Jesus, real body. 175 00:09:56,900 --> 00:10:00,200 He's not a ghost. He says, touch me and see for 176 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:02,500 yourselves. Our ghost has no Flesh and 177 00:10:02,500 --> 00:10:05,900 Bones. As you see, I have As he said 178 00:10:05,900 --> 00:10:07,900 this, he showed them his hands and his feet. 179 00:10:08,500 --> 00:10:12,500 So he invites the apostles to physically touch him in order to 180 00:10:12,500 --> 00:10:14,300 prove that he has a real resurrected body. 181 00:10:14,300 --> 00:10:17,300 He's not a ghost, that's the point he wants to get across In 182 00:10:17,300 --> 00:10:22,400 this passage st. Ignatius of Antioch in 107 ad so 183 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:25,300 not that long. After the time of the Apostles, 184 00:10:25,600 --> 00:10:30,000 he's quite familiar with this event and he uses this story to 185 00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:32,500 defend the real bodily nature of the Resurrection. 186 00:10:32,500 --> 00:10:36,800 Because as you probably know the Sticks arose in the apostolic 187 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:41,100 age, and they believed that Jesus body was fake. 188 00:10:41,100 --> 00:10:45,100 And so saying Ignatius uses this passage Luke 24 to show know it 189 00:10:45,100 --> 00:10:51,000 was a real body. Verse 41, their Joy was so great 190 00:10:51,500 --> 00:10:54,600 that that they could still not believe it and they stood there 191 00:10:54,600 --> 00:10:57,000 dumbfounded. So, it's like, they're joyful, 192 00:10:57,000 --> 00:10:59,600 but there aren't really sure what to make of it or what it 193 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:02,700 all means, or how to process it. So maybe they think it's too 194 00:11:02,700 --> 00:11:05,900 good to be true or something. So st. 195 00:11:05,900 --> 00:11:09,100 Augustine again says about this, it was incredible. 196 00:11:09,100 --> 00:11:11,300 And they had to be persuaded of the truth of it. 197 00:11:11,300 --> 00:11:14,300 Not only by their eyes, but by their hands to. 198 00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:21,800 So that through the bodily senses Faith might come My come 199 00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:24,700 down into the heart and Faith coming down into the heart, 200 00:11:24,900 --> 00:11:28,400 might be preached throughout the world, to people who neither 201 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:34,900 see, nor touched. And yet believed, so Sani Saint, 202 00:11:34,900 --> 00:11:37,100 Augustine believes that the apostles needed to see. 203 00:11:37,100 --> 00:11:39,000 Jesus body, then needed to touch it. 204 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:42,300 In order that they might have a very sure belief because they're 205 00:11:42,300 --> 00:11:44,100 going to have to go out and preach to people who haven't 206 00:11:44,100 --> 00:11:46,800 seen Jesus at all. So they need to be firmly 207 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:49,900 convinced that it's him. So Jesus first says, look, At 208 00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:51,500 me. Look at my hands and my feet and 209 00:11:51,500 --> 00:11:53,800 then he says come and touch my hands and my feet. 210 00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:58,900 And then he notices and this is actually made quite clear in our 211 00:11:58,900 --> 00:12:01,600 lectionary translation, he notices that they still are not 212 00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:04,100 believing. So he says to them, have you 213 00:12:04,100 --> 00:12:07,700 anything here to eat and they offered him, a piece of grilled 214 00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:10,100 fish which he took and ate before their eyes. 215 00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:14,100 Now, many have thought they just take this verse out of context 216 00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:16,100 and they say, oh, Jesus must be hungry. 217 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:18,400 I don't think that's the correct interpretation. 218 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:21,200 I think an hour lectionary actually makes this quite clear 219 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:24,900 that Jesus notices that they still don't believe even after 220 00:12:24,900 --> 00:12:27,900 they've touched him. So he decides that in order to 221 00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:32,900 eliminate doubt from their mind that he's a ghost, he decides to 222 00:12:32,900 --> 00:12:35,600 eat in front of them. That's his plan, it's not that 223 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:37,500 Jesus is hungry in his resurrected body. 224 00:12:37,500 --> 00:12:40,700 He probably doesn't feel hunger as far as We Know. 225 00:12:41,500 --> 00:12:44,000 He's deliberately eating in order to show them that he's not 226 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:48,100 a ghost because ghosts would not eat in this physical kind of 227 00:12:48,100 --> 00:12:51,100 way. And that would include why Luke 228 00:12:51,100 --> 00:12:54,600 includes this somewhat strange line of Jesus, because remember, 229 00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,800 Luke is writing to Greeks, who don't believe our physical, 230 00:12:57,800 --> 00:12:59,500 Resurrection. Like this is possible. 231 00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:04,600 Verse 44. Jesus now says, this is what I 232 00:13:04,608 --> 00:13:07,100 meant when I said while I was still with you. 233 00:13:07,500 --> 00:13:10,300 So Jesus is about to remind them of something, he said to them, 234 00:13:10,300 --> 00:13:13,300 before his death, and he's going to help them realize what he 235 00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:16,700 meant all along. Everything written about me in 236 00:13:16,700 --> 00:13:19,800 the law of Moses in the prophets and in the Psalms. 237 00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:23,500 So that's a shorthand way of saying the entire Old Testament. 238 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:27,100 Now, let's pause there, that's quite a strong claim. 