Jeffrey Epstein, the disgraced financier, was a college dropout
who managed to amass a fortune that's difficult to explain
before dying mysteriously in his jail cell in 2019.
He wasn't a rapper like P Diddy, yet he owned 2 private islands,
multiple private jets, and homes all over the world.
He befriended presidents, Princess scientists,
celebrities, businessmen, and billionaires and was described
by prosecutors in 2019 as a man of nearly infinite means.
Yet despite years of investigations, no one can say
with certainty how he made his money.
Bloomberg rode after his arrest in 2019 that for all his infamy,
there's scant details of how he made his money. the FT similarly
wrote around the same time that this question has confounded
journalists for decades, given his links to big names and the
subsequent allegations against him.
There's been major public interest in the life and the
wealth of Jeffrey Epstein, along with his crimes and the network
of influential enablers that surrounded him.
Epstein was born in Brooklyn, the son of a groundskeeper and a
stay at home mom. He graduated high school and
briefly attended Cooper Union and NYU before dropping out of
both after falsely claiming to have a college degree.
He briefly taught math and physics at a private high school
in New York before being dismissed after two years for
poor performance. He went on to work for a few
years at Bear Stearns and after being laid off, claimed to be
running a money management firm for the ultra wealthy.
His firm's operations were opaque, it's client list never
disclosed and it's assets never verified.
He had only 1 confirmed client and everything else is a fog of
speculation. Secretive offshore companies
whispered blackmail theories and a social circle that included
everyone from US Presidents to British royalty.
The controversy over Epstein's debt became a hot topic once
again when Donald Trump returned to office in January.
Trump chose top law enforcement officials like Pam Bondi, Dan
Bongino and Kash Patel, who earned much of their political
capital by encouraging conspiracy theories about the
deep state. Trump himself had implied on
multiple occasions that there was information in the Epstein
files that would take down his political opponents.
Bill Clinton, nice guy, got a lot of problems coming up, in my
opinion, with the famous island. With Jeffrey Epstein, a lot of
problems. After teasing that a big
announcement was in the pipeline, the Department of
Justice and FBI finally came out a few weeks ago with an
announcement that there was nothing to see.
There was no client list, no one was implicated in the files, and
Epstein had taken his own life contradicting long held
conspiracy theories about the case.
When the FBI later released clearly doctored footage from
the only functioning camera near Epstein's prison cell the night
he died, the mega base were enraged that there was a cover
up, and some were possibly disappointed that Kash Patel was
such a sloppy video editor. There's a point at which you
just have to hire someone in who knows what they're doing.
As public pressure mounts and conspiracy theories swirl, one
question remains at the heart of the scandal.
And that is, how did Jeffrey Epstein really make his money?
When federal prosecutors charged Jeffrey Epstein in 2019, they
described him as the orchestrator of a vast
trafficking operation that exploited hundreds of underage
girls. Authorities claimed to have
gathered a trove of damning evidence that included
photographic and video evidence, financial records and digital
files that allegedly pointed to a broader network of enablers
and clients. This July, the Department of
Justice and FBI released a memo stating that after an exhaustive
review of over 300 gigabytes of data and physical evidence, they
found no incriminating client list and no credible evidence
that Epstein blackmailed prominent individuals.
This sudden shift in narrative, after years of speculation and
public expectation, has only deepened suspicion and fuelled
renewed conspiracy theories. Despite the opacity around the
origins of his wealth, the scale of Jeffrey Epstein's fortune was
undeniable. A filing in his criminal case
pegged his net worth at roughly $560 million, while The New York
Times later estimated it at $600 million.
His assets included a portfolio of luxury homes, including a $77
million Manhattan townhouse where he was arrested, a $12
million estate in Palm Beach, a $17 million ranch in New Mexico
and an $8.6 million apartment in Paris.
His two private islands, Little St.
James and Great Saint James, were valued at $86 million at
the time of his death. He owned 3 private jets, a
helicopter and a fleet of at least 15 vehicles.
His most famous plane, dubbed the Lolita Express, was not just
an ordinary private jet. It was a Boeing 720 Seven 100,
which if kitted out as a commercial jet, would have held
150 passengers. These holdings paint the picture
of a man with immense financial power, but was there any clear
or credible explanation of how he acquired it?
Although Epstein was often described as a billionaire, even
prosecutors hesitated to confirm that label.