239 00:13:27,100 --> 00:13:32,000 He's about to say that the Messiah himself Jesus himself 240 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:35,700 was spoken about even in Poetic books of the Old Testament like 241 00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:37,300 the Psalms which is pretty incredible. 242 00:13:37,300 --> 00:13:40,400 Jesus says you can find information about me throughout 243 00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:44,300 the entire Old Testament. Which prophecies is he talking 244 00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:45,800 about? Well, he doesn't tell us, 245 00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:48,100 although he probably does tell the apostles here. 246 00:13:48,100 --> 00:13:49,900 We just don't get to hear the full speech. 247 00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:53,200 He could be thinking of all sorts of passages probably in 248 00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:55,600 particular. Isaiah, of course, the suffering 249 00:13:55,600 --> 00:13:59,900 servant of Isaiah Zechariah and this some Psalms as well, which 250 00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:03,900 talked about the Messiah to he says that everything written 251 00:14:03,900 --> 00:14:07,500 about me in the law of Moses in the prophets and in the Psalms 252 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:10,400 has to be fulfilled. Notice that word. 253 00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:12,500 In fact, some translations have it as must be. 254 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:17,700 E fulfilled, early, the disciples didn't understand that 255 00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:21,600 Jesus has been talking about the Messiah Must Die according to 256 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:24,300 the Old Testament and the disciples didn't understand what 257 00:14:24,300 --> 00:14:26,700 he meant. But now that the disciples have 258 00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:29,700 seen him killed and resurrected. Jesus says, they should 259 00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:32,800 understand those prophecies. That's what he's been talking 260 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:34,800 about. All along those prophecies must 261 00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:37,400 be fulfilled. That is the plan of God and the 262 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:39,400 disciples have now seen them fulfilled. 263 00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:43,500 Verse 45. Luke says he then opened their 264 00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:47,200 minds to understand the scriptures so that seems to 265 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:49,200 imply that Jesus. Now does some sort of 266 00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:52,600 Supernatural opening of their mind or perhaps that's one 267 00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:54,500 interpretation. But perhaps, what he does here 268 00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:58,600 is he doesn't extended speech where he goes through the Old 269 00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:01,100 Testament scriptures, which is quite possible because that's 270 00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:04,800 what he does with the other disciples on the road to Emmaus. 271 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:07,700 He does something here, that helps them understand the 272 00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:10,200 scriptures. So it's possible. 273 00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:13,100 He that he does he. Well, he certainly knows that 274 00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:16,100 they don't understand yet, so he gives them more information. 275 00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:20,100 It sounds like he's giving them a Bible study of the Old 276 00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:21,900 Testament. And that's one, Bible study, 277 00:15:21,900 --> 00:15:25,000 that will be amazing to be a witness to one that's led by 278 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:29,800 Jesus himself but we don't get to hear the full speech. 279 00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,100 He gives them but something he tells them helps them. 280 00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:35,300 Understand the Old Testament prophecies. 281 00:15:35,700 --> 00:15:38,200 So he finishes in verse 46 by saying. 282 00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:41,300 So you seem See how it is written that the Christ would 283 00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:43,800 suffer. And of course, that's spelled 284 00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:48,100 out in Isaiah 52 and 53 and Zechariah as well. 285 00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:51,300 And on the third day, rise from the dead. 286 00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:55,200 Now, this is an interesting one, because Jesus, consistently and 287 00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:59,800 here as well keeps saying the scriptures prophesied that the 288 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:03,400 Messiah must rise from the dead, but he never lifts a specific 289 00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:05,800 Old Testament passage. So we're not sure what passage 290 00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:09,400 is thinking of. He could be thinking of Jonah, 291 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,700 remember, Joanna is in the fish for three days before his return 292 00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:15,300 to dry land. So maybe that's the prophecy in 293 00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:18,400 the Old Testament about how the Messiah is going to rise from 294 00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:20,300 the dead. Or maybe there's some other 295 00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:25,300 obscure passages in the profits. There's one problem passage in 296 00:16:25,300 --> 00:16:28,900 particular which often isn't talked about, but he's probably 297 00:16:28,900 --> 00:16:33,800 the one that Jesus is thinking of here, Hosea, 6 verses 1 to 2 298 00:16:34,700 --> 00:16:40,100 says, God will revive us. Two days on the third day, he 299 00:16:40,100 --> 00:16:42,600 will raise us up to live in his presence. 