His firm, Financial Trust Company, was based in the US
Virgin Islands and never released audited statements or
performance data. This lack of transparency,
combined with conflicting reports about the size of his
staff and losses during the 2008 financial crisis, cast serious
doubt on whether his fortune ever reached the scale he
claimed. One of the most troubling
aspects of the Epstein saga is how long it took for federal
charges to be brought against him, despite mounting evidence
and dozens of victims. In 2007 and 2008, Epstein faced
serious allegations in Florida, but instead of being prosecuted
federally, he struck A controversial non prosecution
agreement with then US Attorney Alexander Acosta, who would
later serve as Donald Trump's labor secretary.
The deal allowed Epstein to plead guilty to lesser state
charges of soliciting prostitution, resulting in just
thirteen months in a county jail with work release privileges and
a requirement to register as an ex offender.
This agreement was kept secret from Epstein's victims, a
violation of federal victims rights laws.
At the time, Epstein was represented by a legal dream
team that included Alan Dershowitz and Kenneth Starr,
both of whom wielded significant political and legal influence.
Prosecutors in 2019 were accused by Epstein's lawyers of trying
to redo the Miami case when a deal had already been struck.
The leniency of the original plea deal, the secrecy
surrounding it and the powerful figures involved have since
become central to a wave of conspiracy theories, many of
which question whether Epstein was protected by a broader
network of elites. Epstein's early career offers
the first glimpse into the improbable rise that would later
define his life. Born in the Coney Island
neighborhood of Brooklyn in 1953 to working class parents,
Epstein dropped out of university without earning a
degree. Despite this, he landed a job
teaching math and physics at the elite Dalton School in Manhattan
in the early 1970s. There he caught the attention of
a parent, Alan Greenberg, the chairman of Bear Stearns, who
helped him secure an entry level position at the investment bank.
After he lost his teaching job in 1976, Epstein rose rapidly,
becoming a partner within four years, an unusually fast ascent,
especially for someone with no formal financial training.
But just one year after making partner, his career at Bear
Stearns came to an abrupt end. According to the New York Times,
Epstein told the SEC during an insider trading investigation
that he had been let go for three reasons.
He had lent money to a friend to buy stock, there were
irregularities with his expense account, and there were rumours
of an affair with a secretary. They're never charged with
wrongdoing. The episode marked the beginning
of a pattern Epstein's ability to gain access to elite
institutions and powerful people, often without the
credentials or transparency typically required.
After leaving Bear Stearns, Epstein launched his own firm,
Intercontinental Assets Group, which claimed to specialized in
recovering stolen or embezzled funds.
By the late 1980s, he had formed J Epstein and Company, the
investment firm that would become the claim source of his
wealth and elite connections. Epstein announced at the time
that he only accepted accounts worth over $1 billion.
It's worth noting that there were fewer than 500 billionaires
worldwide at the time, making his supposed client base
extraordinarily exclusive. In reality, it would appear that
Epstein had only one major client, Les Wexner, the
billionaire founder of L Brands. For more than a decade, Epstein
served as Wexner's personal money manager and advisor,
reportedly earning hundreds of millions of dollars in the
process. Their relationship was unusually
close, so much that Wexner transferred ownership of a $77
million Manhattan mansion to Epstein's Virgin Islands based
company for no recorded payment. According to the New York Times,
a 2002 corporate filing revealed that Epstein Asset management
firm had just $88 million in shareholder contributions and
around 20 employees, far fewer than the 150 claimed in media
profiles at the time. The contradictions between
Epstein's public image and the limited evidence of his
financial operations only deepen the mystery of the true source
of his wealth. In 1987, Jeffrey Epstein was
hired as a high paid consultant by Stephen Hoffenberg, then CEO
of Towers Financial Corporation, a Manhattan based debt
collection agency that would later be exposed as the operator
of one of the largest Ponzi schemes in the US history.
Hoffenberg paid Epstein $25,000 a month and set him up with an
office describing him as his wingman and closest friend.
During that period together, the two men attempted high profile
corporate takeovers, including failed bids for Pan Am and Emery
Air Freight. But behind the scenes, Towers
Financial was raising more than $400 million by selling
fraudulent bonds and promissory notes to investors.