300 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:45,400 So that's what Hosea, the minor Old Testament Prophet. 301 00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:49,800 Says now in context, that's about God, raising up Israel 302 00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:53,800 after suffering but that's probably the passage which 303 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:57,100 informs Jesus understanding about his resurrection. 304 00:16:57,300 --> 00:17:00,800 By applying this to himself, Jesus sort of sums up the whole 305 00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:04,700 identity and Destiny of Israel by being the one that suffers. 306 00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:08,099 But then is raised up by God after three days So that's a 307 00:17:08,108 --> 00:17:11,200 really interesting passage in Hosea that needs to get more 308 00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:12,200 attention. I think. 309 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,800 So Jesus, now finishes that thought though, he says that all 310 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:20,300 these things were preached in the Old Testament, but now he 311 00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:22,900 lists some more things that were also preached in the Old 312 00:17:22,900 --> 00:17:25,700 Testament. He says that in his name, 313 00:17:25,700 --> 00:17:29,000 repentance for the Forgiveness of sins would be preached. 314 00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:32,200 So, Jesus says that the Old Testament predicts that in the 315 00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:35,400 name of the Messiah, repentance for the Forgiveness of sins 316 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:38,700 would be preached. Now, this is something the 317 00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:42,200 apostles are about to do in the book of Acts and in the other 318 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:46,200 gospels Jesus gives more. Reconstructions about how he 319 00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:48,600 wants them to do that and he gives the Great Commission in 320 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:51,400 Matthew as well. Although hear that, that's all 321 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:52,300 we're here. Would just kind of get a 322 00:17:52,308 --> 00:17:56,100 shortened version. Now notice that phrase in his 323 00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:59,500 name, in his name, repentance for the Forgiveness of sins 324 00:17:59,500 --> 00:18:02,100 would be preached. If you read the book of Acts, 325 00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:05,800 it's that pretty clearly comes through the New Covenant is all 326 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:08,500 about preaching, God's forgiveness in the name of 327 00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,600 Jesus. So Jesus is not a separate 328 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:13,800 add-on. We cannot preach and Christians 329 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,000 shouldn't preach. Each God's forgiveness without 330 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:18,600 mentioning Jesus. The whole point of Jesus work on 331 00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:22,600 the cross is that, that is now possible through Jesus. 332 00:18:23,500 --> 00:18:25,700 And that's, of course, in the book of Acts, why the Jews 333 00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:29,500 reject, the message that the Christian disciples try to bring 334 00:18:29,500 --> 00:18:32,700 them because they constantly talk about Jesus being the one 335 00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:35,300 that allows forgiveness and the Jewish leaders can't handle 336 00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:39,400 that, they think it's blasphemy in his name, there will be 337 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,500 repentance for the Forgiveness of sins. 338 00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:44,000 Now, notice forgiveness isn't automatic. 339 00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:46,800 In here, Jesus says that forgiveness. 340 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:49,900 Will only come if repentance happens. 341 00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:54,600 First repentance is what brings someone forgiveness even if we 342 00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:57,400 include Jesus name as part of that there still has to be 343 00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:01,100 repentance. Then he says, forgiveness of 344 00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:03,500 sins would be preached to All Nations. 345 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:06,300 Now there's lots of Old Testament prophecies, which talk 346 00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:11,500 about all nations. All Gentiles being included in 347 00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:14,400 the Kingdom of God. In the New Covenant, the Jews at 348 00:19:14,400 --> 00:19:17,100 the time did actually believe that Gentiles would be part of 349 00:19:17,108 --> 00:19:17,900 the Kingdom. Mmm. 350 00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:21,600 But it appears that the Jews at the time, assumed that the way 351 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:25,300 Gentiles will get into the kingdom is by God in the day of 352 00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:29,400 the Lord coming and forcing it on them by a victory of some 353 00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:31,600 kind, making them submit to his will. 354 00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:34,300 That's how they forcibly get, put into the kingdom of God. 355 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,700 But here Jesus says something different. 