This money was used not to fund legitimate operations, but to
pay off earlier investors, cover operating costs and finance
lavish lifestyles, including private jets, luxury homes and
expensive cars. Huffenberg later claimed that
Epstein was the mastermind behind the scheme's financial
engineering, describing him as the architect of both the
insurance bond fraud and a stock manipulation strategy.
Court records and attorneys involved in the case confirmed
that Epstein's name appeared on organizational charts and that
he held a senior role at the firm.
Yet despite his proximity to the fraud, Epstein was never
charged. This episode is one of the most
glaring examples of Epstein's ability to operate in elite
financial circles while avoiding legal consequences, even when
his business partner was convicted and spent 18 years in
prison. While Les Wexner is the only
confirmed long term client of Jeffrey Epstein, evidence
suggests that he had financial dealings with several other
wealthy individuals, though the nature and scope of these
relationships remains murky. Beyond Wexner, the New York
Times reports that Epstein briefly served as Co trustee for
Johnson and Johnson heiress Elizabeth Johnson, appearing on
deeds for 14 parcels of lands in Dutchess County, New York,
before resigning in 1998. Epstein also had ties with Leon
Black, the billionaire Co founder of Apollo Global
Management. Black is reported to have paid
Epstein $158,000,000 in fees, which he claims were for things
like tax advice and estate planning.
It's somewhat surprising that Jeffrey Epstein, a man with no
obvious tax experience, would get hired as a tax advisor by
someone like Leon Black, who you would imagine has access to the
best tax lawyers in the world. On top of that, tax lawyers
don't typically charge $158,000,000 in fees.
Now. Paying someone for tax advice in
no way implicates you for their crimes.
I don't tend to shout it from the rooftops that years ago I
hired the Boston Strangler to teach me how to play tennis.
I had no idea what he was up to in his spare time, and I thought
that he got that nickname because he held onto his racket
so tightly. The FT reported in 2021 that
Leon Black attributes A sizeable part of his family Weld to
Jeffrey Epstein, saying that as much as $2 billion of his then
$8 billion fortune could be traced back to Epstein's
financial acumen. Epstein allegedly also served as
Mr. Black's advisor on issues like management of his yacht and
plane, and helped settle a dispute over the ownership of a
valuable sculpture. Even after Epstein's 2008
conviction, Black continued the relationship, later justifying
it as a belief in second chances.
In October 2020, after new revelations of Mr. Black's
payments to Epstein prompted a number of pension funds to
freeze further investments with Apollo, Black hired a law firm
to investigate his behavior. They found that he had done
nothing wrong. Mr. Black has characterized
himself as someone who believes in giving people second chances,
according to the lawyer's report.
That's in keeping with other relationships Mr. Black has
maintained with convicted criminals like Martha Stewart, a
known associate of Snoop Dogg's who was convicted in 2004 of a
somewhat less serious crime than Epstein was, where she was
convicted of conspiracy, obstruction and two counts of
lying to federal investigators about a stock trade.
According to CNN, in 2023, Leon Black agreed to pay the Virgin
Islands government $62.5 million, and in exchange, the
government released Black from any current and future legal
claims related to Jeffrey Epstein.
According to a 2019 Vanity Fair article by William Cohen,
Epstein's relationship with the hedge fund manager Glenn Dubin
is a case study in how Epstein's social life interacted with his
business. Cohen explains in the article
that the two men were first introduced by Dubin's wife, a
former Miss Wheaton and ex-girlfriend of Epstein's.
Despite this awkward history, Epstein became deeply embedded
in the Dubin family's life, reportedly even serving as
godfather to their children, a claim that Dubin's
representatives later denied. This friendship later translated
into financial ties. Epstein allegedly received a fee
for helping broker the sale of Dubin's hedge fund to JP Morgan
Chase and invested hundreds of millions of dollars in funds run
by Dubin's proteges. These transactions show how
Epstein leveraged personal relationships to gain financial
access and legitimacy, often without scrutiny of his
background or the origins of his wealth.
The article suggests that Epstein's social credibility
allowed him to operate in elite financial circles, despite the
mystery about his wealth. Dubin's role in introducing
Epstein to other fund managers and the subsequent large
investments Epstein made in their funds show how Epstein
social network directly facilitated his financial
dealings. Yet when Epstein's crimes
resurfaced in 2019, the Duban's allegedly distanced themselves
from him, claiming ignorance of his crimes.