356 00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:43,000 He says that the Jews must go and preach to the Gentiles so 357 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:45,300 that the Gentiles will voluntarily come into the 358 00:19:45,300 --> 00:19:47,600 kingdom. That might be a bit of a radical 359 00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:51,000 Idea, that the apostles weren't quite prepared for. 360 00:19:53,300 --> 00:19:55,900 And then he adds this phrase beginning in Jerusalem. 361 00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,000 So the preaching to the Gentiles is going to begin from 362 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:01,800 Jerusalem. Now again, there's lots of Old 363 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,100 Testament passages, which Jesus is probably thinking of which 364 00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:08,200 talk about God, reigning over the whole world from Jerusalem. 365 00:20:10,300 --> 00:20:15,000 Luke includes this passage in here, because he wants to set up 366 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:17,200 his sequel. He writes the book of Acts as 367 00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:19,100 well. And he's just about to finish 368 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:22,200 the Gospel of Luke and he wants his readers to pick up the 369 00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:24,900 gospel of acts as well in the book of Acts. 370 00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:28,400 If you read it, that's exactly the pattern the preaching starts 371 00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:30,900 in Jerusalem. That's where the apostles 372 00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:35,600 preached to All Nations from first at Pentecost and then they 373 00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:37,700 move outwards from Jerusalem slowly. 374 00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:42,300 So, Luke includes this phrase of Jesus Has so that it matches the 375 00:20:42,300 --> 00:20:45,000 pattern that he's going to talk about in the book of Acts. 376 00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:50,400 Verse 48, the last thing Jesus says you are witnesses of this. 377 00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:53,300 Now it's not clear what that this is. 378 00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:57,100 It could mean, you have already seen this process beginning or 379 00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:00,900 maybe Jesus means you have seen me say these things. 380 00:21:00,900 --> 00:21:05,300 Now go and do them or if it's a future tense as in, you will be 381 00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:08,500 Witnesses of this. Jesus might mean you'll be 382 00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:11,400 Witnesses of all the things you have seen. 383 00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:15,500 Now go and do them something like that, but he's talking to 384 00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:17,800 the apostles. The apostles are the witnesses 385 00:21:17,900 --> 00:21:20,800 of the kingdom of God, and they're about to be tasked with 386 00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:24,800 preaching it. This, what we've just seen here 387 00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:28,100 where Jesus appears in the room is the fifth appearance of Jesus 388 00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:31,200 after his resurrection. The fourth one was the 389 00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:32,900 appearance to Peter earlier that day. 390 00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:35,700 Now remember, this has happened all on the same day. 391 00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:38,800 Jesus appears five times on Easter Sunday. 392 00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,600 This is the last one. Probably, this is the same 393 00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:46,800 appearance as John 20:19. It's seems to be the same thing 394 00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:50,500 when Jesus appears to be Apostles, but John add some more 395 00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:53,900 information in John, he breeds on them and he commissions them 396 00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:56,300 to have the power to forgive sins as well. 397 00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:00,200 Now, that's the end of our passage. 398 00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,900 If you read on the last few verses here of Luke chapter 24, 399 00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:07,200 the very next thing that happens is Jesus gives them one final 400 00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:11,000 final promise he is then taken up to heaven and that's the end 401 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:14,200 of Luke's gospel. So Luke doesn't mention any of 402 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:16,500 the Galilean post-resurrection appearances. 403 00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:20,700 He pretty much has this Easter Sunday and then he skips over 404 00:22:20,700 --> 00:22:24,800 the 40 days which is appears and then the very next thing Luke 405 00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:29,800 talks about is the Ascension. For whatever reason, probably 406 00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,100 because Luke's not writing to Jews, he doesn't feel that it's 407 00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:35,800 necessary to talk about the Galilean appearances, but we 408 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:38,700 will look at those Galilean appearances in the coming days. 409 00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:43,200 That's after the Ascension which is the next few verses of Luke, 410 00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,200 that's the end of Luke's gospel. So a ride at the end of Luke's 411 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:50,300 gospel here. So that's it. 412 00:22:50,300 --> 00:22:51,900 That's the fifth appearance of Jesus. 413 00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:55,200 We've looked at today. Now, this gets a lot of air time 414 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,600 in the catechism, this passage, so I won't be able to read out 415 00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:00,300 all of them. I'll try and put as many of 416 00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:02,600 these as I can in the show notes for you to look at though. 417 00:23:03,300 --> 00:23:08,300 So, in paragraph, 644, we hear this even when faced, with the 418 00:23:08,300 --> 00:23:12,700 reality of the Risen, Jesus, the disciples are still doubtful. 419 00:23:12,700 --> 00:23:14,800 So impossible, did the things seem? 420 00:23:15,100 --> 00:23:17,000 They thought they were seeing a ghost. 421 00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:20,100 In their Joy, they were still disbelieving and still 422 00:23:20,100 --> 00:23:23,400 wondering, therefore, the hypothesis of the Resurrection 423 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:26,700 was produced by the apostles Faith or could do, Leti, will 424 00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:30,400 not hold up on the, contrary, their faith in the resurrection 425 00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:34,100 was born under the action of divine grace, from the direct 426 00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:36,500 experience of the reality of the Risen Jesus. 427 00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:40,200 So, here, the catechism makes an apologetic argument. 428 00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:43,200 You'll sometimes, hear it said that Jesus didn't really rise 429 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,000 from the dead. The apostles just made it up 430 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:46,500 because they wanted to believe it. 431 00:23:46,500 --> 00:23:50,500 They believe that he Rise again. So they made it up here. 432 00:23:50,500 --> 00:23:53,700 The catechism says that if we look at Luke chapter 24, even 433 00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,200 when Jesus is standing right in front of them, they struggle to 434 00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,700 believe. So, this theory that they just 435 00:23:58,700 --> 00:24:02,400 made it up because the gullible or something that doesn't fit 436 00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:04,400 with the data we have in the gospels here. 437 00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:07,900 So, that's an interesting one and then paragraph 645, we have 438 00:24:07,900 --> 00:24:11,600 a discussion about the fact that the disciples touched him, it 439 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,400 says by means of touch and the sharing of a meal. 440 00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:17,300 The Risen Jesus establishes direct contact with the 441 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:20,300 Disciples. He invites them in this way to 442 00:24:20,300 --> 00:24:24,200 recognize that he is not a ghost and above all to verify that the 443 00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:27,900 Risen body in, which he appears to them, is the same body that 444 00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:31,100 had been tortured and crucified for it's still Bears. 445 00:24:31,100 --> 00:24:36,200 The traces of his passion yet at the same time, this authentic, 446 00:24:36,300 --> 00:24:38,500 real body. Possesses the new properties of 447 00:24:38,500 --> 00:24:42,300 a glorious body. Not limited by space and time 448 00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:47,400 but able to be present how, and when he Wills For Christ's 449 00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:51,000 Humanity can no longer be confined to Earth and belongs. 450 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:54,200 Henceforth only to the father's Divine realm. 451 00:24:55,100 --> 00:24:58,400 For this reason to the Risen Jesus enjoys, the Sovereign 452 00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:02,000 freedom of appearing as he wishes in the guise of a 453 00:25:02,008 --> 00:25:05,200 gardener or in other forms familiar to his disciples 454 00:25:05,500 --> 00:25:10,300 precisely to awaken their faith. So that's a nice summary of what 455 00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:13,600 Jesus body looks like and has the abilities to do. 456 00:25:15,100 --> 00:25:18,600 Now, paragraph 999 of the catechism is in the discussion 457 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,200 about the final Resurrection on Judgement Day and it says 458 00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:24,100 something really interesting about the fate of all 459 00:25:24,100 --> 00:25:27,000 Christians. It says Christ is raised with 460 00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:30,400 his own body. See my hands and my feet that it 461 00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:35,100 is I myself, but he did not return to a purely Earthly life. 462 00:25:35,700 --> 00:25:40,000 So in him, all of them will rise again with their own bodies 463 00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:42,800 which they now bear. But Christ will change. 464 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:44,800 Our lowly body to be like his glorious. 465 00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:49,500 This body into a spiritual body. So that's an interesting 466 00:25:49,500 --> 00:25:51,400 paragraph. The Catholic Church teaches that 467 00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:54,600 one day of the Resurrection, Christian believers. 