Epstein name also appears in connection with a small
emissions control company called Environmental Solutions
Worldwide, in which he invested alongside individuals close to
Leon Black. This company was the only one
for which Epstein firm ever filed an SEC disclosure.
These scattered and often informal relationships, many
involving vast sums of money but little documentation, under
score the mystery of Epstein's financial life.
He operated in elite financial circles, moved hundreds of
millions of dollars, and advised billionaires, all while leaving
behind almost no public record. In 2019, Les Wexner accused
Jeffrey Epstein of misappropriating more than $46
million while managing his personal finances.
In a letter to members of his charitable foundation, Wexner
disclosed that he had recovered some of the funds and had
severed ties with Epstein. In 2007, around the time that
Epstein first faced allegations in Florida, Wexner had granted
Epstein sweeping financial authority, including power of
attorney, over his assets. That same year, a lawsuit filed
against Epstein's estate alleged that he had used underage women
not only for abuse, but also as a means to ingratiate himself
with powerful individuals so that he could gather
compromising information for blackmail.
These accusations suggest that a portion of Epstein's fortune may
have been built not only on financial misconduct, but also
on the strategic exploitation of his business associates.
The Epstein scandal has evolved far beyond the realm of
documented facts. Andrew Procop at Fox writes that
it's become the mother of all conspiracy theories because it
is something to captivate just about every political
subculture. For some, he writes, it's a Me
Too story of unchecked abuse by a powerful man.
For others, a mega fuel tale of liberal elites depravity.
The resistance sees it as a potential Trump scandal, while
those suspicious of the deep state fixate on cover ups and
the possible involvement of intelligence agencies.
Anti Semites focus on Epstein's Jewish identity.
The scandals, ambiguity, and the elite circles Epstein moved in
have made it fertile ground for conspiracy theories of every
ideological stripe. Mega loyalists have shown a
remarkable ability to compartmentalize this scandal,
obsessing over Epstein's ties to Democrats while ignoring Donald
Trump's well documented 15 year long friendship with him.
Trump's appointment of loyalists like Pam Bondi, Cash Patel and
Dan Bongino to top law enforcement roles only
intensifies the speculation. Their attempts to steer the
narrative seem to have backfired on them, fueling outrage from
the conservative base and internal finger pointing.
Democrats have their own awkward history with Epstein.
Bill Clintons post presidency friendship with Epstein,
including multiple flights on his private jet, became a
liability the moment the allegations first surfaced in
the late 2000s. At the time, Hillary Clinton was
viewed as the party's future, so there was no desire to dwell on
the Epstein scandal. It wasn't until Trump's team
mishandled the scandal with their awkward attempts to change
the subject the Democrats began to engage as they could now see
the Epstein scandal as a Trump scandal.
It is now resulted in a frenzy of interest that Trump hasn't
been able to escape. Among the more shadowy
conspiracy theories is the claim that Epstein was connected to
Israeli intelligence. These allegations gained renewed
interest in 2023 when the formerly conservative
commentator Tucker Carlson, who became radicalized last year
while visiting a Russian supermarket, began publicly
speculating about a Mossad Epstein connection during a
speech to Turning Point USA, claiming that every single
person in Washington, DC he believes that theory.
The theory suggests that Epstein may have operated A blackmail
scheme on behalf of Israeli intelligence, using underage
women to entrap powerful individuals.
A 2021 Rolling Stone article cited Stephen Hoffenberg,
Epstein's former business associate and convicted Ponzi
schemer, who claimed Epstein had ties to intelligence circles.
While no concrete evidence has emerged to support these claims,
their persistence underscores the vacuum of transparency that
continues to surround Epstein's life and death.
One of the most persistent claims about Jeffrey Epstein is
that he secretly recorded his guests in the private rooms of
his house. In a 2019 interview, one of his
victims said that she had seen hidden cameras in the guest
bedrooms and bathrooms of his Manhattan townhouse, with live
feeds being monitored by staff in a dedicated surveillance.
These allegations have fueled speculation that Epstein used
surveillance footage to gather compromising material on
powerful individuals, possibly for leverage or blackmail.
When Trump's law enforcement appointees Pam Bondi, Cash
Patel, and Dan Pongino announced that they were reviewing all
available evidence, including digital files and surveillance
footage, it briefly raised hopes that long thought answers might
emerge. But their abrupt reversal,
declaring that there was nothing to see, only deepen public
suspicion and intensified theories of a cover up.