468 00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:58,300 If they make it to the resurrection will have a very 469 00:25:58,300 --> 00:26:04,700 similar body to what Jesus had. Later in Luke 24, as we saw 470 00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:09,000 Jesus says, there's those prophecies in the Old Testament 471 00:26:09,100 --> 00:26:12,100 which are fulfilled in his own death and resurrection and the 472 00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:14,700 catechism spends a lot of time talking about the unity of 473 00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:16,900 scriptures so in paragraph 11 to. 474 00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,000 So right near the start of the catechism about how to interpret 475 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:24,000 scripture, it says be especially attentive to the content and 476 00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:27,600 unity of the whole scripture different as the books which can 477 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:31,800 pose that maybe scripture is a Unity by reason of the unity of 478 00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:35,900 God's plan of which Christ. Jesus is the center and heart 479 00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:41,800 open since he's Passover. Paragraph 601. 480 00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:46,300 Discusses it, in a similar way, talks about how Jesus died in 481 00:26:46,300 --> 00:26:49,200 accordance with the scriptures, so there's a full paragraph 482 00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:50,400 there. I'll include that in the show 483 00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:54,800 notes, paragraph. 26, 25 says something similar about the way 484 00:26:54,800 --> 00:26:58,100 we should read the Bible. Particularly the Psalms, how the 485 00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:03,100 Psalms will fill Jesus. Paragraph, 2763, says all the 486 00:27:03,100 --> 00:27:06,900 scriptures, the law, the prophets, and the Psalms are 487 00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:10,000 fulfilled in Christ. This gospel is the good. 488 00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:12,500 News. So that phrase, they're the law, 489 00:27:12,500 --> 00:27:15,300 the prophets, and the Psalms come straight out of Luke 24. 490 00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:20,400 Paragraph 1 hour 8. Again this is in the section 491 00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,000 about the Bible. It says the scripture. 492 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:27,100 If the scriptures are not to remain as a dead letter Christ, 493 00:27:27,100 --> 00:27:30,400 the Eternal Word of the Living, God must through the Holy 494 00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:33,100 Spirit. Open our minds to understand the 495 00:27:33,100 --> 00:27:36,400 scriptures. So, just as Jesus does in Luke 496 00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:38,700 24, he opens the Apostle of mind. 497 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:42,700 That same opportunity is available to us when we study 498 00:27:42,700 --> 00:27:44,600 the scriptures. If we want to understand them 499 00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:48,200 properly, we must allow the Holy Spirit to open our minds to 500 00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:52,000 understand the scriptures. Paragraph. 981, there's a 501 00:27:52,008 --> 00:27:56,300 discussion about how Jesus gives us ends his Apostles to preach 502 00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:59,900 repentance and it talks about that in connection with the 503 00:27:59,900 --> 00:28:01,500 church. Having the power of the Keys of 504 00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:06,300 the Kingdom to Grant forgiveness to people paragraph, 11 20. 505 00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,600 There's a discussion there about that line where it says, go in 506 00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:11,800 my name. So it says, the ordained 507 00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:15,200 priesthood guarantees. That it really is Christ who 508 00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:18,300 acts in the, sacraments through the holy spirit for the church. 509 00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:21,800 The saving Mission entrusted. By the father to his incarnate. 510 00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:25,500 Son was committed to the apostles, and through them, to 511 00:28:25,500 --> 00:28:29,700 their successes, they receive the spirit of Jesus to act in 512 00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:36,300 his name and in his person. So just as the apostles are 513 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,800 given the ministry to go in Jesus name. 514 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:44,300 So the priests today continue to do the same thing. 515 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,200 And then lastly, there's a discussion about in paragraph 516 00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:53,000 130 for about confirmation. How just as here as the apostles 517 00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:56,200 are called Witnesses. It says, the in confirmation 518 00:28:56,200 --> 00:29:00,300 confirmation is given only once for it to imprints on the soul 519 00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:04,300 an indelible spiritual Mark the character, which is the On that. 520 00:29:04,300 --> 00:29:07,600 Jesus Christ has marked a Christian with the Seal of his 521 00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:11,400 Spirit, by clothing him with power from on high so that he 522 00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:14,700 may be his witness. So all Catholics who were 523 00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:17,700 confirmed are called to be Witnesses in the same way that 524 00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:21,800 the apostles are So that's a long episode. 525 00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:25,400 Thank you for listening today. Hope you learn something new. 526 00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:27,900 Please continue to share this podcast around. 527 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:29,600 We'll see you again tomorrow.