The Epstein files are allegedly made-up of over 300 gigabytes of
data, paper, video and photographs, and audio.
Pam Bondi publicly stated that she was reviewing these files in
February, just 17 days after her confirmation as Attorney
General. That's quite a lot of video
footage to go through, but it would appear that she did this
as a few days ago she was supposed to speak at a summit
against human trafficking, where unfortunately this announcement
was made. I do have a note from the
Attorney General from Attorney General Pam Bondi that I wanted
to share. I'm sorry to miss all of my C
PAC friends today. Unfortunately, I'm recovering
from a recently torn cornea which is preventing me from
being with you. Now, I don't know what caused
this reported eye damage, but I feel that if I spent the last
six months reviewing bathroom camera footage from Epstein's
house where Trump was frequently a guest, I think I would damage
my eyes too. Based on the horrified
expression on Cash Patel's face, it would appear that he's been
going through the footage too. The horrors that that man must
have seen. For almost 20 years, beginning
in the late 1980s, Donald Trump and Jeffrey Epstein maintained a
close friendship. They were regulars at each
other's homes, Epstein at Trump's Mar a Lago club and
Trump at Epstein's Manhattan mansion.
It's no surprise to hear that Trump's name turns up in any
investigation of Epstein simply because they spent so much time
together. Have you ever socialized with
Donald Trump in the presence of females under the age of 18?
Though I'd like to answer that question, at least today I'm
going to have to assert my 5th, 6th, or 14th Amendment right,
Sir. The Wall Street Journal has
reported that Attorney General Pam Bondi warned Trump back in
May that his name was in the files multiple times.
But who knows? If Epstein did keep a list,
maybe he kept multiple lists. There might be a really bad list
filled with 1970s children's entertainers who did terrible
things. And then maybe a list titled
People who are Really Into Milfs with Trump and Macron's name on
it. Who knows?
In a 2002 interview with New York Magazine the Trump likely
regrets today, Trump famously said.
I've known Jeff for 15 years. Terrific guy.
He's a lot of fun to be with. It's even said that he likes
beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the
younger side. Epstein reportedly believed
himself to be Trump's closest friend and claims that he
introduced Trump to his most recent wife, according to the
Washington Post. Their friendship soured in 2004
/ a Palm Beach real estate deal. Both men were competing to buy a
property in Palm Beach, which Epstein wanted to live in, while
Trump wanted to fix it up and resell it.
Epstein at first had the upper hand as the seller liked that he
would keep it as it was. They didn't like that Trump
would be dazzled with gold ornaments and make it tacky like
his other properties. According to the Washington
Post, on the day of the auction, Epstein's attorney tried to
disqualify Trump from bidding, telling the auctioneer that
Trump didn't meet the requirements of a bankruptcy
auction as he would only buy the property with title insurance,
which this property wouldn't be sold with.
Epstein and his lawyer, it appears, were unaware that Trump
was listening in on speakerphone.
Trump eventually won the auction, paying $41 million for
the property. According to the records, Trump
left 2 messages for Epstein later that month, and that was
their last proven contact. Trump has since claimed, without
providing detail or proof, that he banned Epstein from Mar a
Lago. Epstein had never been a member
of Mar A Lago. He had always just been there as
a guest of Trump's. Epstein's brother Mark, on the
other hand, has offered a different version of events.
Mark Epstein claims that in an unaired interview conducted by
Steve Bannon in 2019, Jeffrey Epstein said that he distanced
himself from Trump after realizing that Trump was a
crook. Mark Epstein allegedly viewed
the clip online before the link to it expired, and he said that
his brother had forwarded it to him shortly before his death.
These conflicting accounts, Trump's vague claims of a
falling out, and Epstein's alleged private remarks have
only added to the intrigue and the conspiracy theories.
Their relationship, once openly friendly, now sets at the center
of competing narratives, each shaped by political expediency
and the enduring mystery of Epstein's influence.
So was Epstein a good investor? Well, his investment record, at
least the parts that are public, reveals a mix of sharp bets,
catastrophic losses and the occasional eyebrow raising real
estate deal. On the losing side, Epstein
owned Bearstern stock for decades after working there, and
remained heavily invested in it until it collapsed in 2008,
according to a lawsuit he later filed.
He held around 176,000 shares worth nearly $18 million in
August 2007. He sold 56,000 shares at $101.00
in 2007, but as the firm collapsed in March 2008, he
offloaded the remaining 120,000 shares in a fire sale, 20,000 at
$35 and the rest at just $3.04. He lost even greater sum of $50
million in one of Bear's funds that invested in credit
derivatives and collapsed in 2007, marking the start of the
global financial crisis. Then there's the curious case of
the Manhattan real estate discount.
In 2011, Epstein sold a property adjacent to his infamous
townhouse to Cantor Fitzgerald CEO Howard Lutnick at a 65%
discount to what he had paid for it just two years earlier.
This is especially surprising as New York real estate prices rose
6% over that holding period. Lutnick famously held a
fundraiser for Hillary Clinton at that home in 2015 when she
was running against Donald Trump.
While Lutnick denies any personal relationship with
Epstein, the deal has prompted speculation.
After all, it's not every day that someone picks up prime
Manhattan real estate at clearance sale prices.
On the winning side of the Ledger, Epstein made a lucrative
investment in Valar Ventures, a fund Co founded by Peter Thiel.
The fund, which focuses on early stage financial companies, has
returned an average of 15 1/2% per year over the last decade.
Epstein stake, acquired around 2015 or 2016, has since grown to
be worth around $170 million, making it the largest remaining
asset in his estate. The investment had not been
publicly disclosed until recently, adding yet another
layer of mystery to Epstein's financial dealings.
So where did all of the money go?
Well, just two days before his death, Jeffrey Epstein signed a
document transferring all of his assets into a private entity
known as the 1953 Trust, named presumably after the year of his
birth. This move ensured that the
identities of his beneficiaries and the distribution of his
wealth would remain shielded from public view.
For Epstein's victims, it created a legal labyrinth.
Accessing financial disclosures required court approval.
Over time, the trust absorbed everything properties, cash,
investments and valuables. More than $164 million has since
been paid out to victims through a compensation fund financed in
part by the sale of Epstein's properties, including the
islands, the Manhattan townhouse and his plane.
But those settlements all came with strings attached.
Recipients were required to sign broad releases waiving their
right to bring future claims against against the estate or
individuals connected to it. The remaining assets, estimated
to exceed $200 million, are likely to benefit a much smaller
circle. The only known beneficiaries of
the trust are a former girlfriend of Epstein's and two
of his long time advisors who also serve as Co executors of
the estate. According to a confidential
financial document reviewed by The New York Times, Epstein
intended for $19,000,000 in personal loans that he had made
to be forgiven, including loans to entities closely associated
with the beneficiaries of his trust.
The value of the estate has fluctuated over the years.
At one point, an executor predicted that it would shrink
to under $40 million after claims were paid out.
But a $111.6 million tax refund from the IRS in late 2024
dramatically changed the picture.
I guess maybe Epstein was better with taxes than I had talked.
As of March this year, the estate reported assets of
$131,000,000, including $50 million in cash.
This figure, however, doesn't reflect the current value of
Epstein's investment in Peter Thiel's fintech fund, which is
being recorded at its cost basis and remains locked up due to
venture capital restrictions. That investment alone is
estimated to be worth $170 million, making it the estate's
largest remaining asset. One major federal civil lawsuit
against the estate remains pending, filed on behalf of
victims who haven't yet settled with the estate.
Once resolved, any remaining funds will be distributed
according to the terms of Epstein's will, terms that
remain sealed within the 1953 trust.
The true source of Jeffrey Epstein's Weld is a shrouded in
secrecy and death, as it was in life.
Despite years of investigations, lawsuits, and media scrutiny,
the financial machinery that powered his lifestyle remains
largely unaccounted for, hidden behind legal agreements,
secretive trusts, and a network of powerful associates.
The recent rumors that Donald Trump might even pardon Jelaine
Maxwell have only added fuel to the fire, suggesting that the
scandal surrounding Jeffrey Epstein are far from exhausted.
With key figures still staying silent, documents still sealed,
and new headlines emerging every day, the conspiracy theories
surrounding Jeffrey Epstein are unlikely to fade.
If anything, they've likely become a permanent feature of
the overall scandal, filling in the void left by unanswered
questions and institutional failures.
Thanks for tuning into this week's podcast.
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